On the possibility of ITER starting with full carbon

Fusion Engineering and Design

Volumn 81 A, Issue 1-4, 2006, Pages 139-147

  Tanabe, Tetsuo ^a  

^a KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Carbon; Divertor; First wall; ITER; Plasma facing materials; Tritium retention

Indexed keywords

GRAIN GROWTH; PLASMAS; PROBLEM SOLVING; TRITIUM;

DIVERTOR; ITER; PLASMA FACING MATERIALS; TRITIUM RETENTION;

CARBON;

EID: 31844456601     PISSN: 09203796     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.08.083     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (44)

1. ITER Physics Expert Group ITER physics basis Nucl. Fusion 39 1999 2137 2664 http://www.iter.org/index.htm
2. G. Federici, C.H. Skinner, J.N. Brooks, J.P. Coad, C. Girsolia, and A.A. Haasz Plasma-materials interaction in current tokamaks and their implication for next step fusion reactors Nucl. Fusion 41 2001 1967 2138
3. G. Federici, P. Andrew, P. Barabaschi, J. Brooks, R. Doerner, and A. Geier Key ITER plasma edge and plasma-material interaction issues J. Nucl. Mater. 313-316 2003 11 22
4. A. Miyahara, and T. Tanabe Graphite as plasma facing material J. Nucl. Mater. 155-157 1988 49 57
5. T. Burchell Carbon Materials for Advanced Technology 1999 Pergamon Press
6. T. Tanabe, N. Noda, and H. Nakamura Review of high Z materials for PSI applications J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198 1992 11 27
7. N. Noda, V. Philipps, and R. Neu A review of recent experiments on W and high Z materials as plasma-facing components in magnetic fusion devices J. Nucl. Mater. 241-243 1997 227 243
8. T. Tanabe High Z candidate plasma facing materials, in atomic and plasma-materials interaction data for fusion Suppl. Nucl. Fusion 5 1994 129 147
9. T. Tanabe, M. Akiba, Y. Ueda, K. Ohya, M. Wada, and V. Philipps On the utilization of high Z materials as plasma facing component Fusion Eng. Des. 39/40 1998 275 285
10. T. Hirai, A. Kreter, J. Linke, J. Malzbender, T. Ohgo, V. Philipps, et al., Destruction of CVD-W layer loaded by high heat fluxes in the TEXTOR tokamak, this conference.
11. G. Federici, A. Zhitlukhin, N. Arkhipov, R. Giniyatulin, N. Klimov, and I. Landman Effects of ELMs and disruptions on ITER divertor armour materials J. Nucl. Mater. 337-339 2005 684 690
12. T. Tanabe, N. Bekris, P. Coad, C.H. Skinner, M. Glugla, and N. Miya Tritium retention of plasma facing components in tokamaks J. Nucl. Mater. 313-316 2003 478 490
13. T. Tanabe, K. Sugiyama, C.H. Skinner, N. Bekris, C.A. Gentile, and J.P. Coad Tritium retention in the gap between the plasma-facing carbon tiles used in D-T discharge phase in JET and TFTR Fusion Sci. Technol. 48 2005 577 580
14. Y. Hirohata, Y. Oya, H. Yoshida, Y. Morimoto, T. Arai, and K. Kizu Depth profile and retention of hydrogen isotopes in graphite tiles used in the W-shaped divertor of JT-60U J. Nucl. Mater. 329-333 2004 785 789
15. H.G. Esser, V. Philipps, M. Freisinger, G.F. Matthews, J.P. Coad, and G.F. Neill Effect of plasma configuration on carbon migration measured in the inner divertor of JET using quartz microbalance J. Nucl. Mater. 337-339 2005 84 88
16. A. Kirschner, V. Philipps, D.P. Coster, S.K. Erents, H.G. Esser, and G. Federici Experimental observations and modelling of carbon transport in the inner divertor of JET J. Nucl. Mater. 337-339 2005 17 24
17. P. Coad, J. Likonen, M. Rubel, E. Vainonen-Ahlgren, D.D. Hole, T. Ajavaara, et al., Overview of material re-deposition and fuel retention studies at JET with gas box divertor. J. Nucl. Fusion, in press.
18. J. Roth R.K. Janev H.W. Drawin Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Processes in Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1993 Elsevier Amsterdam
19. J.N. Brooks, R. Causey, G. Federici, and D.N. Ruzic Assessment of erosion and surface tritium inventory issues for the ITER divertor J. Nucl. Mater. 241-243 1997 294 298
20. G. Federici, R.A. Anderl, P. Andrew, J.N. Brooks, R.A. Causey, and J.P. Coad In-vessel tritium retention and removal in ITER J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 1999 14 29
21. J.N. Brooks, A. Kirschner, D.G. Whyte, D.N. Ruzic, and D.A. Alman Advances in the modeling of chemical erosion/redeposition of carbon divertors and application to the JET tritium codeposition problem J. Nucl. Mater. 313-316 2003 424 428
22. J. Roth, R. Preuss, and W. Bohmeyer Flux dependence of carbon chemical erosion by deuterium ions Nucl. Fusion 44 2004 L21 L25
23. J. Roth, A. Kirschner, W. Bohmeyer, S. Brezinsek, A. Cambe, and E. Casarotto Flux dependence of carbon erosion and implication for ITER J. Nucl. Mater. 337-339 2005 970 974
24. K. Masaki, K. Sugiyama, T. Hayashi, K. Ochiai, Y. Gotoh, and T. Shibahara Retention characteristics of hydrogen isotopes in JT-60U J. Nucl. Mater. 337-339 2005 553 559
25. Y. Gotoh, J. Yagyu, K. Masaki, K. Kizu, A. Kaminaga, and K. Kodama Analyses of erosion and re-deposition layers on graphite tiles used in the W-shaped divertor region of JT-60U J. Nucl. Mater. 313-316 2003 370 376
26. x at the carbon divertor plates of JT-60U Nucl. Fusion 42 2002 689 696
27. T. Nakano, Private communication.
28. S. Brezinsek, P.T. Greenland, Ph. Mertensa, A. Pospieszczyk, D. Reiter, and U. Samm On the measurement of molecular particle fluxes in fusion boundary plasmas J. Nucl. Mater. 313-331 2003 967 971
29. A. Pospieszczyk, S. Brezinsek, G. Sergienko, P.T. Greenland, A. Huber, and A. Meigs Molecular deuterium sources in the outer divertor of JET J. Nucl. Mater. 337-339 2005 500 504
30. M.J. Rubel, J.P. Coad, K. Stenström, P. Wienhold, J. Likonen, and G.F. Matthews Overview of tracer techniques in studies of material erosion, re-deposition and fuel inventory in tokamaks J. Nucl. Mater. 329-333 2004 795 799
31. Y. Gotoh, T. Arai, Y. Ishimoto, K. Masaki, N. Miya, H. Kubo, et al., Long-term erosion and re-deposition in the divertor region of JT-60U, J. Nucl. Mater, to be published.
32. C. Grisolia the Tore Supra team Plasma wall interaction during long pulse operation in Tore Supra J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 1999 146 152
33. T. Tanabe, K. Sugiyama, and P. Coad Comparison of tritium retention and carbon deposition in JET and JT-60U J. Nucl. Mater. 345 2005 89 95
34. K.L. Wilson, R. Bastasz, R.A. Causey, D.K. Brice, B.L. Doyle, and W.R. Wampler Atomic and plasma-materials interaction data for fusion Suppl. J. Nucl. Fusion 1 1991 31 50
35. A.T. Peacock, P. Andrew, P. Cetier, J.P. Coad, G. Federici, and F.H. Hurd Dust and flakes in the JET MkIIa divertor, analysis and results J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 1999 423 428
36. J. Sharpe the NSTX team Characterization of dust collected from NSTX and JT-60U J. Nucl. Mater. 337-339 2005 1000 1004
37. H. Takenaga, T. Nakano, N. Asakura, H. Kubo, S. Konoshima, K. Shimizu, et al., Study of global wall saturation mechanisms in long-pulse ELMy H-mode discharges on JT-60U, Nucl. Fusion, in press.
38. V. Barabash, G. Federici, M. Rodig, L.L. Snead, and C.H. Wu Neutron irradiation effects on plasma facing materials J. Nucl. Mater. 283-287 2000 138 146
39. V. Barabash, G. Federici, J. Linke, and C.H. Wu Material/plasma surface interaction issues following neutron damage J. Nucl. Mater. 313-316 2003 42 51
40. C.H. Wu, J.P. Bonal, and H. Werle Neutron effects on properties and annealing of low-Z materials Fusion Eng. Des. 49/50 2000 383 388
41. M. Rödig, R. Conrad, H. Derz, R. Duwe, J. Linke, and A. Lodato Neutron-irradiation effects on high heat flux components - examination of plasma-facing materials and their joints J. Nucl. Mater. 283-287 2000 1161 1165
42. M. Rödig, R. Duwe, W. Kühnlein, J. Linke, M. Merola, and B. Schedler Reference testing of actively cooled mock-ups for the neutron-irradiation experiments PARIDE 3 and 4 Fusion Eng. Des. 56/57 2001 417 420
43. T. Tanabe, K. Niwase, Y. Miyamoto, I. Tanaka, M. Seki, M. Akiba, M. Araki, H. Shinno, M. Fujitsuka, and Y. Kubota Characterization of graphite after heat shock experiment J. Nucl. Mater. 176/177 1990 666 671
44. T. Tanabe, and S. Muto Damaging process of graphite - a new model and its impact on degradation of materials performance Phys. Scr. T81 1999 104 107