Glass vessels from the burial of Nesikhons

Journal of Glass Studies

Volumn 45, Issue , 2003, Pages

  Schlick Nolte, Birgit ^a   Werthmann, Rainer ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 31744449093     PISSN: 00754250     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (49)

1. Diamantis Panagiotopoulos, "Tributabgaben und Huldigungsgeschenke aus der Levante: Die ägyptische Nordexpansion in der 18. Dynastie aus einer strukturgeschichtlichen Perspektive," Egypt and the Levant (= Ägypten und Levante), v. 10, 2000, pp. 139-158;
2. Christine Lilyquist and Robert H. Brill, Studies in Early Egyptian Glass, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993, p. 43.
3. Birgit Schlick-Nolte, "Kostbare Glasgefässe aus dem 'Schatzhaus,'" in Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde, ed. R. Hachmann, Kamid el-Loz 12. Schatzhausstudien, v. 48, 1996, p. 185, n. 14.
4. The experiments began by heating a core that was rolled in glass powder and heated further. This procedure was repeated several times to build up the wall. It resulted in many glass vessels with perfectly smooth walls. Schlick-Nolte has noted that, in her study of almost 400 known Egyptian glass vessels and thousands of fragments over the last four decades, none of the walls reveals the slightest relief left from winding a glass trail around the core to construct the wall. However, in contrast to the smooth walls of the Egyptian vessels, which were evidently made from glass powder, the walls as well as the rims and feet of the Mediterranean core-formed vessels made from the sixth century B.C. to the first century A.D. have, in many instances, preserved trails in slight relief. This proves that the walls of these late core-formed vessels were made by trailing. See also E. Marianne Stern and B. Schlick-Nolte, Early Glass of the Ancient World, 1600 B.C.-A.D. 50. Ernesto Wolf Collection, Ostfildern: Verlag Gerd Hatje, 1994, pp. 39-41, figs. 21 and 22.
5. E. Marianne Stern, "Interaction between Glass Workers and Ceramists," in The Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, ed. Patrick McCray and W. David Kingery, Ceramics and Civilization, v. 8, Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society, 1998, p. 187;
6. D. Giberson Jr., A Glassblower's Companion: A Compilation of Studio Equipment Designs, Essays, and Glassmaking Ideas, Warner, New Hampshire: The Joppa Press, 1998, pp. 15 and 19 (with new designs of possible reconstructions of ancient glassworking furnaces with a vertical glory hole);
7. E. Marianne Stern, "Glass for the Gods," in Hyalos, Vitrum, Glass: History, Technology, and Conservation of Glass and Vitreous Materials in the Hellenic World, ed. George Kordas, Athens: Glasnet Publications, 2002, pp. 356-359. The experiments started with a cold and wetted core that was packed with crushed glass and then heated. After heating, the experiment successfully proceeded in the same way as described in note 2.
8. David F. Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art. Early Ancient Glass: Core-formRod-formand Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire, 1600 B.C. to A.D. 50, New York: Hudson Hills Press in association with the museum, 1989, pp. 52-53;
9. Rosemarie Lierke and Birgit Schlick-Nolte, "Das frühe Glas, ein Sproß der Keramik," in Rosemarie Lierke and others, Antike Glastöpferei: Ein vergessenes Kapitel der Glasgeschichte, Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999, p. 30, fig. 55.
10. Philip Simpson, "Survey of the Distribution of Glass Vessels in Egypt in the Later 18th Dynasty to 20th Dynasty," Ph.D. diss., University of Edinburgh, pp. 623-955 and 1011, pl. 2 (selection of Amarna rod fragments).
11. E.g., from the shipwreck at Ulu Burun: Cemal Pulak, "Das Schiffswrack von Uluburun," in "In Poseidons Reich: Archäologie unter Wasser," Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie, v. 23, 1995, pp. 51 and 55, fig. 27;
12. George F. Bass, "Prolegomena to a Study of Maritime Traffic in Raw Materials to the Aegean during the Fourteenth and Thirteenth Centuries B.C.," TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age, Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference, ed. Robert Laffineur and Philip P. Betancourt, Philadelphia: Temple University, April 18-21, 1996, Annales d'Archéologie Egéenne de l'Université de Liège et UT-PASP, v. 16, Liège: Edition du Secrétariat Général à Liège, 1997, p. 161.
13. Caroline M. Jackson, P. T. Nicholson, and W. Gneisinger, "Glassmaking at Tell el-Amarna: An Integrated Approach," Journal of Glass Studies, v. 40, 1998, pp. 11-23.
14. For analyses of core material, see M. Bimson and A. E. Werner, "Two Problems in Ancient Glass: Opacifiers and Egyptian Core Material," Annales de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, v. 4, Ravenna/Venice 1967 (Liège, 1969), pp. 264-266;
15. and idem, "Problems in Egyptian Core Glasses," Proceedings of the International Congress on Glass (July 1968), London and Sheffield: Society of Glass Technology, 1969, pp. 121-122.
16. Tomb KV 62: Nicholas Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun, London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1990, pp. 200-201. While one beaker and a bottle-shaped vessel (32l and k) are translucent blue, the second beaker (32j) is translucent white. They were found in the antechamber in a portable chest (32), together with various other objects. Because this tomb had been plundered in antiquity, the excavator, Howard Carter, surmised that the glass vessels might originally have been contained in another box (315). Although its eight compartments were otherwise empty, they were stuffed with papyrus reeds and small bundles of matting that would have been suitable for the storing of fragile items such as glass objects.
17. Birgit Nolte, "Die Glasgefäße im alten Ägypten," Münchner Ägyptologische Studien, v. 14, 1968, pp. 76-77, pls. 12, 13, 21, 28, 52, 54, and 57;
18. idem, Die Glasgefäße im alten Ägypten, 2nd rev. and expanded ed. in Japanese, ed. Takashi Taniichi, Kyoto: Kyoto Shoin, 1985, p. 61, fig. 5-12, p. 62, fig. 5-13
19. Nicholas Reeves and Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Valley of the Kings: Tombs and Treasures of Egypt's Greatest Pharaohs, London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1996, p. 197, fig. at top left, which depicts three beakers of Nesikhons.
20. Andrew and Susan Sherratt, "From Luxuries to Commodities: The Nature of Mediterranean Bronze Age Trading Systems," in Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the Conference Held at Rewley House, Oxford, in December 1989, ed. N. H. Gale, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, v. 90, 1991, pp. 373-374.
21. Theban Tomb 320: Bertha Porter, Rosalind L. B. Moss, and Ethel W. Burney, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings, v. 1, pt. 2, The Theban Necropolis: Royal Tombs and Smaller Cemeteries, Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1964, pp. 658 and 664-666;
22. George B. Johnson, "The Royal Cache Tomb DB 320 Revisited," KMT, A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, v. 4, no. 2, 1993, pp. 52-57;
23. Erhart Graefe, "Vorbericht über die erste Kampagne einer Nachuntersuchung der königlichen Cachette TT 320 von Deir el Bahri," Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo, v. 56, 2000, pp. 215-221, esp. p. 220. Graefe provides convincing arguments that the tomb did not belong to Queen Inhapi of the 18th Dynasty, as had been suggested earlier.
24. Glass beakers: Gaston Maspero and M. Emile Brugsch, La Trouvaille de Deir-el-Bahari, Cairo: Mourès, 1881, p. 36, pl. 19;
25. ème fasc., 1881-1884, Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1889, pl. XXII A ;
26. See, for example, Edgar B. Pusch, "Glasproduktion in Qantir," Egypt and the Levant (= Ägypten und Levante), v. 9, 1990, pp. 111-120.
27. Erhart Graefe, "Die königliche Cachette TT 320 von Deir el-Bahri, Nachgrabungen im berühmtesten Königsmumienversteck Ägyptens," Antike Welt, no. 4, 1999, pp. 369-374, esp. p. 371;
28. Andrzej Niwinski, "The Wives of Pinudjem II: A Topic for Discussion," Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, v. 74, 1988, pp. 226-230;
29. idem, "Some Remarks on Rank and Titles of Women in the Twenty-First Dynasty Theban 'State of Amun,'" Discussions in Egyptology, v. 14, 1989, pp. 79-89, esp. pp. 86-89.
30. Elizabeth Thomas, The Royal Necropolis at Thebes, Trenton, New Jersey: T. W. Mooreman, 1966, p. 251.
31. Nolte, "Die Glasgefäße" [note 10];
32. idem, Die Glasgefäße [note 10].
33. See also Anton Kisa, Das Glas im Altertume, v. 1, Leipzig: Verlag von Karl W. Hiersemann, 1908, p. 13, fig. 6.
34. Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge, The Mummy: Chapters on Egyptian Funereal Archaeology, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1894, p. 224.
35. See, for example, Robert H. Brill, Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses, v. 2, Tables of Analyses, Corning: The Corning Museum of Glass, 1999, pp. 27-35. We are grateful to Prof. Dr. Beno Rothenberg, who offered us samples of the well-dated Ramesside glass excavated at Timna in the Arabah for study.
36. Beno Rothenberg, "The Excavations 1969 and 1974, locus 107," in idem, The Egyptian Mining Temple at Timna, Researches in the Arabah, 1959-1984, v. 1, London: Thames and Hudson, 1988, pp. 51-57;
37. Gusta Lehrer-Jacobson, "Egyptian Glass," in ibid., pp. 212-217.
38. See also chemical analyses of these glasses by R. H. Brill (pp. 217-223)
39. See also E. V. Sayre and R. W. Smith, "Compositional Categories of Ancient Glass," Science, v. 133, 1961, pp. 1824-1826.
40. For the solubility of sodium chloride in ordinary soda-lime glass, see H. M. Bateson and W. E. S. Turner, "A Note on the Solubility of Sodium Chloride in a Soda-Lime-Silica Glass," Journal of the Society of Glass Technology, v. 23, 1939, pp. 265-267.
41. A. Lucas and J. R. Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th ed., London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1962, p. 493, nos. 7 and 8.
42. Ullmanns Encyklopädie der technischen Chemie, 3rd ed., v. 8, Munich and Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1957, pp. 142-143.
43. and C. Neumann and A. Dietzel, "Die Farbkörper in den sogenannten Kohlegelbgläsern," Glastechnische Berichte, pt. 1, v. 16, 1938, pp. 389-391;
44. For carbon ambers in ancient glasses, see Robert H. Brill, "Scientific Investigations of the Jalame Glass and Related Finds," in Excavations at Jalame, Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine, ed. Gladys D. Weinberg, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988, pp. 269-276;
45. and R. H. Brill and J. W. H. Schreurs, "Iron and Sulfur Related Colors in Ancient Glasses," Archaeometry, v. 26, pt. 2, 1984, pp. 199-209.
46. Paul Nicholson and Julian Henderson, "Glass," in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, ed. Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 208.
47. For the original study on this subject, see W. E. S. Turner and H. P. Rooksby, "A Study of the Opalising Agents in Ancient Opal Glasses throughout Three Thousand Four Hundred Years," Glastechnische Berichte, v. 8, 1959, pp. 17-29.
48. See also R. H. Brill and J. F. Wosinski, "A Petrographic Study of Egyptian and Other Cored Vessels," Proceedings of the VIIIth International Congress on Glass, London, Committee B, Sheffield: The Society of Glass Technology, 1968, pp. 123-124.
49. See also David Whitehouse, "The Transition from Natron to Plant Ash in the Levant," Journal of Glass Studies, v. 44, 2002, pp. 193-196.