City of the changers: Indigenous people and the transformation of Seattle's watersheds

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 75, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 89-117

  Thrush, Coll ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; NINETEENTH CENTURY; TWENTIETH CENTURY; URBANIZATION;

NORTH AMERICA; SEATTLE; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

EID: 32044457712     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/phr.2006.75.1.89     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. For "second nature," see William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991).
2. For a scholarly study of Seattle's environmental transformation, see Matthew W. Klingle, "Urban by Nature: An Environmental History of Seattle, 1880-1970" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 2001)
3. for a recently published popular account that covers some of the same territory, see David Williams, The Street-Smart Naturalist: Field Notes from Seattle (Portland, Ore., 2005).
4. For one unapologetic criticism of Seattle's environmental history, see Mike Sato, The Price of Taming a River: The Decline of Puget Sound's Duwamish/Green Waterway (Seattle, 1997).
5. Among the websites, see: www.longfellowcreek.org (Longfellow Creek), www.homewatersproject.org (Thornton Creek), www.fauntleroy.net/ aboutcreek.htm (Fauntleroy Creek), and www.ci.seattle.wa.us/mayor/issues/ CreekRestorationOverview.htm (the mayor's official website). Restoration efforts in the Seattle area have achieved greater momentum, support, and attention since the listing in 2001 of the local chinook salmon under the Endangered Species Act.
6. I have chosen to spell the indigenous leader's name in this way for several reasons. First, it avoids confusing the man with the city named after him. Second, it avoids the ongoing, and somewhat beside the point, competition between "Seattle" and "Sealth," two anglicizations of his indigenous name. Third, as with other indigenous names in this study, it is an attempt to get as close as possible to the pronunciation of the indigenous original, given the confines of the English alphabet. The result is still imperfect; the final sound in the name should be pronounced like the Welsh double-ll sound.
7. For the original printing of the speech attributed to Seeathl, see Seattle Star, Oct. 29, 1887.
8. For discussion of the speech and its various interpretations and uses, see Rudolf Kaiser, "Chief Seattle's Speech(es): American Origins and European Reception," in Brian Swann and Arnold Krupat, eds., Recovering the Word: Essays on Native American Literature (Berkeley, 1987), 497-536
9. Vi Hilbert, "When Chief Seattle Spoke," in Robin K. Wright, ed., A Time of Gathering: Native Heritage in Washington State (Seattle, 1991), 259-266
10. Denise Low, "Contemporary Reinventions of Chief Seattle: Variant Texts of Chief Seattle's 1854 Speech," American Indian Quarterly, 19 (1995), 407-422
11. Albert Furtwangler, Answering Chief Seattle (Seattle, 1997)
12. and Crisca Bierwert, "Remembering Chief Seattle: Reversing Cultural Studies of a Vanishing American," American Indian Quarterly, 22 (1998), 280-307.
13. For images of Indians in the American imagination, the classic work remains Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present (New York, 1978).
14. Images of John Gast's American Progress can be found easily on the Internet; one example is the Central Pacific Railroad Museum website, at cprr.org/Museum/Ephemera/AmericanΡogress.html. The Seattle example is C. B. Bussell, Tide Lands: Their Story (Seattle, 1906).
15. For three works that explicitly link indigenous history and urbanization in the American West, see Lisbeth Haas, Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769-1936 (Berkeley, 1995)
16. Kate Brown, "Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same Place," American Historical Review, 106 (2001), 17-48
17. and Eugene P. Moehring, Urbanism and Empire in the Far West, 1840-1890 (Reno, 2004).
18. For the frontier's place in American thinking about the West, see John Mack Faragher, ed., Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: The Significance of the Frontier in American History and Other Essays (New York, 1994)
19. Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (New York, 1957)
20. and Kerwin Lee Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination: Narrating the European Conquest of Native America, 1890-1990 (Berkeley, 1997).
21. Amelia Sneatlum, recorded by Warren Snyder, 1955, and reprinted in Wright, ed., A Time of Gathering, 262.
22. Thomas Talbot Waterman, Puget Sound Geography, ed. Vi Hilbert, Jay Miller, and Zalmai Zahir (Seattle, 2001), 62, 66
23. interview with Ollie Wilbur by Lynn Larson, May 26, 1994, in Lynn L. Larson, Alki/Transfer CFO Facilities Project Traditional Cultural Properties, available in Muckleshoot Tribal Archives, Auburn, Washington;
24. Thomas F. Gedosch, "A Note on the Dogfish Oil Industry of Washington Territory," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 59 (1968), 100-102.
25. Edmond S. Meany, "The Last Lake Union Indians," Seattle Times, June 11, 1898
26. "Indian John in Hospital," in ibid., Feb. 8, 1905
27. "Indian John Holds Potlatch," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 29, 1906
28. Edmond S. Meany, "Story of Seattle's Nearest Indian Neighbors," in ibid., Oct. 29, 1905
29. Schedule of Unenrolled Indians, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, Western Washington Agency, National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle;
30. J. A. Costello, The Siwash: Their Life, Legends, and Tales (Seattle, 1895), 86-87
31. Real Property Assessment and Tax Rolls, Pacific Northwest Regional Archives, Bellevue, Washington;
32. Margaret Wandrey, Four Bridges to Seattle: Old Ballard, 1853-1907 (Seattle, 1975), 21, 25, 82
33. Thomas Talbot Waterman, "The Geographical Names Used by the Indians of the Pacific Coast," Geographical Review, 12 (1922), 189.
34. Duwamish et al., Indians v. United States, 79 Ct. Cl. 530 (1934).
35. See also Consolidated Petition No. F-275 (Seattle, 1993), 683-687, 695, 701
36. "Indians Burned Out," Seattle Times, March 7, 1893.
37. S. A. Eliot, Report upon the Conditions and Needs of the Indians of the Northwest Coast (Washington, D.C., 1915), 21
38. and Duwamish et al. v. United States, 4.
39. See also Frank W. Porter III, "Without Reservation: Federal Indian Policy and the Landless Tribes of Washington," in George Pierre Castile and Robert L. Bee, eds., State and Reservation: New Perspectives in Federal Indian Policy (Tucson, 1992), 110-135.
40. Applications for Enrollment and Allotment of Washington Indians, 1911-1919, National Archives Microfilm M-1343, roll 3, National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle; "Lake Union John, Aged 90, Buried," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Feb. 12, 1910
41. and Baist's Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Seattle, Wash. (Philadelphia, 1905), plate 14.
42. Carl Abbott, "Footprints and Pathways: The Urban Imprint on the Pacific Northwest," in Dale D. Goble and Paul W. Hirt, eds., Northwest Lands, Northwest Peoples: Readings in Environmental History (Seattle, 1999), 113.
43. For studies of Seattle's large-scale engineering projects, see Klingle, "Urban by Nature"
44. Sato, The Price of Taming a River;
45. Dick Paetze, Pioneers and Partnerships: A History of the Port of Seattle (Seattle, 1995)
46. and Paul Dorpat and Genevieve McCoy, Building Washington: A History of Washington State's Public Works (Seattle, 1998).
47. Quoted in Sato, The Price of Taming a River, 57
48. Meany, "Story of Seattle's Nearest Indian Neighbors."
49. "Chief Seattle's Nephew Ruined by Gale," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Jan. 6, 1910
50. "Fund Is Started for Indian Billy," in ibid., Jan. 7, 1910
51. "Help Comes for Old Indian Billy," in ibid., Jan. 8, 1910
52. and "Members of Dying Race Whom Advance of Progress Crowds off Seattle Waterfront," in ibid., May 11, 1910.
53. Hiram M. Chittenden, "Sentiment versus Utility in the Treatment of National Scenery," Pacific Monthly, 23 (Jan. 1910), 29-38
54. Leonie Sandercock, Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Cities (Chichester, U.K., 1998), 33-54
55. Rose Simmons, "Old Angeline, the Princess of Seattle," Overland Monthly, 20 (1892), 506
56. "Squaw Comes to Meet Mrs. Leary," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Nov. 12, 1907
57. "Mary Seattle Is Badly Hurt," Seattle Times, April 15, 1906
58. "Our Citizens of Yesterday," Seattle Argus, Dec. 22, 1900
59. and Abbie Denny-Lindsley, "When Seattle Was an Indian Camp Forty-Five Years Ago," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 15, 1906.
60. The Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture has accession records for fifty-seven objects unearthed during the construction of the locks. See also Waterman, "The Geographical Names," 476
61. and M. J. Carter, "Lake Washington's New Beach Line," [Seattle] Town Crier, April 14, 1917.
62. Interview with Art Williams by Lynn Larson, May 3, 1994, in Larson, Alki/ Transfer CFO Facilities Project Traditional Cultural Properties;
63. Sophie Frye Bass, Pigtail Days in Old Seattle (Portland, Ore., 1937), 16.
64. Williams interview.
65. John Peabody Harrington, The Papers of John Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957, ed. Elaine L. Miles (New York, 1981), frame 344
66. Waterman, Puget Sound Geography, 55, 59
67. and Marian W. Smith, "Petroglyph Complexes in the History of the Columbia-Fraser Region," Southwest Journal of Anthropology, 2 (1946), 315.
68. Interview with Florence Wynn by Lynn Larson, June 15, 1994, in Larson, Alki/Transfer CFO Facilities Project Traditional Cultural Properties, "Great-Granddaughter of Seattle is Hostess at Her Home in Suquamish," Seattle Times, Nov. 29, 1931
69. Marian W. Smith, The Puyallup-Nisqually (New York, 1940), 54.
70. Waterman, "The Geographical Names," 188
71. Gedosch, "A Note on the Dogfish Oil Industry"
72. Wilbur interview.
73. Chittenden, "Sentiment versus Utility," 31.
74. "Nine of Ten Netted: METRO Perturbed as Indians Block Salmon Spawning Run," Seattle Times, Sept. 20, 1963.
75. For overviews of the "fish wars," as the struggle for treaty fishing rights on Puget Sound is called in Indian communities, see American Friends Service Committee, Uncommon Controversy: Fishing Rights of Muckleshoot, Puyallup, and Nisqually Indians (Seattle, 1972),
76. and Alexandra Harmon, Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities around Puget Sound (Berkeley, 1998), esp. 218-244.
77. Lee Moriwaki, "Indian Fishermen's Worries Could Sink West Seattle Marina Project," Seattle Times, Aug. 20, 1982
78. Brad O'Connor, "Sports-Fishing Preserve Carved out of Elliott Bay," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Oct. 2, 1988
79. "Protecting a Steelhead Run: Muckleshoots Set Fine Conservation Example," Seattle Times, Jan. 25, 1989.
80. For more on the Boldt decision, see Duwamish et al. v. the United States of America, Consolidated Petition No. F-275 (Seattle, 1993).
81. Richard Seven, "A Snarly Problem in Ship Canal," Seattle Times, Oct. 8, 1987
82. Peter Lewis, "Marina Plan Gets Its Permit, but Tribes Pledge Court Fight," in ibid., July 25, 1987
83. Robert T. Nelson, "Permit Is Reissued for Marina," in ibid., March 17, 1988
84. Steve Miletich, "Tribes Win Halt to Work on Magnolia Bluff Marina," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 2, 1988
85. Gil Bailey, "Magnolia Marina Agreement," in ibid., Nov. 10, 1989.
86. For the listing of local salmon runs under the Endangered Species Act, see Klingle, "Urban by Nature."
87. Sara Jean Green, "Chief Seattle's Tribe Clings to Its Identity," Seattle Times, June 18, 2001
88. Paul Shukovsky, "Ballard Locks' Creation Left Tribe High and Dry," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Nov. 24, 2001
89. Shukovsky, "Tribal Fate in Hands of a Few Federal Employees," in ibid.;
90. Stuart Eskenazi, "Reversal of Tribe's Status Blasted," Seattle Times, Jan. 11, 2002
91. Eskenazi, "Duwamish Tribe's Recognition Hangs on a Small Technicality," in ibid., March 5, 2002
92. Paul Shukovsky, "Religious Leaders Back Recognition for Duwamish Tribe," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 14, 2002
93. Shukovsky, "Decision is Death Knell for Duwamish," in ibid., May 11, 2002
94. Stuart Eskenazi, "Duwamish Mull Next Move," Seattle Times, May 14, 2002
95. and Paul Shukovsky, "Duwamish Will Take Their Case for Recognition to Congress," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 9, 2002.
96. For an analysis of the Duwamish tribe's struggle for federal recognition in broad global context, see Bruce Granville Miller, Invisible Indigenes: The Politics of Nonrecognition (Lincoln, Nebr., 2002), 94-97.
97. Erik Lacitis, "We 'Have No Culture Left,'" Seattle Times, July 17, 1976
98. Terry Tafoya, "Minority Voices: Indian 'Roots' Uncovered on Duwamish," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Feb. 26 1977
99. "Uncovering Seattle's Hidden History," in ibid., Feb. 22, 1977
100. Maribeth Morris, "Indians Ask Duwamish Relic Area," in ibid., Feb. 22, 1977
101. James E. Lalonde, "A Pipeline through History," Seattle Times, March 5, 1986
102. and Pablo Lopez, "Archaeologists Dug up Artifacts That Could Help Duwamish Tribe," Seattle Post-Intelligencer June 7, 1986.
103. For additional information on the Duwamish longhouse project, see www.duwamishtribe.org.
104. Ernest Callenbach, Ecotopia: The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston (Berkeley, 1975).
105. See Klingle, "Urban by Nature,"
106. and Roger Sale, Seattle, Past to Present (Seattle, 1976).
107. For overviews of 1970s reworkings of the speech, see Bierwert, "Remembering Chief Seattle,"
108. and Furtwangler, Answering Chief Seattle.