Political, religious, and psychological characteristics of muslim protest marchers in eight european cities: Jerusalem day 2002

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 551-572

  Schbley, Ayla ^a   McCauley, Clark ^b  

^a WASHBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BRYN MAWR COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 31744449530     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550500174921     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Jeffrey Kaplan, Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997).
2. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (New York, W. W. Norton, 2004) 562 footnote 3).
3. John Douglas, Robert Ressler, Adam Burgess, and Charles Hartman, "Criminal Profiling from Crime Analysis," Behavioral Science and the Law 4 no. 4 (1986), 401;
4. James Fox and Jack Levin, Overkill: Mass Murder and Serial Killing Exposed (New York: Plenum, 1994);
5. Anthony Pinizzotto, "Forensic Psychology: Criminal Personality Profiling," Journal of Police Science and Administration 12 no.1 (1984): 32.
6. Scott Appleby, The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000);
7. John Douglas, Journey into Darkness (New York: Mindhunters, 1997);
8. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000);
9. Bruce Hoffman, Old Madness, New Methods: Revival of Religious Terrorism Begs for Broader U.S. Policy (1999);
10. Martin Kramer, "Sacrifice and "Self-Martyrdom" in Shiite Lebanon," ed. Martin Kramer, in 231-43, Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996);
11. Ariel Merari, "The Readiness to Kill and Die," ed. William Reich, Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 193);
12. in Assaf Moghadam, "Palestinian Suicide Terrorism in the Second Intifada: Motivations and Organizational Aspects," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26 no.2 (2003); 65.
13. Ayla Schbley, "Defining Religious Terrorism: A Causal and Anthological Profile," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 26 no.2 (2003); 105.
14. Clark McCauley, "Psychological Issues in Understanding Terrorism and the Response to Terrorism," in ed. Charles Stout, In The Psychology of Terrorism, Theoretical Understandings and Perspectives vol. 2 (Westport: Praeger, 2002);
15. Clark McCauley, "Terrorism Research and Public Policy: An Overview," in Terrorism Research and Public Policy, ed. Clark McCauley, (London: Frank Cass, 1991).
16. Martha Crenshaw, "The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21 st Century," Political Psychology 21 (2000): 405;
17. Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999);
18. Merari, "The Readiness to Kill."
19. The Daubert rule of evidence identifies the two touchstones for court admissibility as reliability and relevancy (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993)). http://www.law.harvard.edu/ publications/evidenceiii/cases/daubert.htm. Accessed 16 August 2005.
20. Ayla Schbley, "Islamists and Agro-Terrorism: The Limitations of Bayesian Logic in Threat Analyses" (Washburn University, KS: 2004).
21. Hizbullah is one of thirty-four organizations designated as a terrorist group by the U.S. State Department under Section 212 of the Immigration and Naturalization Act, as amended by Section 411 of the USA PATRIOT Act. Hizbullah has held several American civilians as hostages and has extorted funds, military supplies, and resources in exchange for their release. Hizbullah has also claimed responsibility for and has been accused of in excess of 3,600 military incursions and suicide bombings. Included in these acts are the killing of over 8,300 individuals, including 243 U.S. Marines in Lebanon, and the destruction of 3 U.S. airliners. Schbley, "Defining Religious Terrorism," 109.
22. Marc Sageman, Understanding Terrorist Networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).
23. Starting in AD 622 with Muhammad, followed by his first-generation Caliphs, then the Umayyad Caliphates, the Abbasid Caliphates, the Tulunid and Fatimid Caliphates, on to regional Caliphates such as the Seljuks and Ayyubids, the Almoravid and Almohad, the Ifriqiya and Sicily, the Mughals, the Safavids, to the final Ottoman ruler in 1927.
24. Center for Special Studies, "Special Information Bulletin," http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/bu/iran/jerusalem.htm#gen, accesssed 16 August 2005;
25. Innovative Minds, "Quds Day 1423/2002, " http://www.inminds.co. uk/qudsday2002.html, accessed 16 August 2005.
26. Schbley, "Defining Religious Terrorism," 123.
27. Before the American invasion of Iraq, these parades did not include Ba'athists (who were the ruling party in Iraq and remain the ruling party in Syria).
28. Agence France-Presse, "Pro-Palestinian Protests in European Cities," Independent Media Center, http://jerusalem.indymedia.org/news/ 2002/03/1355.php, accessed 16 August 2005.
29. Ayla Schbley, "Torn between God, Family, and Money: The Changing Profile of Lebanon's Religious Terrorists," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 23, no.1 (2000): 175.
30. Scott Appleby, Divining the Conflicts (New York: America Press, 2000), 96.
31. Avi Jorisch, "Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV," Middle East Quarterly 24, no.7 (2004), http://www.meforum.org/article/583.
32. Avi Jorisch, Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballah's al-Manar Television (Washington DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2004).
33. The State Department added Al Manar to the Terrorist Exclusion List (TEL). This designation permitted the United States and the French governments to halt Al Manar's satellite uplinks via Arabsat (and its subsidiaries Hispasat, Asiasat, Eutelsat, and New Skies) and Globecast that are covered by Intelsat. Center for Special Studies, "Further Limits on AlManar broadcasts," http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/7_05/almanar.htm (accessed 16 August 2005).
34. Pew Forum, "An Uncertain Road: Muslims and the Future of Europe," http://pewforum.org/publications/reports/MuslimsinEurope2004.pdf, accessed 16 August 2005.
35. Ayla Schbley, "Religious Terrorism, the Media, and International Islamization Terrorism: Justifying the Unjustifiable," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 27, no.3 (2004): 207.
36. Ayla Schbley, "Defining Religious Terrorism," 105.
37. Although these are names of various ranks and levels of proficiency and scholarship in Islamic canonic studies, they are equals when mustering followers, acting as nuclei for terror cells, or forming fundamentalist groups.
38. Jaber Gubrium and Andrea Sankar, Qualitative Methods in Aging Research (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1994).
39. Traditionally the Shia sect of Islam empowered males with the right to marry in mutaa (marriage with intent to divorce once security, sexual, or financial needs are fulfilled). This tradition was adopted by the Shia in defiance of Islam's second Khalifa, Omar Azam, who issued a fatwa prohibiting it. This practice, that has traditionally differentiated between the Sunni and Shia sects, is being readopted by both as a sign of unity and cooperation in exploiting non-Muslim Western females.
40. Hans Eysenck, "Dimensions of Personality: Criteria for a Taxonomic Paradigm," Personality and Individual Differences 12 (1991): 773.
41. William Revelle, "Three Fundamental Dimensions of Personality," http://personality-project.org/perproj/theory/big3.table.html, accessed 16 August 2005.
42. Jeffrey Gray, "A critique of Eysenck's Theory of Personality," in A Model for Personality, ed. Hans. J. Eysenck, 246-277, (Berlin: Springer, 1981).
43. Edward Royzman, Clark McCauley, and Paul Rozin, "Four Ways of Thinking About Hate: From Plato to Putnam," in Psychology of Hate, ed. Robert Sternberg, 3-35 (Washington DC: APA Books, 2004).
44. Avi Jorisch, Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballah's al-Manar Television. Op. cit.
45. Clark McCauley, "Understanding the 9/11 Perpetrators: Crazy, Lost in Hate, or Martyred?," in History Behind the Headlines: The Origins of Ethnic Conflicts Worldwide, ed. Newman Matuszak, (New York: Gale Publishing, 2002) 5:274-286.
46. Crenshaw, "The Psychology of Terrorism," 405;
47. Clark McCauley and Mary Segal, "Social Psychology of Terrorist Groups," in Review of Personality and Social Psychology, ed. Clyde Hendrick, (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1987) 9:231-256.
48. McCauley, "Psychological Issues," 3-30;
49. Sageman, Understanding Terrorist Network;
50. Schbley. "Torn between God," 175.