Multilevel modeling in traffic safety research: Two empirical examples illustrating the consequences of ignoring hierarchies

Traffic Injury Prevention

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 311-316

  Vanlaar, Ward ^a,b  

^a Belgian Road Safety Institute ^*  (Belgium)

^b Traffic Injury Research Foundation   (Canada)

Author keywords

Hierarchical Data Structures; Hierarchies; Hierarchy; Multilevel Modeling; Nested Data Structures

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; DEPENDENT VARIABLE; DRUNKEN DRIVING; ERROR; INFORMATION; MODEL; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; RESEARCH; REVIEW; SEATBELT; STANDARD; TRAFFIC SAFETY;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; HUMANS; MODELS, STATISTICAL; RESEARCH;

EID: 31644437963     PISSN: 10286586     EISSN: 1538957X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15389580500253752     Document Type: Review

References (28)

1. Burns NR, Nettelbeck T, White M, Willson J. (1999) Effects of car window tinting on visual performance: A comparison of elderly and young drivers. Ergonomics, Vol. 42, pp. 428-443.
2. Cochran WG. (1963) Sampling Techniques, second edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. Delhomme P, Vaa T, Meyer T, Harland G, Goldenbeld C, Järmark S, Christie N, Rehnova V. (1999) Evaluated Road Safety Media Campaigns: An Overview of 265 Evaluated Campaigns and Some Meta-Analysis on Accidents, INRETS, Paris.
4. Goldstein H. (2003) Multilevel Statistical Models, Arnold, London.
5. Goldstein H, Rasbash J. (1996) Improved approximations for multilevel models with binaiy responses. J. Roy. Stat Soc. A, Vol. 159, pp. 505-513.
6. Heck RH, Thomas SL. (2000) An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling Techniques, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, New Jersey.
7. Hox J. (2002) Multilevel Analysis. Techniques and Applications, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, New Jersey.
8. Kish L. (1965) Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
9. Kreft IGG. (1994) Multilevel Models for Hierarchically Nested Data: Potential Applications in Substance Abuse Prevention Research, in Advances in Data Analysis for Prevention Intervention Research, Eds. Collins, LM, Seitz, LA, Research Monograph 142, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Washington DC, pp. 140-183.
10. Kreft I, de Leeuw J. (2002) Introducing Multilevel Modeling, second edition, Sage Publications, London.
11. Jones AP, Jørgensen SH. (2003) The use of multilevel models for the prediction of road accident outcomes. Acci. Anal. Prev., Vol. 35, pp. 59-70.
12. Levy PS, Lemeshow S. (1999) Sampling of Populations. Methods and Applications, third edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
13. Leyland AH, Goldstein H. (2001) Multilevel Modeling of Health Statistics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, England.
14. Lindsey JK. (1993) Models for Repeated Measurements, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
15. Longford N. (1993) Random Coefficient Models, Clarendon, Oxford.
16. McMillan NJ, Berliner MJ. (1994) A Spatially Correlated Hierarchical Random Effect Model for Ohio Corn Yield, Technical report 10, National Institute for Statistical Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
17. Rasbash J, Browne W, Goldstein H, Yang M, Plewis I, Healy M, Woodhouse G, Draper D, Langford I, Lewis T. (2000) A user's guide to MLwiN. Version 2.1c, Centre for Multilevel Modeling, Institute of Education, University of London, UK.
18. Rasbash J, Steele F, Browne W, Prosser B. (2004) A User's Guide to MLwiN. Version 2.1e, Centre for Multilevel Modeling, Institute of Education, University of London, UK.
19. Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS. (2002) Hierarchical Linear Models. Applications and Data Analysis Methods (Second Edition), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
20. Rice N. (2001) Binomial Regression, in Multilevel Modeling of Health Statistics, Eds. AH Leyland, H Goldstein, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, England, pp. 27-43.
21. Robinson WS. (1950) Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. Am. Social. Rev., Vol. 15, pp. 351-357.
22. Rodriguez G, Goldman N. (1995) An assessment of estimation procedure for multilevel models with binary responses. J. Royal. Stati. Soci. A, Vol. 158, pp. 73-89.
23. Snijders T, Bosker R. (1999) Multilevel Analysis. An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling, Sage Publications, London.
24. Swamy, PAVB. (1971) Statistical Inference in Random Coefficient Regression Models, Springer, New York.
25. Tacq J. (1986) Van Multiniveau Prebleem naar Multiniveau Analyse, Department of Research Methods and Techniques, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
26. van Driel CJG, Davidse RJ, van Maarseveen MFAM. (2004) The effects of an edgeline on speed and lateral position: A meta-analysis. Acci. Anal. Prev., Vol. 36, pp. 671-682.
27. Vanlaar W. (2005) Drink driving in Belgium: Results from the third and improved roadside survey. Acci. Anal. Prev., Vol. 37, pp. 391-397.
28. Verbeke T, Vanlaar W, Silverans P. (in press) Report of Seatbelt Wearing Rates of 2003 and 2004, IBSR, Brussels.