The new geopolitics of empire

Monthly Review

Volumn 57, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 1-18

  Foster, John Bellamy ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 31944439711     PISSN: 00270520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14452/MR-057-08-2006-01_1     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Michael Klare, "The New Geopolitics," Monthly Review, vol. 55, no. 3 (July-August 2003), 51-56.
2. The phrase "economic taproot of imperialism" is taken from John Hobson's classic 1902 work Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965), 71.
3. Franz Neumann, Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1942), 147.
4. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, 1890);
5. Brooks Adams, The New Empire (London: Macmillan, 1902);
6. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in History (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1921).
7. The Turner book contains his original 1893 article and his 1896 Atlantic Monthly analysis in which he extended the argument to encompass the need for U.S. overseas expansion - see The Frontier in History, 219.
8. Halford Mackinder, "The Geographical Pivot of History," Geographical Journal, vol. 23, no. 4 (April 1904), 421-44.
9. Halford Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1919), 1-2.
10. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, 179-81.
11. For the evolution of Mackinder's economic views see Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform (Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1960), 157-68.
12. Halford Mackinder, "The Round World and the Winning of the Peace," Foreign Affairs, vol. 21, no. 4, (July 1943), 601.
13. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, 186.
14. Brian W. Blouet, Halford Mackinder (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1987), 172-77.
15. Ratzel quoted in Robert Strausz-Hupé, Geopolitics: The Struggle for Space and Power (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1942), 31.
16. Strausz-Hupé, Geopolitics, 66, 227;
17. Neumann, Behemoth, 156-60.
18. Haushofer quoted in Strauz-Hupé, Geopolitics, 152;
19. Neumann, Behemoth, 144.
20. Derwent Whittlesey, "Haushofer: Geopoliticians," in Edward Mead Earle, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), 388-411;
21. German Strategy of World Conquest (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1942), 70-78;
22. Andreas Dorpalen, The World of General Haushofer (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1942), 70-78;
23. David Thomas Murphy, The Heroic Earth: Geopolitical Thought in Weimar Germany, 1918-1933 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997);
24. Saul B. Cohen, Geopolitics in the World System (New York Rowman and Littlefleld, 2003), 21-22.
25. Nicholas John Spykman, The Geography of the Peace (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1944), 43.
26. Nicholas John Spykman, America's Strategy in World Politics (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Co., 1942), 19, 458-60.
27. Spykman, Geography of the Peace, 57.
28. Noam Chomsky, "The Cold War and the Superpowers," Monthly Review, vol. 33, no. 6 (November 1981), 1-10;
29. Nell Smith, American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalizaton (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 325-31.
30. Smith, American Empire, 287, 329.
31. Mackinder, "The Round World and the Winning of the Peace," 598.
32. Colin S. Gray, The Geopolitics of the Nuclear Era (New York: Crane, Russak, and Co., 1977), 14.
33. James Burnham, The Struggle for the World (New York John Day, 1947), 114-15, 162, 182;
34. Gary Dorrien, Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana (New York: Routledge, 2004), 22-25;
35. Francis P. Sempa, Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2002), 25-63.
36. Like Burnham, Raymond Aron referred to the Soviet Union as a danger to the World Island in his Century of Total War (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), 111.
37. Leslie W. Hepple, "The Revival of Geopolitics," Political Geography Quarterly, volume 5, no. 4 (October 1986), supplement, S21-S36.
38. "Fresh Fears that the Soviets Will Cut Off Critical Minerals," Business Week, January 28, 1980, 62-63;
39. Noam Chomsky, Towards a New Cold War (New York: The New Press, 2003), 180-81.
40. Michael Klare, Blood and Oil (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004), 2.
41. "Excerpts from Pentagon's Plan: 'Preventing the Re-Emergence of a New Rival,'" New York Times, March 8, 1992;
42. "Keeping the U.S. First," Washington Post, March 11, 1992;
43. Dorrien, Imperial Design, 40-41.
44. Eugene V. Rostow, A Breakfast for Bonaparte (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1993), 14;
45. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 814.
46. Renewed interest in Mackinder's work in this context led to the reprinting of Democratic Ideals and Reality by the National Defense University in 1996.
47. Mackubin Thomas Owens, "In Defense of Classical Geopolitics," Naval War College Review, vol. 52, no. 4 (Autumn 1999), http://www.nwc.navy.mil/ press/review/1999/autumn/art3-a99.htm.
48. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 3, 10, 30, 38-39.
49. See John Bellamy Foster "'Imperial America' and War," Monthly Review, vol. 55, no. 1 (May 2003), 1-10.
50. Alan Larson, "Geopolitics of Oil and Natural Gas," Economic Perspectives, May 2004 http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites//0504/ijee/larson. htm.
51. Klare, "The New Geopolitics," 53-54.
52. "The New Geopolitics," Economist, July 31, 1999, 13, 15-16.
53. Robert Kaplan, Imperial Grunts (New York: Random House, 2005), 3-15.
54. Strausz-Hupé, Geopolitics, 101.
55. "The Fearful Drift of Foreign Policy," Business Week, April 7, 1975, 21.
56. István Mészáros, Socialism or Barbarism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001), 38.
57. G. John Ikenberry, "America's Imperial Ambition," Foreign Affairs vol. 81, no. 5 (September-October 2002), 44, 50, 59.