Impacts of commercial whale watching on male sperm whales at Kaikoura, New Zealand

Marine Mammal Science

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 46-63

  Richter, Christoph ^a,b   Dawson, Steve ^a   Slooten, Elisabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Behavior; Diving behavior; Kaikoura; New Zealand; Physeter macrocephalus; Sperm whale; Vocal behavior; Whale watching; Whale watching management

Indexed keywords

DIVING BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ECOTOURISM; HABITUATION; VOCALIZATION; WHALE;

AUSTRALASIA; KAIKOURA; MARLBOROUGH; NEW ZEALAND; SOUTH ISLAND;

CETACEA; PHYSETER CATODON; PHYSETERIDAE;

EID: 32044475132     PISSN: 08240469     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00005.x     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. ARNBOM, T. 1987. Individual identification of sperm whales. Report of the International Whaling Commission 37:201-204.
2. BAKER, C. S., AND L. M. HERMAN. 1989. Behavioral responses of summering humpback whales to vessel traffic: Experimental and opportunistic observations. NPS-NR-TRS-89-01. Report from Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, for U.S. National Park Service, Anchorage, AK.
3. BASS, J. 2000. Variations in gray whale feeding behaviour in the presence of whale-watching vessels in Clayoquot Sound, 1993-1995. Ph.D. thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC. 169 pp.
4. BOWLES, A. E. 1995. Responses of wildlife to noise. Pages 109-156 in R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds. Wildlife and recreationists: Coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, DC.
5. BURNHAM, K. P., AND D. R. ANDERSON. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
6. CHILDERHOUSE, S. J., AND S. M. DAWSON. 1996. Stability of fluke marks used in individual photoidentification of male sperm whales at Kaikoura, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science 12:447-451.
7. CHILDERHOUSE, S. J., S. M. DAWSON AND E. SLOOTEN. 1995. Abundance and seasonal residence of sperm whales at Kaikoura, New Zealand. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:723-731.
8. FORESTELL, P. H. 1993. If Leviathan has a face, does Gaia have a soul? Incorporating environmental education in marine eco-tourism programs. Ocean and Coastal Management 20:267-282.
9. GORDON, J., R. LEAPER, F. G. HARTLEY AND O. CHAPPELL. 1992. Effects of whale-watching vessels on the surface and underwater acoustic behaviour of sperm whales off Kaikoura, New Zealand. Science and Research Series No. 52. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 64 pp.
10. HARLOW, H. J., F. G. LINDZEY, W. D. VAN SICKLE AND W. A. GERN. 1992. Stress response of cougars to nonlethal pursuit by hunters. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:136-139.
11. HORN, C., D. G. SIMMONS AND J. R. FAIRWEATHER. 1998. Evolution and change in Kaikoura: Responses to tourism development. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. 97 pp.
12. HOYT, E. 2001. Whale watching 2001: Worldwide tourism numbers, expenditures, and expanding socioeconomic benefits. International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth Port, MA. 164 pp.
13. IFAW. 1996. Report of the Workshop on the Special Aspects of Watching Sperm Whales. Roseau, Commonwealth of Dominica. 36 pp.
14. IFAW. 1999. Report of the Workshop on the Socioeconomic Aspects of Whale Watching. Kaikoura, New Zealand. 88 pp.
15. IFAW, Tethys Research Institute and Europe Conservation. 1995. Report of the Workshop on the Scientific Aspects of Managing Whale Watching. Montecastello di Vibio, Italy. 40 pp.
16. IFAW, WWF AND WDCS. 1997. Report of the International Workshop on the Educational Values of Whale Watching. Provincetown, MA, USA. 40 pp.
17. JANIK, V. M., AND P. M. THOMPSON. 1996. Changes in surfacing patterns of bottlenose dolphins in response to boat traffic. Marine Mammal Science 12:597-602.
18. JAQUET, N., S. DAWSON AND E. SLOOTEN. 2000. Seasonal distribution and diving behaviour of male sperm whales off Kaikoura: Foraging implications. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:407-419.
19. JOHNSON, D. H. 1999. The insignificance of statistical significance testing. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:763-772.
20. KIRK, R. E. 1996. Practical significance: A concept whose time has come. Educational and Psychological Measurement 56:746-759.
21. LESAGE, V., C. BARRETTE, M. C. S. KINGSLEY AND B. SJARE. 1999. The effect of vessel noise on the vocal behavior of belugas in the St. Lawrence River estuary, Canada. Marine Mammal Science 15:65-84.
22. LETTEVALL, E., C. RICHTER, N. JAQUET, E. SLOOTEN, S. DAWSON, J. CHRISTAL AND P. MCCALL HOWARD. 2002. Social structure and residence in aggregation of male sperm whales. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:1189-1196.
23. LIEN, J. 2001. The conservation basis for the regulation of whale watching in Canada by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans: A precautionary approach. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2363. 44 pp.
24. MACGIBBON, J. 1991. Responses of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) to commercial whale watching boats off the coast of Kaikoura. (unpublished). 55 pp. Available from Department of Conservation, P. O. Box 10-420, Wellington, New Zealand.
25. MADSEN, P. T., R. PAYNE, N. U. KRISTIANSEN, M. WAHLBERG, I. KERR AND B. MÈHL. 2002. Sperm whale sound production studied with ultrasound time/depth-recording tags. Journal of Experimental Biology 205:1899-1906.
26. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC). 2005. Marine mammal populations and ocean noise. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
27. ORAMS, M. B. 1996. A conceptual model for tourist-wildlife interaction: The case for education as a management strategy. Australian Geographer 27:39-51.
28. RHINELANDER, M. Q., AND S. M. DAWSON. 2004. Measuring sperm whales from their clicks: Stability of interpulse intervals and validation that they indicate whale length. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115:1826-1831.
29. RICHARDSON, W. J., J. C. R. GREENE, C. I. MALME AND D. H. THOMSON. 1995. Marine mammals and noise. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
30. RICHTER, C. F., S. M. DAWSON AND E. SLOOTEN. 2003. Sperm whale watching off Kaikoura, New Zealand: Effects of current activities on surfacing and vocalisation patterns. Science for Conservation 219. Department of Conservation, Wellington, N.Z.
31. RUSSELL, C. L. 2001. Why study whalewatching? Environmental education, nature experience, and the social construction of nature. Pages 49-74 in D. Hodson, ed. OISE Papers in STSE Education. Imperial Oil Centre for Studies in Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Toronto, Canada.
32. WILLIAMS, R., A. W. TRITES AND D. E. BAIN. 2002. Behavioural responses of killer whales (Orcinus orca) to whale-watching boats: Opportunistic observations and experimental approaches. Journal of Zoology 256:255-270.