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31544449219
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note
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47 are on the order of ±0.01 to 0.02, leading to errors in temperature of ∼2° to 4°C. The key feature of this thermometer is that it is based on a homogeneous equilibrium within carbonate rather than on a heterogeneous equilibrium between carbonate and water or some other phase. Therefore, unlike conventional carbonate-water oxygen isotope thermometry, it does not require knowledge of the isotopic composition of water from which carbonate grew or of any other phase with which it might have undergone isotopic exchange.
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14
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31544442514
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note
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47, using methods described in (41, 42).
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15
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30744459156
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31544446406
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note
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SMOW value of -1.1. These results are consistent with reequilibration of this nodule during burial metamorphism at depths of ∼1 to 2 km and are inconsistent with any plausible conditions and water sources for original deposition. We suggest that the portion of this nodule sampled for analysis underwent a cryptic recrystallization event during burial metamorphism and after its original growth near Earth's surface.
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18
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0034768227
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R. Gonfiantini, M.-A. Roche, J.-C. Olivry, J.-C. Fontes, G. M. Zuppi, Chem. Geol. 181, 147 (2001).
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19
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31544472146
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Recent meteorological data were taken from a compilation of 8 years of measurements for Bolivian cities found at www.climate-zone.com.
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20
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31544473535
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note
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PD8 value of carbonate, the inferred temperature of carbonate equilibration based on the Ghosh et al. thermometer (13), and the equilibrium water-cakite oxygen isotope fractionation determined experimentally by 5. T. Kim et al. (43).
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21
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31544468478
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note
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18O of water plotted as curves in Fig. 1.
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22
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31544463857
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note
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18O of meteoric water in the Altiplano and surrounding area (Fig. 1) (17-19) and contrasts with slopes in these dimensions associated with low-latitude climate variations (∼0‰/°C for temperatures between 29° and 12°C), latitude variations (∼3‰/°C or 0.6‰, per degree of latitude), or seasonality at any one altitude [∼ -5‰°C but varying with altitude; see (18) and dashed lines in Fig. 1]. For data documenting these trends, see (44).
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25
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0035957736
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T. E. Cerling, J. Quade, in Continental Indicators of Climate, Proceedings of Chapman Conference, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, P. Swart et al., Eds. [American Geophysical Union (AGU) Monograph 78, AGU, Washington, DC, 1993), pp. 217-231.
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31544445583
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note
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m is the density of the mantle (assumed to equal 3.3 g/cc). See (15) for explanations of these choices of values for the physical constants. This relation predicts a maximum rate of elevation gain that is, not considering any elevation losses due to erosion) of 0.3 mm/year.
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36
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0042630992
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