Opposition to internment: Defending Japanese American rights during World War II

Historian

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 597-619

  Shaffer, Robert ^a  

^a SHIPPENSBURG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 32144434846     PISSN: 00182370     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1999.tb01039.x     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Emery Andrews, "An Interpretation," typescript, 7 July 1943, box 2, Emery Andrews Papers, Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle.
2. quoted in Roger Daniels, Prisoners Without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II (New York, 1993), 3-4
3. see also Jacobus ten Broek, Edward N. Barnhart, and Floyd W. Matson, Prejudice, War, and the Constitution (Berkeley, 1954)
4. Audrie Girdner and Anne Loftis, The Great Betrayal: The Evacuation of the Japanese Americans During World War II (New York, 1969)
5. Daniels, Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II (New York, 1972)
6. Michi Weglyn, Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps (New York, 1976)
7. Roger Daniels, Sandra C. Taylor, and Harry H. L. Kitamo, eds., Japanese Americans: From Relocation to Redress (Salt Lake City, 1986)
8. and Richard Drinnon, Keeper of Concentration Camps: Dillon S. Myer and American Racism (Berkeley, 1988).
9. See Robert Shaffer, "Cracks in the Consensus: Defending the Rights of Japanese Americans During World War II," Radical History Review 72 (Fall 1998): 84-120
10. Gerald Sittser, A Cautious Patriotism: The American Churches and the Second World War (Chapel Hill, 1997), 172-78
11. Judy Kutulas, "In Quest of Autonomy: The Northern California Affiliate of the American Civil Liberties Union and World War II," Pacific Historical Review 67 (May 1998): 201-31.
12. Peter Irons, Justice at War (New York, 1983)
13. and Justice Delayed: The Record of the Japanese American Internment Cases (Middletown, Conn., 1989).
14. Richard Hofstadter and Michael Wallace, eds., American Violence: A Documentary History (New York, 1971 ), 329-32
15. Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (New York, 1990), 110-12, 200-10.
16. Frank Taylor, "The People Nobody Wants," Saturday Evening Post, 9 May 1942, 24-25, 64-67.
17. Gen. John DeWitt, Final Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942, quoted in ten Broek et al., Prejudice, War, and the Constitution, 110.
18. See Roger Daniels, "The Exile and Return of Seattle's Japanese," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 88 (Fall 1997): 166-73
19. Harry Paxton Howard, "Americans in Concentration Camps," Crisis, September 1942, 281-84, 301-2
20. "Life in a California Concentration Camp: Excerpts from Letters," Nation, 6 June 1942, 666
21. Ted Nakashima, "Concentration Camp: U.S. Style," New Republic, 15 June 1942, 822-23
22. and Thomas Linehan, "Japanese American Resettlement in Cleveland During and After World War II," Journal of Urban History 20 (November 1993): 54-80.
23. House Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, Hearings, parts 29-31 (hereafter Tolan Committee Hearings), 77th Cong., 2d sess., 11557-63 and 11590-95
24. see also "Alien Students Register Today," University of Washington Daily, 1 April 1942, p. 1.
25. Jack Sheedy, "Over the Coals," UW Daily, 4 March 1942, p. 1.
26. Sophus Keith Winther, "To My Japanese Students," UW Daily, 13 March 1942, p. 4.
27. "Aliens, Rebates - and Grades," UW Daily, 3 March 1942, p. 4.
28. Bill Edmundson, "To the Mothers," UW Daily, 26 February 1942, p. 4
29. Russ Braley, "Behind the Headlines," UW Daily, 26 February 1942, p. 1.
30. "Voice of the People," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 28 February 1942, p. 8
31. see also stories in the Post-Intelligencer, 22 February 1942, p. 5; 24 February 1942, p. 3;
32. O'Brien, tape-recorded interview, 24 April 1975, Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle; "Evacuees Head for Eastern Schools," UW Daily, 31 March 1942, p. 1.
33. O'Brien, interview;
34. see also O'Brien, The College Nisei (Palo Alto, 1949);
35. Floyd Schmoe, Curriculum Vitae; Schmoe, typescript article for Bulletin of Pacific Coast Association of Friends, May 1941
36. Schmoe, "Wartime Activities, 1940-1945," typescript, all in box 1, Floyd Schmoe Papers, Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle; Tolan Committee Hearings, 11526-35
37. Schmoe, "Seattle's Peace Churches and Relocation," in Japanese Americans: From Relocation to Redress, 117-22.
38. Schmoe, "Menace Seen in Jap Internment," Seattle Times, 28 August 1942, transcribed in FBI report on Schmoe, 26 January 1959, box 1, Schmoe Papers
39. Drinnon, Keeper of Concentration Camps.
40. "Hirabayashi Twins," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 27 July 1945, p. 1, clipping, box 1, acc. #397-5, Farquharson Papers
41. "Quaker Girl's Parents Okay Marriage to Jap-American," Seattle Times, 30 June 1944, clipping, box 1, Schmoe Papers.
42. see also John Haigh, Children's View of the Japanese Evacuation, Seattle Times Magazine, 6 October 1974, p. 12, clipping, in this collection.
43. Esther Rhoads, "My Experience with the Wartime Relocation of Japanese," in East Across the Pacific: Historical and Sociological Studies of Japanese Immigration and Assimilation, ed. Hilary Conroy and T. Scott Miyakawa (Santa Barbara, 1972), 127-40.
44. Daniels, Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States Since 1850 (Seattle, 1988), 177-78.
45. Betty Mitson, "A Friend of the American Way: An Interview with Herbert V. Nicholson," in Voices Long Silent: An Oral Inquiry into the Japanese American Evacuation, ed. Arthur Hansen and Betty Mitson (Fullerton, Cal., 1974), 110-42
46. Michi Weglyn and Betty Mitson, eds., Valiant Odyssey: Herbert Nicholson In and Out of America's Concentration Camps (Upland, Calif., 1978)
47. Peet to Iglehart, 28 January 1944, Missionary Files-Peet, Methodist Archives.
48. See, e.g., Andrews, Biographical Information, and Andrews, notebook, 1944, box 1, Andrews Papers; and Andrews to John Thomas, 18 November 1943, box 2, Andrews Papers.
49. Andrews, "An Interpretation," typescript, 7 July 1943, box 2, Andrews Papers.
50. Steiner, The Japanese Invasion: A Study in the Psychology of Inter-Racial Contacts (Chicago, 1917), esp. vi, 111, 177;
51. Racism, Dissent, and Asian Americans from 1950 to the Present: A Documentary History, ed. Philip Foner and Daniel Rosenberg (Westport, Conn., 1993), 155-59
52. Hirabayashi, transcript of interview, tape 3;
53. Daniels, "The Exile and Return of Seattle's Japanese," 170-71
54. Rhoads, "My Experience with the Wartime Relocation of Japanese"
55. Rev. L. H. Tibesar, "Are Japanese Evacuees Getting a Fair Break?" Seattle Times Magazine, 14 November 1943, clipping reprint, box 15, Seattle Council of Churches Papers, Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle.
56. News release, Board of Missions of the Methodist Church, 31 August 1965, and "Superintendent Smith Eyes His New Task," Pacific Christian Advocate, 11 November 1926, 6, clipping, both in 1467-51:52, Biographical Files-Smith, Methodist Archives
57. Daniels, Asian America, 170-71
58. Arthur Hansen, "James Matsumoto Omura: An Interview," Amerasia Journal 13 (1986-87): 99-113, at 107
59. E. Stanley Jones, "Barbed-Wire Christians," Christian Century (hereafter CC), 24 November 1943, 1364-66 and 1377-78
60. Page Smith, Democracy on Trial: The Japanese American Evacuation and Relocation in World War II (New York, 1995), 204.
61. History of American Methodism, vol. 3, ed. Emory Stevens Bucke (New York, 1964), 348-50, 367
62. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1941, vol. 4, The Far East (Washington, 1956), 306-10, 455-57, 501-2, 555-57, 561-62, 641, 702-03
63. Jones, "An Adventure in Failure: Behind the Scenes Before Pearl Harbor," Asia and the Americas 45 (December 1945): 609-16
64. Margaret Denning, "The American Missionary and U.S. China Policy During World War II," in United States Attitudes and Policies Toward China: The Impact of American Missionaries, ed. Patricia Neils (Armonk, N.Y., 1990).
65. Charles Iglehart, "Christian America and Japanese Exclusion," N.Y. Christian Advocate, 3 July 1924, quoted in History of American Methodism, vol. 3, 349-50.
66. Charles Iglehart, "Citizens Behind Barbed Wire," Nation, 6 June 1942, 649-51;
67. see also resolution submitted to PWWC conference, 18 June 1942, by Iglehart and Velma Maynor, in vol. 2444, pp. 142, 143, 150, American Civil Liberties Union Papers, Mudd Library, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
68. "Untruths About Japanese Americans," CC, 18 August 1943, 937-39
69. "What Race-Baiting Costs America," CC, 8 September 1943, 1009-11
70. Fisher, "Far Eastern Policies of the United States: What They Are and Ought to Be," Remarks at National Peace Conference, 17 December 1935, typescript, box 126, IPR Papers.
71. and Fisher, "The Revolution in East Asia," CC, 23 October 1940, 1307-9.
72. See George Bikle Jr., The New Jerusalem: Aspects of Utopianism in the Thought of Kagawa Toyohiko (Tucson, 1976)
73. Yuzo Ota, "Kagawa Toyohiko: A Pacifist?," in Pacifism in Japan: The Christian and Socialist Tradition, ed. Nobuya Bamba and John Howes (Kyoto, 1978), 169-97
74. Alva Taylor, "Southern Cities Greet Kagawa," CC, 5 February 1936, 241-42
75. Charles Brodhead, "Kagawa Foresees New Depression," CC, 4 March 1936, 373-74
76. E. Tallmadge Root, "Kagawa Captures New England," CC, 13 May 1936, 714-15;
77. E. G. Homrighausen, "Churches Urged to Study Co-Ops," CC, 5 February 1936, 245
78. "The Colorado Convocation of Pastors and Christian Workers," program for Denver conference, 21-22 May 1936
79. Dr. Bimmons, "How Beautiful Upon the Mountains" (text of sermon), n.d., box 2, Kagawa Papers
80. Wilbur LaRoe Jr., "Kagawa Appraises Modern Japan," CC, 5 February 1936, 225.
81. Carl Heath Kopf, "Kagawa in Boston," Boston Transcript, clipping, n.d.
82. and J. Henry Carpenter, "A Little Man from Japan Challenges America," typescript, both in box 2, Kagawa Papers.
83. Henry Topping to "Friends," 7 September 1939, and Anonymous to Carpenter, 5 September 1940, both in box 2, Kagawa Papers
84. "Kagawa Imprisoned on Military Code Charge," CC, 18 September 1940, 1131-32
85. Ota, "Kagawa Toyohiko."
86. John Scott, "Kagawa As a Prophet," letter, CC, 11 March 1942, 324
87. see also John Haynes Holmes, "A Letter to Kagawa," CC, 11 November 1942, 1387-90.
88. Allan Hunter, "U.S. Churchmen Meet Japanese," CC, 7 May 1941, 630, 637
89. Maurice Fogle, "Disciples Demand: Keep Peace Pledge," CC, 21 May 1941, 694
90. Disciples of Christ 1942 resolution, vol. 2396, pp. 73-75, ACLU Papers
91. "Give Welcome to Nisei in Indiana," CC, 25 August 1943, 970-71
92. FRUS, 1941, vol. 4, 306-10;
93. "Three Faiths Join in Radio Program," 25 December 1938, "Christian Front," 24 November 1939
94. "Japanese Girls Are Given Refuge in Dr. J. Henry Carpenter's Home," 28 April 1944
95. "Says West Favors Relocated Japs' Return," 8 September 1944
96. and "Japanese Americans Still Seeking Homes in This City," 30 August 1945
97. See "Japan's Christians Discount U.S. War," New York Times, 15 May 1941, p. 7
98. LaRoe, "Kagawa Appraises Modern Japan"
99. Fisher, "The Revolution in East Asia"; and Fisher to Rev. John Yamazaki, 25 October 1941, box 1, Fisher Papers.
100. W. A. Swanberg, Norman Thomas: The Last Idealist (New York, 1976), 266-70;
101. See John Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986), 160-70
102. Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941-1945 (New York, 1978)
103. Takaki, Strangers From a Different Shore, chap. 10
104. Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996)
105. Penny Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997)
106. House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, Hearings, Repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts, 78th Cong., 1st sess., May-June 1943, 88-91, 122-24.
107. See Sandra Taylor, Advocate of Understanding: Sidney Gulick and the Search for Peace with Japan (Kent, Ohio, 1984)
108. Brian Masaru Hayashi, "For the Sake of Our Japanese Brethren": Assimilation, Nationalism, and Protestantism Among the Japanese of Los Angeles, 1895-1942 (Stanford, 1995)
109. Charles Iglehart, A Century of Protestant Christianity in Japan (Rutland, Ver., 1959)
110. Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa, The Christian Tradition: Beyond Its European Captivity (Philadelphia, 1992)
111. Lian, The Conversion of Missionaries: Liberalism in American Protestant Missions (University Park, Penn., 1997)
112. Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography (New York, 1996)
113. Robert Rosenstone, Mirror in the Shrine: American Encounters with Meiji Japan (Cambridge, Mass.. 1988)
114. Gordon Chang, "Asian Immigrants and American Foreign Relations," in Pacific Passage: The Study of American-East Asian Relations on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century, ed. Warren Cohen (New York, 1996), 103-18.