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Volumn 26, Issue 4-5 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 685-703

Corruption, reconstruction and oil governance in Iraq

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORRUPTION; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; OIL INDUSTRY; POLITICAL POWER;

EID: 32144458057     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590500127966     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (55)

References (125)
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    • This policy, however, was not extended to the oil sector - at least in public declarations by the US government - probably for fear of con.rming Iraqi public opinion that the US and UK had invaded Iraq for its oil. See Section 6.1, Coalition Provisional Authority Order No 39, 19 September
    • This policy, however, was not extended to the oil sector - at least in public declarations by the US government - probably for fear of con.rming Iraqi public opinion that the US and UK had invaded Iraq for its oil. See Section 6.1, Coalition Provisional Authority Order No 39, 19 September 2003.
    • (2003)
  • 87
    • 27944466643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Neoliberalism in a conflict state: The viability of economic shock therapy in Iraq'
    • Employees of state companies fearing lay-offs and Iraqi businessmen fearing foreign competitors also resented it (although many welcomed the facilitation of foreign investment). For a review of criticisms, see June
    • Employees of state companies fearing lay-offs and Iraqi businessmen fearing foreign competitors also resented it (although many welcomed the facilitation of foreign investment). For a review of criticisms, see R Looney, 'Neoliberalism in a conflict state: The viability of economic shock therapy in Iraq', Strategic Insights, 3 (6), June 2004;
    • (2004) Strategic Insights , vol.3 , Issue.6
    • Looney, R.1
  • 88
    • 32144444961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Reform concerns: Changes have Iraqi workers nervous'
    • 14 December
    • S Mulugeta, 'Reform concerns: Changes have Iraqi workers nervous' Newsday, 14 December 2003;
    • (2003) Newsday
    • Mulugeta, S.1
  • 89
    • 18244381812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Baghdad year zero'
    • and
    • and Klein, 'Baghdad year zero'.
    • Klein1
  • 90
    • 32144432917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'US decree strips thousands of their jobs'
    • Besides the 400 000 people who lost their Iraqi army job, up to 30 000 high-ranking Ba'ath party members were initially fired from public jobs, with about 12 000 subsequently re-hired. 30 August
    • Besides the 400 000 people who lost their Iraqi army job, up to 30 000 high-ranking Ba'ath party members were initially fired from public jobs, with about 12 000 subsequently re-hired. J Steele, 'US decree strips thousands of their jobs', Guardian, 30 August 2003;
    • (2003) Guardian
    • Steele, J.1
  • 92
    • 8744296118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Iraqi fire sale: CPA giving away oil revenue billions before transition'
    • If about $9 billion were allocated to the 2004 budget of Iraqi ministries (with much controversy about their lack of accountability), close to $2 billion were committed in the last six weeks of CPA administration to special projects. Briefing Paper 7, Iraq Revenue Watch, New York, June
    • If about $9 billion were allocated to the 2004 budget of Iraqi ministries (with much controversy about their lack of accountability), close to $2 billion were committed in the last six weeks of CPA administration to special projects. 'Iraqi fire sale: CPA giving away oil revenue billions before transition', Briefing Paper 7, Iraq Revenue Watch, New York, June 2004;
    • (2004)
  • 93
    • 32144448054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Regulation no 11 (CPA/REG/18 June 2004) seeking to secure outstanding contracting liability under the DFI beyond 30 June 2004, at the CPA website, accessed 18 August At least an additional $1.1 billion in frozen Iraqi assets held by non-US UN members could be released to the Iraqi government
    • and Regulation no 11 (CPA/REG/18 June 2004) seeking to secure outstanding contracting liability under the DFI beyond 30 June 2004, at the CPA website, accessed 18 August 2004. At least an additional $1.1 billion in frozen Iraqi assets held by non-US UN members could be released to the Iraqi government.
    • (2004)
  • 94
    • 32144434470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'US is quietly spending $2.5 billion from Iraqi oil revenues to pay for Iraqi projects'
    • 21 June
    • SR Weisman, 'US is quietly spending $2.5 billion from Iraqi oil revenues to pay for Iraqi projects', New York Times, 21 June 2004.
    • (2004) New York Times
    • Weisman, S.R.1
  • 95
    • 32144434656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Arguably the Iraqi budget will benefit from a continued oil revenue stream, while donor commitments are bounded in time (2003-07/08).
  • 96
    • 32144443550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'There's a lot of money to pay for this [reconstruction] that doesn't have to be US taxpayer money, and it starts with the assets of the Iraqi people'
    • For example, Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz emphasised to Congress that: House Committee on Appropriations Hearing on a Supplemental War Regulation 27 March emphasis added
    • For example, Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz emphasised to Congress that: 'There's a lot of money to pay for this [reconstruction] that doesn't have to be US taxpayer money, and it starts with the assets of the Iraqi people'. House Committee on Appropriations Hearing on a Supplemental War Regulation, 27 March 2003, emphasis added.
    • (2003)
  • 97
    • 32144433760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Only $140 million had been budgeted from US appropriated funds for this purpose and the Commander's Emergency Response Program was essentially financed by Iraqi funds.
  • 98
    • 27944492613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Focus on Halliburton masks deeper problems with Iraq contracts'
    • 30 March
    • J Chaffin, 'Focus on Halliburton masks deeper problems with Iraq contracts', Financial Times, 30 March 2004;
    • (2004) Financial Times
    • Chaffin, J.1
  • 99
    • 32144457266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Windfalls of War project, Center for Public Integrity, at www.publicintegrity.org
    • Windfalls of War project, Center for Public Integrity, at www.publicintegrity.org;
  • 100
    • 32144440718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Halliburton reveals $6-million overcharge in alleged Iraq corruption'
    • and 23 January
    • and TF Armistead, 'Halliburton reveals $6-million overcharge in alleged Iraq corruption', Engineering News-Record, 23 January 2004.
    • (2004) Engineering News-Record
    • Armistead, T.F.1
  • 101
    • 32144434992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Risky business in Iraq'
    • cited in N Klein, 5 January
    • E Kubba, cited in N Klein, 'Risky business in Iraq', The Nation, 5 January 2004, p 11.
    • (2004) The Nation , pp. 11
    • Kubba, E.1
  • 102
    • 32144453212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The economy: With money comes power'
    • 20 June
    • B Crocker, 'The economy: With money comes power', Washington Times, 20 June 2004.
    • (2004) Washington Times
    • Crocker, B.1
  • 103
    • 32144463737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Shameless in Iraq'
    • See also 24 June
    • See also N Klein, 'Shameless in Iraq', The Nation, 24 June 2004.
    • (2004) The Nation
    • Klein, N.1
  • 104
    • 32144445828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'US aid package for Iraq cracks down on corruption'
    • Beirut, 4 May
    • 'US aid package for Iraq cracks down on corruption', Daily Star, Beirut, 4 May 2004.
    • (2004) Daily Star
  • 106
    • 84925136656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'No simple place to pin blame for Iraq oil-for-food problems'
    • and 10 May
    • and B Crossette, 'No simple place to pin blame for Iraq oil-for-food problems', UN Wire, 10 May 2004.
    • (2004) UN Wire
    • Crossette, B.1
  • 107
    • 32144444960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Audit: $9 billion unaccounted for in Iraq'
    • Associated Press 31 January
    • L Margasak, 'Audit: $9 billion unaccounted for in Iraq', Associated Press, 31 January 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Margasak, L.1
  • 108
    • 32144445666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The delay in its creation was the result of sharp disagreement over the extent of its mandate between the CPA and IAMB members (the UN, World Bank, IMF, and Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development). Press releases from
    • The delay in its creation was the result of sharp disagreement over the extent of its mandate between the CPA and IAMB members (the UN, World Bank, IMF, and Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development). Press releases from http://www.iamb.info/pressrel.htm;
  • 109
    • 32144437327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Racing the deadline: The rush to account for Iraq's public funds'
    • and Open Society Institute, April
    • and 'Racing the deadline: The rush to account for Iraq's public funds', Revenue Watch 6, Open Society Institute, April 2004.
    • (2004) Revenue Watch 6
  • 110
    • 32144443383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Many fear that only administrative sanctions will be taken against offenders and that contracted companies will only undertake minimal repayment for over-pricing and other frauds.
  • 111
    • 32144449819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coalition Provisional Authority Order No 59, 1 June
    • Coalition Provisional Authority Order No 59, 1 June 2004.
    • (2004)
  • 112
    • 32144443217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'New watchdog to sniff out corruption in Iraq'
    • Agence France Press, 20 June
    • D Haynes, 'New watchdog to sniff out corruption in Iraq', Agence France Press, 20 June 2004;
    • (2004)
    • Haynes, D.1
  • 114
    • 32144459013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Iraq oil probe to take many months'
    • Coalition Provisional Authority Order No 77, 18 April 2004. This move was seen by some as a delaying mechanism to protect the reputation of the UN from the oil-for-food programme scandal until UNsupervised elections could be undertaken. See 28 May
    • Coalition Provisional Authority Order No 77, 18 April 2004. This move was seen by some as a delaying mechanism to protect the reputation of the UN from the oil-for-food programme scandal until UNsupervised elections could be undertaken. See B Pisik, 'Iraq oil probe to take many months', Washington Times, 28 May 2004;
    • (2004) Washington Times
    • Pisik, B.1
  • 115
    • 32144456297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The growing gap. Bremer has alienated Iraqis'
    • and 21 May
    • and M Rubin, 'The growing gap. Bremer has alienated Iraqis', National Review Online, 21 May 2004.
    • (2004) National Review Online
    • Rubin, M.1
  • 116
    • 32144446216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Many critics question the 'sovereignty' of interim Iraqi authorities, pointing to continued reliance on US security, policy advisers and funds. The interim prime minister, Ayad Allawi, has long had connections with the CIA and MI6, and purveyed some of the (dubious) intelligence upon which the war on Iraq was justified by the USA and Britain. See press reports at www.sourcewatch.org.
  • 118
    • 32144461639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Irak'
    • translation by the author
    • Rigaud, 'Irak', p 19, translation by the author.
    • Rigaud1
  • 119
    • 32144437714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The struggle for Iraq: Iraq's wealth; a popular idea: Give oil money to the people rather than the despots'
    • 10 September
    • J Thierney, 'The struggleGfor Iraq: Iraq's wealth; a popular idea: give oil money to the people rather than the despots', New York Times, 10 September 2003;
    • (2003) New York Times
    • Thierney, J.1
  • 120
    • 84883996071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Combating the natural resource curse with citizen revenue distribution funds: Oil and the case of Iraq'
    • and December
    • and TI Palley, 'Combating the natural resource curse with citizen revenue distribution funds: Oil and the case of Iraq', Foreign Policy in Focus Special Report, December 2003.
    • (2003) Foreign Policy in Focus Special Report
    • Palley, T.I.1
  • 121
    • 2142714111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'It is possible to just give money to the poor'
    • On the viability of direct aid disbursement to individuals, see
    • On the viability of direct aid disbursement to individuals, see J Hanlon, 'It is possible to just give money to the poor', Development and Change, 35 (2), 2004, pp 375-383.
    • (2004) Development and Change , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 375-383
    • Hanlon, J.1
  • 122
    • 32144451945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Oil revenue accountability in Iraq: Breaking the resource curse'
    • Critiques of this 'oil-for-the-people' option point out that the current public service could not be relied on to distribute the money honestly. See Iraq Revenue Watch, New York
    • Critiques of this 'oil-for-the-people' option point out that the current public service could not be relied on to distribute the money honestly. See 'Oil revenue accountability in Iraq: Breaking the resource curse', Briefing 5, Iraq Revenue Watch, New York, 2003.
    • (2003) Briefing 5
  • 123
    • 32144459196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Transitional Iraqi Government (post-elections in early 2005) can request the UN Security Council to review this policy. UNSC S/RES/1546, 8 June
    • The Transitional Iraqi Government (post-elections in early 2005) can request the UN Security Council to review this policy. UNSC S/RES/1546, 8 June 2004.
    • (2004)
  • 124
    • 32144440358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, 21 November and www.eitransparency.org/
    • See Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, 21 November 1997; and www.eitransparency.org/.
    • (1997)
  • 125
    • 84867367051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'McJihad: Islam in the US global order'
    • See 73
    • See T Mitchell, 'McJihad: Islam in the US global order', Social Text, 73, 20(4), 2002, pp 1-18.
    • (2002) Social Text , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-18
    • Mitchell, T.1


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