Laser Treatment of Cutaneous Vascular Lesions

Cutaneous and Cosmetic Laser Surgery

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 31-91

  Goldman, Mitchel P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 31544473932     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-03312-1.50008-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (339)

1. H Solomon, et al. (1968) Histopathology of the laser treatment of port-wine lesions. J Invest Dermatol 50 141.
2. DB Apfelberg, MR Maser and H Lash (1976) Argon laser management of cutaneous vascular deformities: a preliminary report. West J Med 124 99.
3. RL Dolsky (1984) Argon laser skin surgery. Surg Clin North Am 64 861.
4. RR Anderson and JA Parrish (1981) Microvasculature can be selectively damaged using dye lasers: a basic theory and experimental evidence in human skin. Lasers Surg Med 1 263.
5. RR Anderson and JA Parrish (1983) Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation. Science 220 524.
6. JM Garden, OT Tan, R Kerschmann, et al. (1986) Effect of dye laser pulse duration on selective cutaneous vascular injury. J Invest Dermatol 87 653.
7. E Tanghetti, RA Sierra, EA Sherr and M Mirkov (2002) Evaluation of pulse-duration on purpuric threshold using extended pulse pulsed dye laser (Cynosure V-Star). Lasers Surg Med 31 363-366.
8. OT Tan, S Murray and A Kurban (1989) Action spectrum of vascular specific injury using pulsed irradiation. J Invest Dermatol 92 868.
9. MCJ van Gemert, et al. (1991) Can physical modeling lead to an optimal laser treatment strategy for port-wine stains? ML Wolbarsht (Eds) Laser applications in medicine and biology vol 5 New York: Plenum
10. TW Pickering and MJC van Gemert (1991) 585 nm for the laser treatment of port-wine stains: a possible mechanism. Lasers Surg Med 11 616. (letter).
11. BA Gilchrist, S Rosen and JM Noe (1982) Chilling port-wine stains improves the response to argon laser therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 69 278.
12. B Dreno, T Patrice, P Litoux, et al. (1985) The benefit of chilling in argon laser treatment of port-wine stains. Plast Resconstr Surg 75 42.
13. Pope K, Kask G. Epidermal temperature evaluation during dynamic spray cooling, contact cooling, and ice. Presented at the 20th Annual meeting of the ASLMS, Reno, Nevada, April 2000.
14. JS Nelson, TE Milner, B Anvari, et al. (1995) Dynamic epidermal cooling during pulsed laser treatment of port-wine stain. Arch Dermatol 131 695.
15. JS Nelson, TE Milner and B Anvari (1996) Dynamic epidermal cooking in conjunction with laser-induced photothermolysis of port-wine stain blood vessels. Lasers Surg Med 19 224.
16. A Edris, B Choi, G Aguilar and JS Nelson (2003) Measurements of laser light attenuation following cryogen spray cooling spurt termination. Laser Surg Med 32 143-147.
17. B Greve, S Hammes and C Raulin (2001) The effect of cold air cooling on 585 nm pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains. Dermatol Surg 27 633-636.
18. C Raulin and S Hammes (2000) Cold air in laser therapy: First experiences with a new cooling system. Lasers Surg Med 27 404-410.
19. OT Tan, K Sherwood and BA Gilchrest (1989) Treatment of children with port-wine stains using the flashlamp-pulsed tunable dye laser. N Engl J Med 320 416.
20. JM Garden, OT Tan and JA Parrish (1987) The pulsed dye laser: its use at 577 nm wavelength. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 13 134.
21. JM Garden, LL Polla and OT Tan (1988) The treatment of port-wine stains by the pulsed dye laser. Analysis of pulse duration and long-term therapy. Arch Dermatol 124 889.
22. JM Garden, et al. (1986) The pulsed dye laser for the treatment of port-wine stains. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 12 757.
23. E Glassberg, et al. (1988) The flashlamp-pumped 577 nm pulsed tunable dye laser: clinical efficacy and in vitro studies. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 14 1200.
24. WR Rios (1989) Flashlamp-excited dye laser: treatment of vascular cutaneous lesions. Facial Plast Surg 6 167.
25. JG Morelli, OT Tan and J Garden (1986) Tunable dye laser (577nm) treatment of port-wine stains. Lasers Surg Med 6 94.
26. BA Reyes and R Geronemus (1990) Treatment of port-wine stains during childhood with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. J Am Acad Dermatol 23 1142.
27. J Ruiz-Esparza, MP Goldman, RE Fitzpatrick, NJ Lowe and KL Behr (1993) Flashlamp-pumped dye laser for port-wine stains. Lasers Surg Med 19(11), 1000-1003.
28. MP Goldman, RE Fitzpatrick and J Ruiz-Esparza (1993) Treatment of port-wine stains (capillary malformation) with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. J Pediatr 122 71.
29. E Glassberg, et al. (1988) The flashlamp-pumped 577 nm pulsed tunable dye laser: clinical efficacy and in vitro studies. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 14 1200.
30. E Glassberg, et al. (1989) Capillary hemangiomas. Case study of a novel laser treatment and a review of therapeutic options. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 15 1214.
31. KA Sherwood and OT Tan (1990) Treatment of a capillary hemangioma with the flashlamp-pumped dye laser. J Am Acad Dermatol 22 136.
32. R Ashinoff and RG Geronemus (1991) Capillary hemangiomas and treatment with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. Arch Dermatol 127 202.
33. SM Dinehart, S Flock and M Waner (1980) Beam profile of the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser: support for overlap of exposure spots. Lasers Surg Med 15 277.
34. BA Jackson, KA Arndt and JS Dover (1996) Are all 585 nm pulsed dye lasers equivalent? J Am Acad Dermatol 34 1000.
35. BM Archauer, VM Vander Kam and JF Padilla III (1993) Clinical experience with the tunable pulsed-dye laser (585nm) in the treatment of capillary vascular malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg 92 1233.
36. E Glassberg, et al. (1988) The flashlamp-pumped 577 nm pulsed tunable dye laser: clinical efficacy and in vitro studies. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 14 1200.
37. JM Swinehart (1991) Hypertrophic scarring resulting from flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 25 845.
38. E Gonzalez, RW Gange and K Momtaz (1992) Treatment of telangiectases and other benign vascular lesions with the 577 nm pulsed dye laser. J Am Acad Dermatol 27 220.
39. AH Jacobs and RG Walton (1976) The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate. Pediatrics 58 218.
40. AG Pratt (1953) Birthmarks in infants. Arch Dermatol 67 302.
41. Warner M. Personal communication, 1996.
42. SH Barsky, et al. (1980) The nature and evolution of port-wine stains: a computer-assisted study. J Invest Dermatol 74 154.
43. RJ Motley, SW Lanigan and GA Katugampola (1997) Videomicroscopy predicts outcome in treatment of port-wine stains. Arch Dermatol 133 921.
44. JO Susan, et al. (1974) The ‘tomato catsup’ fundus in Sturge–Weber syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 92 69.
45. JB Mulliken (1988) Capillary (port-wine) and other telangiectatic stains. JB Mulliken, AE Young (Eds) Vascular birthmarks, hemangiomas, and malformations Philadelphia: WB Saunders
46. EM Bebin and MR Gomez (1988) Prognosis in Sturge–Weber disease: comparison of unihemispheric and bihemispheric involvement. J Child Neurol 3 181.
47. AS Paller (1987) The Sturge–Weber syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol 4 300.
48. AG Iwach, et al. (1990) Analysis of surgical and medical management of glaucoma in Sturge–Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology 97 904.
49. M Uram and C Zubillaga (1982) The cutaneous manifestations of Sturge–Weber syndrome. J Clin Neurol Ophthalmol 2 245.
50. B Tallman, OT Tan, JG Morelli, et al. (1991) Location of port-wine stains and the likelihood of ophthalmic and/or central nervous system complications. Pediatrics 87 323.
51. ES Roach (1989) Congenital cutaneovascular syndromes. PV Vinkin, GW Bruyn, HL Klawans (Eds) Handbook of clinical neurology: vascular diseases vol 2 Amsterdam: Elsevier
52. R Stern (1983) Syndromes associated with port-wine stains. K Arndt, J Noe (Eds) Cutaneous laser therapy: principles and methods New York: Wiley & Sons
53. RT Jessen, S Thompson and EB Smith (1977) Cobb syndrome. Arch Dermatol 113 1587.
54. JB Mulliken (1988) Classification of vascular birthmarks. JB Mulliken, AG Young (Eds) Vascular birthmarks, hemangiomas and malformations Philadelphia: WB Saunders
55. Y-K Tay, J Morelli and WL Weston (1996) Inflammatory nuchal-occipital port-wine stains. J Am Acad Dermatol 35 811.
56. JM Noe, et al. (1980) Port-wine stains and the response to argon laser therapy: successful treatment and the predictive role of color, age, and biopsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 65 130.
57. RG Geronemus and R Ashinoff (1991) The medical necessity of evaluation and treatment of port-wine stains. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 17 76.
58. BB Wilson, PC Brewer and PH Cooper (1995) Spontaneous improvement of port-wine stain. Cutis 55 93.
59. KB Holloway, FA Ramos-Caro, RE Brownlee Jr, et al. (1994) Giant proliferative hemangiomas arising in a port-wine stain. J Am Acad Dermatol 31 675.
60. KD Wagner and RF Wagner (1990) The necessity for treatment of childhood port-wine stains. Cutis 45 317.
61. M Malm and M Calberg (1988) Port-wine stain: a surgical and psychological problem. Ann Plast Surg 20 512.
62. SW Lanigan and JA Cotterill (1989) Psychological disabilities amongst patients with port-wine stains. Br J Dermatol 121 209.
63. K Hansen, CD Kreiter, M Rosenbaum, DC Whitaker and CJ Arpey (2003) Long-term psychological impact and perceived efficacy of pulsed-dye laser therapy for patients with port-wine stains. Dermatol Surg 29 49-55.
64. R Ashinoff and RG Geronemus (1991) Flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser for port-wine stains in infancy: earlier versus later treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 24 467.
65. E Tan and C Vinciullo (1996) Pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains. Dermatol Surg 22 119.
66. PC Masclarelli (1992) Living with a port-wine birthmark. OT Tan (Eds) Management and treatment of benign cutaneous vascular lesions Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger
67. A Troilius, B Wrangsjo and B Ljungren (2000) Patients with port-wine stains and their psychosocial reactions after photothermolytic treatment. Dermatol Surg 26 190-196.
68. HA Kurwa, CM Mills and SW Langian (1999) Improvement in the psychological impact of a port wine stain after successful pulsed dye laser therapy. J Dermal Ther 10 277-282.
69. K McClean and CW Hanke (1997) The medical necessity for treatment of port-wine stains. Dermatol Surg 23 663.
70. I Clodius (1977) Excision and grafting of extensive facial haemangiomas. Br J Plast Surg 30 185.
71. I Clodius (1985) Surgery for the extensive facial port-wine stain? Aesthetic Plast Surg 9 61.
72. GM Wilson, R Kilpatrick and H Eckert (1958) Thyroid neoplasms following irradiation. Br Med J 2 929.
73. A Hidano and Y Ogihara (1977) Cryotherapy with solid carbon dioxide in the treatment of nevus flammeus. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 3 213.
74. H Conway and RE Montroy (1965) Permanent camouflage of capillary hemangiomas of the face by interdermal injection of insoluble pigments (tattooing): indications for surgery. NY State J Med 65 876.
75. HG Thomson and A Wright (1971) Surgical tattooing of the port-wine stain: operative technique, results and critique. Plast Reconstr Surg 48 113.
76. B Cosman (1980) Clinical experience in the laser therapy of port-wine stains. Lasers Surg Med 1 133.
77. PL Bailin (1983) Treatment of port-wine stains with the CO 2 laser: early results. KA Arndt, JM Noe, S Rosen (Eds) Cutaneous laser therapy: principles and methods Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons
78. JW Buecker, JL Ratz and DF Richfield (1984) Histology of port-wine stains treated with carbon dioxide laser. J Am Acad Dermatol 10 1014.
79. JL Ratz, PL Bailin and HL Levine (1982) CO 2 laser treatment for port-wine stains: a preliminary report. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 8 1039.
80. SW Lanigan and JA Cotterill (1990) The treatment of port-wine stains with the carbon dioxide laser. Br J Dermatol 123 229.
81. M Landthaler, D Haina and R Brunner (1986) Neodymium-YAG laser therapy for vascular lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 14 107.
82. EP Walker, PH Butler and JW Pickering (1989) Histology of port-wine stains after copper vapor laser treatment. Br J Dermatol 121 217.
83. A Scheibner, J Applebaum and RG Wheeland (1989) Treatment of port-wine hemangiomas in children. Lasers Surg Med (Suppl) 1 42.
84. J Dixon, S Huether and R Rotering (1984) Hypertrophic scarring in argon laser treatment of port-wine stains. Plast Reconstr Surg 73 771.
85. LW Hobby (1986) Argon laser treatment of superficial vascular lesions in children. Lasers Surg Med 6 16.
86. GJ Brauner and A Schliftman (1987) Laser surgery for children. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 13 178.
87. G Brauner, A Schliftman and B Cosman (1991) Evaluation of argon laser surgery in children under 13 years of age. Plast Reconstr Surg 87 37.
88. JG Morelli and WL Weston (1992) Pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains in children. OT Tan (Eds) Management and treatment of benign cutaneous vascular lesions Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger
89. JG Morelli, WL Weston, JV Huff, et al. (1995) Initial lesion size as a predictive factor in determining the response of port-wine stains in children treated with the pulsed dye laser. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149 1142.
90. TS Alster and F Wilson (1994) Treatment of port-wine stains with the flashlamp-pumped dye laser: extended clinical experience in children and adults. Ann Plast Surg 32 474.
91. SS Orten, M Waner, S Flock, et al. (1996) Port-wine stains: an assessment of 5 years of treatment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122 1174.
92. BL Eppley and M Sadove (1994) Systemic effects of photothermolysis of large port-wine stains in infants and children. Plast Reconstr Surg 93 1150.
93. Pao D. Personal communication, 1994.
94. VJ Levine and RG Geronemus (1995) Adverse effects associated with the 577- and 585-nm pulsed dye laser in the treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions: a study of 500 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 32 613.
95. SW Lanigan (1996) Port-wine stains on the lower limb: response to pulsed dye laser therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 21 88.
96. PHL Koster, CMAM van der Horsr, PMM Bossuyt and MJC van Gemert (2001) Prediction of portwine stain clearance and required number of flashlamp pumped pulsed dye laser treatments. Lasers Surg Med 29 151-155.
97. C Raulin, C Schroeter, RA Weiss, M Keiner and S Werner (1999) Treatment of port-wine stains with a noncoherent pulsed light source. Arch Dermatol 135 679-683.
98. S Cliff and K Misch (1999) Treatment of mature port wine stains with the photoderm VL. J Cutan Laser Ther 1 101-104.
99. P Bjerring, K Christiansen and A Troilius (2003) Intense pulsed light source for the treatment of dye laser resistant port-wine stains. J Cosmetic Laser Ther 5 7-13.
100. G Hellbrugge, M Stockmeier, R Henschel and M Drosner (2004) Port wince stains: comparison of intense pulsed light with pulsed dye laser. Lasers Surg Med S16 14.
101. WS Ho, SY Ying, PC Chan and HH Chan (2004) Treatment of portwine stains with intense pulsed light: a prospective study. Dermatol Surg 30 887-891.
102. H Zachariea (1988) Delayed wound healing and keloid formation following argon laser treatment or dermabrasion during isotretinoin treatment. Br J Dermatol 118 703.
103. R Rubenstein, HH Roenigk, S Stegman, et al. (1986) Atypical keloids after dermabrasion of patients taking tretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol 15 280.
104. LJ Bernestein and RG Geronemus (1997) Keloid formation with the 585-nm pulsed dye laser during isotretinoin treatment. Arch Dermatol 133 111.
105. DC Seukeran, P Collins and RA Sheehan-Dare (1997) Adverse reactions following pulsed tunable dye laser treatment of port-wine stains in 701 patients. Br J Dermatol 136 725.
106. L Renfro and RG Geronemus (1993) Anatomical differences of port-wine stains in response to treatment with the pulse dye laser. Arch Dermatol 129 182.
107. LE Eubanks and EI McBurney (2001) Videomicroscopy of port-wine stains: correlation of location and depth of lesion. J Am Acad Deramtol 44 948-951.
108. JJ Yohn, JC Huff, JL Aeling, et al. (1997) Lesion size is a factor for determining the rate of port-wine stain clearing following pulsed dye laser treatment in adults. Cutis 59 267.
109. SW Lanigan (1995) Poor response of port wine stains on lower limb to pulsed tunable dye laser therapy. Lasers Surg Med (Suppl 7), 58.
110. MB Taylor (1991) Flashlamp laser treatment of port-wine stain hemangiomas and other vascular lesions using a defocused ‘fuzzy spot’. Lasers Surg Med (Suppl 3), 68.
111. GW Lucassen, W Verkruysse, M Keijzer, et al. (1996) Light distributions in port-wine stain model containing multiple cylindrical and curved blood vessels. Lasers Surg Med 18 345.
112. EJ Fiskerstrand, M Dalaker and LT Norvang (1995) Laser treatment of port-wine stains: a study comparing therapeutic outcome with morphologic characteristics of the lesions. Acta Derm Venerol (Stockh) 75 92.
113. EJ Fiskerstrand, LO Svaasand, G Kopstad, et al. (1996) Photothermally induced vessel-wall necrosis after pulsed dye laser treatment: lack of response in portwine stains with small sized or deeply located vessels. J Invest Dermatol 107 671.
114. U Hohenleutner, M Hilbert, U Wlotzke, et al. (1995) Epidermal damage and limited coagulation depth with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser: a histochemical study. J Invest Dermatol 104 798.
115. SS Orten, M Waner, S Flock, PK Roberson and J Kincannon (1996) Port-wine stains: an assessment of 5 years of treatment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122(11), 1174-1179.
116. RB Smaller and S Rosen (1986) Port-wine stains: a disease of altered neural modulation of blood vessels. Arch Dermatol 122 177.
117. M Rydh, M Malm, J Jernbeck, et al. (1991) Ectatic blood vessels in port-wine stains lack innervation: possible role in pathogenesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 87 419.
118. AN Kauvar and RG Geronemus (1995) Repetitive pulse dye laser treatments improve persistent port-wine stains. Dermatol Surg 21 515.
119. KS Kane, BR Smoller, RE Fitzpatrick, et al. (1996) Pulsed dye laser-resistant port-wine stains. Arch Dermatol 132 839.
120. JS Lo, GN Sgouros, FE Laohs, et al. (1991) Basal cell carcinoma within a nevus flammeus: report of a case. Int J Dermatol 30 723.
121. C-J Chang and JS Nelson (1999) Cryogen spray cooling and higher fluence pulsed dye laser treatment improve port-wine stain clearance while minimizing epidermal damage. Dermatol Surg 25 767-772.
122. RG Geronemus (2000) High-fluence modified pulsed dye laser photocoagulation with dynamic cooling of port-wine stains in infancy. Arch Dermatol 136 942-943.
123. KM Kelly, VS Nanda and JS Nelson (2002) Treatment of port-wine stain birthmarks using the 1.5-msec pulsed dye laser at high fluences in conjunction with cryogen spray cooling. Dermatol Surg 28 309-313.
124. PL Bencini (1999) The multilayer technique: a new and fast approach for flashlamp-pumped pulsed (FLPP) dye laser treatment of port-wine stains (preliminary report). Dermatol Surg 25 786-789.
125. S Lorenz, S Brunnberg, M Landthaler and U Hohenleutner (2001) Regading the multilayer technique for treatment of PWS. Dermatol Surg 27 90.
126. EF Bernstein (2000) Treatment of a resistant port-wine stain with the 1.5-msec pulse duration, tunable, pulsed dye laser. Dermatol Surg 26 1007-1009.
127. B Greve and C Raulin (2004) Prospective study of port wine stain treatment with dye laser: Comparison of two wavelengths (585 nm vs. 595nm) and two pulse durations (0.5 milliseconds vs. 20 milliseconds). Lasers Surg Med 34 168-173.
128. S Laube, S Taibjee and S Lanigan (2003) Treatment of resistant port wine stains with the V Beam® pulsed dye laser. Lasers Surg Med 33 282-287.
129. K Scherer, S Lorenz, M Wimmershoff, M Landthaler and U Hohenleutner (2001) Both the flashlamp-pumped dye laser and the long-pulsed tunable dye laser can improve results in port-wine stain therapy. Br J Dermatol 145 79-84.
130. S Kimel, LO Svaasand, MJ Hammer-Wilson and JS Nelson (2003) Influence of wavelength on response to laser photothermolysis of blood vessels: implications for port wine stain therapy. Lasers Surg Med 33 288-295.
131. C-J Chang, KM Kelly, MJC van Gemert and JS Nelson (2002) Comparing the effectiveness of 585-nm vs. 595-nm wavelength pulsed dye laser treatment of port wine stains in conjunction with cryogen spray cooling. Lasers Surg Med 31 352-358.
132. LL Randeberg, JH Bonesronning, M Dalaker and JS Nelson (2004) Methemoglobin formation during laser induced photothermolysis of vascular skin lesions. Lasers Surg Med 34 414-419.
133. LO Svaasand, G Aguilar, JA Viator, LL Randeberg, S Kimel and JS Nelson (2004) Increase of dermal blood volume fraction reduces the threshold for laser-induced purpura: Implications for port wine stain laser treatment. Lasers Surg Med 34 182-188.
134. C Raulin, S Hellwig and MP Schonermark (1997) Treatment of a non-responding port-wine stain with a new pulsed light source (Photoderm VL). Lasers Surg Med 21 203.
135. CC Dierickx, WA Farinelli, T Flotte, et al. (1996) Effect of long-pulsed 532 nm ND-YAG laser on port-wine stains (PWS). Lasers Surg Med (Suppl 8), 188.
136. WK Woo, ZF Jasim and JM Handley (2004) Evaluating the efficacy of treatment of resistant port-wine stains with variable-pulse 595-nm pulsed dye and 532-nm Nd:YAG lasers. Dermatol Surg 30 158-162.
137. H Chan, E Chan, T Kono, SY Ying and H Wai-Sun (2000) The use of variable pulse width frequency doubled Nd:YAG 532 nm laser in the treatment of port-wine stain in Chinese patients. Dermatol Surg 26 657-661.
138. U Ahcan, P Zorman, D Recek, S Ralca and B Mararon (2004) Port wine stain treatment with a dual-wavelength Nd:YAG and cryogen spray cooling: a pilot study. Lasers Surg Med 34 164-167.
139. MU Yang, AN Yaroslavsky, WA Farinelli, TJ Flotte, F Rius-Dias, SS Tsao and RR Anderson (2005) Long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser treatment of portwine stains. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 480-490.
140. JB Mulliken (1991) A plea for a biologic approach to hemangiomas of infancy. Arch Dermatol 127 243. (editorial).
141. JB Mulliken (1988) Diagnosis and natural history of hemangiomas. JB Mulliken, AE Young (Eds) Vascular birthmarks, hemangiomas and malformations Philadelphia: WB Saunders
142. MC Finn, J Glowacki and JB Mulliken (1983) Congenital vascular lesions: clinical application of a new classification. J Pediatr Surg 18 894.
143. AH Jacobs (1957) Strawberry hemangiomas: the natural history of the untreated lesion. Calif Med 86 8.
144. K Holmdahl (1955) Cutaneous hemangiomas in premature and mature infants. Acta Paediatr 44 370.
145. LM Boon, O Enjolras and JB Mulliken (1996) Congenital hemangioma: evidence of accelerated involution. J Pediatr 128 329.
146. A Rositto, M Ranalletta and R Drut (1993) Congenital hemangioma of eccrine sweat glands. Pediatr Dermatol 10 341.
147. RE Bowers, EA Graham and KM Tomlinson (1960) The natural history of the strawberry nevus. Arch Dermatol 82 667.
148. K Takahashi, JB Mulliken, HPW Kozakewich, et al. (1994) Cellular markers that distinguish the phases of hemangioma during infancy and childhood. J Clin Invest 93 2357.
149. AM Margileth and M Museles (1965) Cavernous hemangiomas in children: diagnosis and conservative management. JAMA 194 523.
150. L Bivings (1954) Spontaneous regression of angiomas in children: twenty-two years' observation covering 236 cases. J Pediatr 45 643.
151. RM Tuder, R Young, M Karasek, et al. (1987) Adult cutaneous hemangiomas are composed of new replicating endothelial cells. J Invest Dermatol 89 594.
152. WA Lister (1938) The natural history of strawberry naevi. Lancet 1 1429.
153. ER Baker, E Manders and CW Whitney (1985) Growth of cavernous hemangioma with puberty. Clin Pediatr 24 596.
154. B Moroz, TJ Ryan and GW Cherry (Eds) (1987) The course of haemangiomas in children. I. Vascular birthmarks: pathogenesis and management New York: Oxford University Press
155. MG Liang and IJ Frieden (1997) Perineal and lip ulcerations as the presenting manifestation of hemangioma of infancy. Pediatrics 99 256.
156. HJ Kim, M Colombo and IJ Frieden (2001) Ulcerated hemangiomas: clinical characteristics and response to therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 44 962-972.
157. HB Williams (1979) Facial bone changes with vascular tumors in children. Plast Reconstr Surg 63 309.
158. G Thomson, G Stigmar, et al. (1979) Hemangiomas of the eyelid: visual complications and prophylactic concepts. Plast Reconstr Surg 63 641.
159. RM Robb (1977) Refractive errors associated with hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit in infancy. Am J Ophthalmol 83 52.
160. M Malm (1987) Port-wine stain: laser treatment and evaluation of results Stockholm: Kongl Carolinska Medico Chirargiska Institutet
161. GB Healy, et al. (1980) Treatment of subglottic hemangioma with the carbon dioxide laser. Laryngoscope 90 809.
162. HH Kasabach and KK Merritt (1940) Capillary hemangioma with extensive purpura. Am J Dis Child 59 1063.
163. RH McLean, et al. (1972) Multinodular hemangiomatosis of the liver in infancy. Pediatrics 49 563.
164. SD Patel, BA Cohen, JS Kan, et al. (1997) Extensive facial hemangiomas associated with cardiac and abdominal abnormalities. J Am Acad Dermatol 36 636.
165. M Igarashi, H Uchida and T Kaji (1985) Supraumbilical midabdominal raphe and facial cavernous hemangiomas. Clin Genet 27 196.
166. A Schneeweiss, LC Blieden, A Shem-Tov, et al. (1982) Coarctation of the aorta and congenital hemangioma of the face and neck and aneurysm or dilatation of a subclavian or innominate artery. Chest 82 186.
167. V Reese, IJ Frieden, AS Paller, et al. (1993) Association of facial hemangiomas with Dandy–Walker and other posterior fossa malformations. J Pediatr 122 379.
168. IJ Frieden, V Reese and D Cohen (1996) PHACE syndrome. Arch Dermatol 132 307.
169. RJ Gorlin, P Kantaputra, DJ Aughton, et al. (1994) Marked female predilection in some syndromes associated with facial hemangiomas. Am J Med Genet 52 130.
170. NS Goldberg, AA Hebert and NB Esterly (1986) Sacral hemangiomas and multiple congenital abnormalities. Arch Dermatol 122 684.
171. AL Albright, JC Gartner and ES Wiener (1989) Lumbar cutaneous hemangiomas as indicators of tethered spinal cords. Pediatrics 83 977.
172. O Enjolras and F Gelbert (1997) Superficial hemangiomas: associations and management. Pediatr Dermatol 14 173.
173. MC Finn, J Glowacki and JP Mulliken (1983) Congenital vascular lesions: clinical applications of a new classification. J Pediatr Surg 18 894.
174. JL Tanner, et al. (1998) Growing up with a facial hemangioma: parent and child coping and adaptation. Pediatrics 101 446-452.
175. JJ Modlin (1955) Capillary hemangiomas of the skin. Surgery 38 169.
176. JB Mulliken (1988) Treatment of hemangiomas. JB Mulliken, AE Young (Eds) Vascular birthmarks, hemangiomas and malformations Philadelphia: WB Saunders
177. GW Cherry (1987) A review of the role of surgery in the treatment of hemangiomas and port-wine stains. TJ Ryan, GW Cherry (Eds) Vascular birthmarks: pathogenesis and management New York: Oxford University Press
178. V Bek and K Zahn (1960) Cataract as a late sequela of contract roentgen therapy of angiomas in children. Acta Radiol 54 443.
179. OT Tan and BA Gilchrest (1988) Laser therapy for selected cutaneous vascular lesions in the pediatric population: a review. Pediatrics 82 652.
180. DW MacCollum (1935) Treatment of hemangiomas. Am J Surg 29 32.
181. RT Brain and CD Calvan (1952) Vascular naevi and their treatment. Br J Dermatol 64 147.
182. DN Matthews (1968) Hemangiomata. Plast Reconstr Surg 41 528.
183. L Scerri and A Navaratnam (1994) Basal cell carcinoma presenting as a delayed complication of thorium X used for treating a congenital hemangioma. J Am Acad Dermatol 31 796.
184. S Lomholt (1936) Alpha and beta ray therapy in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 48 567.
185. RE Bowers (1951) Treatment of haemangiomatous naevi with thorium X. Br Med J 1 121.
186. AD Courtermarche (1961) Thorium X induced BCC: a case report. Br J Plast Surg 14 254.
187. JB Caldwell, MT Ryan, PM Benson, et al. (1995) Cutaneous angiosarcoma arising in the radiation site of a congenital hemangioma. J Am Acad Dermatol 33 865.
188. S Dinehart, M Waner and S Flock (1993) The copper vapor laser for treatment of cutaneous vascular and pigmented lesions. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 19 370.
189. Sybert V. Personal communication, 1992.
190. ME George, V Sharma, J Jacobson, et al. (2004) Adverse effects of systemic glucocorticosteroid therapy in infants with hemangiomas. Arch Dermatol 140 963-969.
191. BJ Kushner (1985) The treatment of periorbital infantile hemangiomas with intralesional corticosteroid. Plast Reconstr Surg 76 517.
192. LB Nelson, JE Melick and RD Harley (1984) Intralesional corticosteroid injections for infantile hemangiomas of the eyelid. Pediatrics 74 241.
193. PO Ellis (1983) Occlusion of the central retinal artery after retrobulbar corticosteroid injection. Am J Ophthalmol 85 352.
194. NA Chowdri, MA Darzi, Z Fazili, et al. (1994) Intralesional corticosteroid therapy for childhood cutaneous hemangiomas. Ann Plast Surg 33 46.
195. O Enjolras and JB Mulliken (1993) The current management of vascular birthmarks. Pediatr Dermatol 10 311.
196. D Brousty-Brye and BR Zelter (1980) Inhibition of cell motility by interferon. Science 208 516.
197. RA Ezekowitz, JB Mulliken and J Folkman (1992) Interferon alpha-2a therapy for life-threatening hemangiomas of infancy. N Engl J Med 326 1456.
198. EG Stratte, WD Tope, CL Johnson, et al. (1996) Multimodal management of diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 34 337.
199. DB Apfelberg, RA Greene and MR Maser (1981) Results of argon laser exposure of capillary hemangiomas of infancy: preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 67 188.
200. LW Hobby (1983) Further evaluation of the potential of the argon laser in the treatment of strawberry hemangiomas. Plast Reconstr Surg 71 481.
201. BM Achauer and VM VanderKam (1985) Argon laser treatment of strawberry hemangioma in infancy. West J Med 143 628.
202. DB Apfelberg (1992) Cases 5.6, 5.7, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11. DB Apfelberg (Eds) Atlas of cutaneous laser surgery New York: Plenum
203. SM Shapshay, LM David and S Zeitels (1987) Neodymium-YAG laser photocoagulation of hemangiomas of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 97 323.
204. DB Apfelberg (1992) Cases 6.9, 6.10, 6.19, 6.20. DB Apfelberg (Eds) Atlas of cutaneous laser surgery New York: Plenum
205. P Preeyanont and N Nimsakul (1994) The Nd:YAG laser treatment of hemangioma. J Clin Laser Med Surg 12 225.
206. FD Burnstein, C Simms, SR Cohen, et al. (2000) Intralesional therapy of extensive hemangiomas in 100 consecutive pediatric patients. Ann Plast Surg 44 188-194.
207. DB Apfelberg, MR Maser and H Lash (1990) YAG laser resection of complicated hemangiomas of the hand and upper extremity. J Hand Surg 15A 765.
208. DB Apfelberg, MR Maser and H Lash (1989) High- and low-tech solutions for massive cavernous hemangioma of the face. Lasers and leeches to the rescue. Ann Plast Surg 23 341.
209. HG Thompson and M Lonigan (1979) The Cyrano nose: a clinical review of hemangiomas of the nasal tip. Plast Reconstr Surg 63 155.
210. DB Afpelberg (1995) Argon and YAG laser photocoagulation and excision of hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the nose. West J Med 163 122.
211. WL Hoffman, B Anvari, S Said, et al. (1997) Cryogen spray cooling during Nd:YAG laser treatment of hemangiomas. Dermatol Surg 23 635.
212. D Groot, J Rao, P Johnston and T Nakatsui (2003) Algorithm for using a long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of deep cutaneous vascular lesions. Dermatol Surg 29 35-42.
213. BM Achauer, VM Vanderkam and B Celikoz (1997) Intralesional bare fiber laser treatment of hemangioma. Lasers Surg Med (Suppl 9), 41.
214. C Raulin and B Greve (2001) Retrospective clinical comparison of hemangiomas treatment by flashlamp-pumped (585nm) and frequency-doubled Nd:YAG (532nm) lasers. Lasers Surg Med 28 40-43.
215. I Kaplan and U Sharon (1976) Current laser surgery. Ann NY Acad Sci 267 247.
216. H Labandter and I Kaplan (1977) Experience with a continuous laser in the treatment of suitable cutaneous conditions. Preliminary report. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 3 527.
217. DB Apfelberg, MR Maser, H Lash, et al. (1985) Benefits of carbon dioxide laser in oral hemangioma excision. Plast Reconstr Surg 75 46.
218. DB Apfelberg, MR Maser and H Lash (1984) Review and usage of argon and carbon dioxide lasers for pediatric hemangiomas. Ann Plast Surg 12 353.
219. JH Scheepers and AA Quaba (1995) Does the pulsed tunable dye laser have a role in the management of infantile hemangiomas? Observations based on 3 years' experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 95 305.
220. JG Morelli and WL Weston (1992) Pulsed dye laser treatment of hemangiomas. OT Tan (Eds) Management and treatment of benign cutaneous vascular lesions Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger
221. JG Morelli, OT Tan and JJ Yohn (1994) Treatment of ulcerated hemangiomas in infancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 148 1104.
222. JM Garden, AD Babus and AS Paller (1992) Treatment of cutaneous hemangiomas by the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser: prospective analysis. J Pediatr 120 555.
223. H Maier and R Neumann (1996) Treatment of strawberry marks with flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser in infancy. Lancet 347 131.
224. RJ Barlow, NPJ Walker and AC Markey (1996) Treatment of proliferative haemangiomas with the 585 nm pulsed dye laser. Br J Dermatol 134 700.
225. T West, RE Fitzpatrick, MP Goldman and T Alster (1998) Treatment of capillary hemangiomas with the Candela flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser and corticosteroids. Dermatol Surg
226. DH McDaniel and S Mordon (1990) Hexascan: a new robotized scanning laser handpiece. Cutis 45 300.
227. Kauvar A. Long-pulse and high energy pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains and hemangiomas. Presented at 24th Annual meeting of the American Society of Dermatologic Surgery, Boston, MA; May 1997.
228. M Poetke, C Philipp and HP Berlien (2000) Flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser for hemangiomas in infancy. Arch Dermatol 136 628-632.
229. S Hohenleutner, E Badur-Ganter, M Landthaler and U Hohenteutner (2001) Long-term results in the treatment of childhood hemangiomas with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser: An evaluation of 617 cases. Lasers Surg Med 28 273-277.
230. TD Foster and MH Gold (1996) The successful use of the PhotoDerm VL in the treatment of a cavernous hemangioma in a dark-skinned infant. Minim Invas Nurs 10 102.
231. T Fujino (1985) Microsurgical technique in resection of haemangioma in infants. Ann Plast Surg 13 190.
232. L Argenta (1984) Controlled tissue expansion in reconstructive surgery. Br Plast Surg 37 520.
233. WC Grabb, et al. (1980) Facial hamartomas in children: neurofibroma, lymphangioma and haemangioma. Plast Reconstr Surg 66 509.
234. DB Apfelberg, B Lane and MP Marx (1991) Combined (team) approach to hemangioma management: arteriography with superselective embolization plus YAG laser/sapphire-tip resection. Plast Reconstr Surg 88 71.
235. C Raulin, SJ Raulin, S Hellwig and MP Schonermark (1997) Treatment of benign venous malformation with an intense pulsed light source (Photoderm VL). Eur J Dermatol 7 279.
236. IJ Frieden, LF Eichenfield, NB Esterly, et al. (1997) Guidelines of care for hemangiomas of infancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 37 631.
237. KA Pasyl (1987) Classification and histopathological features of haemangiomas and other vascular malformations. TJ Ryan, GW Cherry (Eds) Vascular birthmarks: pathogenesis and management New York: Oxford University Press
238. FA Bucci and BD Wiener (1984) The pyogenic granuloma. Ariz Med WLI 794.
239. PH Cooper and SE Mills (1982) Subcutaneous granuloma pyogenicum: lobular capillary hemangioma. Arch Dermatol 118 30.
240. SJ Patrice, K Wiss and JB Mulliken (1991) Pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary hemangioma): a clinicopathologic study of 178 cases. Pediatr Dermatol 8 267.
241. DJ Goldberg and CW Sciales (1991) Pyogenic granuloma in children. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 17 960.
242. SE Mills, PH Cooper and RE Fechner (1980) Lobular capillary hemangioma: the underlying lesion of pyogenic granuloma, a study of 73 cases from the oral and nasal mucous membranes. Am J Surg Pathol 4 471.
243. KA Arndt (1982) Argon laser therapy of small cutaneous vascular lesions. Arch Dermatol 118 220.
244. RD Blickenstaff, et al. (1989) Recurrent pyogenic granuloma with satellitosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 21 1241.
245. OT Tan and AK Kurban (1992) Noncongenital benign cutaneous vascular lesions: pulse dye laser treatment. OT Tan (Eds) Management and treatment of benign cutaneous vascular lesions Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger
246. AT Glass and S Milgram (1992) Flashlamp-pumped dye laser treatment for pyogenic granuloma. Cutis 49 351.
247. S Gonzalez, C Vibhagool, LD Falo Jr, et al. (1996) Treatment of pyogenic granulomas with the 585-nm pulsed dye laser. J Am Acad Dermatol 35 428.
248. JF Merlen (1970) Red telangiectasias, blue telangiectasias. Soc Franc Phlebol 22 167.
249. MP Goldman and RG Bennett (1987) Treatment of telangiectasia: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 17 167.
250. W Redisch and RH Pelzer (1949) Localized vascular dilatations of the human skin: capillary microscopy and related studies. Am Heart J 37 106.
251. I Kaplan and I Peled (1975) The carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of superficial telangiectases. Br J Plast Surg 28 214.
252. BM Achauer and VM VanderKam (1987) Argon laser treatment of the face and neck: 5 years' experience. Lasers Surg Med 7 495.
253. GD Lyons, RE Owens and DF Moriney (1981) Argon laser destruction of cutaneous telangiectatic lesions. Laryngoscope 91 1322.
254. J Greenwald, et al. (1981) Comparative histological studies of the tunable dye (at 577nm) laser and argon laser: the specific vascular effects of the dye laser. J Invest Dermatol 77 305.
255. A Scheibner and RG Wheeland (1989) Argon-pumped tunable dye laser therapy for facial port-wine stain hemangiomas in adults: a new technique using small spot size and minimal power. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 15 277.
256. A Scheibner and RG Wheeland (1991) Use of the argon-pumped tunable dye laser for port-wine stains in children. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 17 735.
257. B Cosman (1982) Role of retreatment in minimal-power argon laser therapy for port-wine stains. Lasers Surg Med 2 43.
258. RE Fitzpatrick and JA Feinberg (1984) Low dose argon laser therapy of port-wine stains. ICALEO '83 Proceedings 6 47.
259. G Rotteleur, et al. (1988) Robotized scanning laser handpiece for the treatment of port-wine stains and other angiodysplasias. Lasers Surg Med 8 283.
260. A Orenstein and JS Nelson (1989) Treatment of facial vascular lesions with a 100 μm spot 577 nm pulsed continuous wave dye laser. Ann Plast Surg 23 310.
261. DB Apfelberg (1992) Cases 7.6, 7.7, 7.22, 7.30. DB Apfelberg (Eds) Atlas of cutaneous laser surgery New York: Raven
262. DH McDaniel and S Mordon (1990) Hexascan: a new robotized scanning laser handpiece. Cutis 45 300.
263. P Broska, E Martinho and MM Goodman (1994) Comparison of the argon tunable dye laser with the flashlamp pulsed dye laser in treatment of facial telangiectasia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 20 749.
264. M Waner and S Dinehart (1989) Lasers in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. RK Davis, S Shapstray (Eds) Lasers in otolaryngology/head and neck surgery Philadelphia: WB Saunders
265. SM Dinehart and M Waner (1991) Comparison of the copper vapor and flashlamp-pulsed dye laser in the treatment of facial telangiectasia. J Am Acad Dermatol 24 116.
266. RA Neumann, H Leonhartsberger, K Bohler-Sommereger, et al. (1993) Results and tissue healing after copper-vapour laser (at 578nm) treatment of port-wine stains and facial telangiectasias. Br J Dermatol 128 306.
267. PK Thibault (1994) Copper vapor laser and microsclerotherapy of facial telangiectases. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 20 48.
268. M Waner, SM Dinehart, MB Wilson, et al. (1993) A comparison of copper vapor and flashlamp pumped dye lasers in the treatment of facial telangiectasia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 19 992.
269. SE McCoy (1997) Copper bromide laser treatment of facial telangiectasia: results of patients treated over five years. Lasers Surg Med 21 329.
270. S McCoy, M Hanna, P Anderson, et al. (1996) An evaluation of the copper-bromide laser for treating telangiectasia. Dermatol Surg 22 551.
271. SR Mordon, et al. (1989) Comparison study of the ‘point-by-point technique’ and the ‘scanning technique’ for laser treatment of port-wine stain. Lasers Surg Med 9 398.
272. DA Cassuto, DM Ancona and G Emanuelli (2000) Treatment of facial telangiectasias with a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser at 532nm. J Cutan Laser Ther 2 141-146.
273. O Hevia (1997) New laser treatment for facial telangiectasias: a randomized study. Cosmetic Dermatol 10 53.
274. DJ Goldberg and J Marcus (1996) The use of the frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of small cutaneous vascular lesions. Dermatol Surg 22 841.
275. DJ Goldberg and JG Meine (1999) A comparison of four frequency-doubled Nd:YAG (532nm) laser systems for treatment of facial telangiectases. Dermatol Surg 25 463-467.
276. ANB Kauvar, KE Frew, PM Friedman and RG Geronemus (2002) Cooling gel improves pulsed KTP laser treatment of facial telangiectasia. Lasers Surg Med 30 149-153.
277. RE Fitzpatrick, et al. (1991) Treatment of facial telangiectasia with the flash pump dye laser. Lasers Surg Med (Suppl 3), 70.
278. TE Rohrer, V Chatrath and V Iyengar (2004) Does pulse stacking improve the results of treatment with variable-pulse pulsed-dye lasers? Dermatol Surg 30 163-167.
279. M Alam, JS Dover and KA Arndt (2003) Treatment of facial telangiectasia with variable-pulse high-fluence pulsed-dye laser: comparison of efficacy with fluences immediately above and below the purpura threshold. Dermatol Surg 29 681-685.
280. S Eremia and M Willoughby (2002) A prospective study of periocular reticular veins treated with a 940-nm diode pumped laser. Cosmet Dermatol 15 19-21.
281. S Eremia and CY Li (2002) Treatment of face veins with a cryogen spray variable pulse width 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser: a prospective study of 17 patients. Dermatol Surg 28 244-247.
282. DM Sarradet, M Hussain and DJ Goldberg (2003) Millisecond 1064-nm neodymium:YAG laser treatment of facial telangiectasia. Dermatol Surg 29 56-58.
283. MP Goldman (2004) Optimal management of facial telangiectasia. Am J Clin Dermatol 5 423-434.
284. P Bjerrimg, K Christian and A Troilius (2001) Intense pulsed light source for treatment of facial telangiectasias. J Cosmetic & Laser Ther 3 169-173.
285. MR Alderson (1963) Spider naevi: their incidence in healthy school children. Arch Dis Child 38 286.
286. JE Wenzl and EO Burgert (1964) The spider nevus in infancy and childhood. Pediatrics 33 227.
287. J Oster and A Nielsen (1970) Nuchal naevi and intrascapular telangiectases. Acta Paediatr Scand 59 416.
288. WB Bean (1958) Vascular spiders and related lesions of the skin Springfield, IL: Thomas
289. RG Geronemus (1991) Treatment of spider telangiectases in children using the flashlamp pumped pulsed dye laser. Pediatr Dermatol 8 61.
290. MP Goldman, RE Fitzpatrick and J Ruiz-Esparza (1993) Treatment of spider telangiectasia in children. Contemp Pediatr 10 16.
291. MJM de Rooij and HAM Neumann (1995) Granuloma telangiectaticum after argon laser therapy of a spider nevus. Dermatol Surg 20 354.
292. C Raulin, RA Weiss and MP Schohermark (1997) Treatment of essential telangiectasias with an intense pulsal light source (PhotoDerm VL). Dermatol Surg 23 941.
293. JK Wilkin (1994) Rosacea: pathophysiology and treatment. Arch Dermatol 130 359.
294. NF Schmidt and EH Gans (2004) Demodex and rosacea, I: the prevalence and numbers of Demodex mites in rosacea. Cosmetic Dermatol 17 497-502.
295. E Hernandez-Perez and EV Ibiett (2002) Gross and microscopic findings in patients submitted to nonablative full face resurfacing using intense pulsed light. Dermatol Surg 28 651-655.
296. VG Prieto, NS Sadick, J Lloreta, et al. (2002) Effects of intense pulsed light on sun-damaged human skin, routine, and ultrastructural analysis. Lasers Med Surg 30 82-85.
297. MV Dahl, AJ Ross and PM Schlievert (2004) Temperature regulates bacterial protein production: possible role in rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 50 266-272.
298. RE Fitzpatrick, et al. (1991) Treatment of facial telangiectasia with the flash pump dye laser. Lasers Surg Med (Suppl 3), 70.
299. NJ Lowe, et al. (1991) Flashlamp pumped dye laser for rosacea-associated telangiectasia and erythema. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 17 522.
300. SM Clark, SW Lanigan and R Marks (2002) Laser treatment of erythema and telangiectasia associated with rosacea. Lasers Surg Med 17 26-33.
301. ZF Jasim, WK Woo and JM Handley (2004) Long-pulsed (6-ms) pulsed dye laser treatment of rosacea-associated telangiectasia using subpurpuric clinical threshold. Dermatol Surg 30 37-40.
302. SR Tan and WD Tope (2004) Pulsed dye laser treatment of rosacea improves erythema, symptomotology, and quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol 51 592-599.
303. S Lonne-Rahm, K Nordlund, DW Edstrom and AM Ros (2004) Laser treatment of rosacea: a pathoetiological study. Arch Dermatol 140 1345-1349.
304. M Berg and DW Edstrom (2004) Flashlamp pulsed dye laser did not cure papulpustular rosacea. Lasers Surg Med 34 266-268.
305. BE Silver and YL Livshots (1996) Preliminary experience with the KTP/532 nm laser in the treatment of facial telangiectasia. Cosmetic Dermatol 9 61.
306. K Mark, RM Sparacio, A Voigt, et al. (2003) Objective and quantitative improvement of rosacea-associated erythema after intense pulsed light treatment. Dermatol Surg 9 600-604.
307. Schroeter CA, Below SH, Neumann HAM. Effective treatment of Rosacea using intense pulsed light systems. Dermatol Surg 2005 (in press).
308. AF Taub (2003) Treatment of rosacea with intense pulsed light. J Drugs Dermatol 3 254-259.
309. A Civatte (1923) Poikilodermie reticulae pigmentaire du visage et du col. Ann Derm Syph 6 605.
310. K Batta, C Hindson, JA Cotterill and IS Foulds (1999) Treatment of poikiloderma of Civatte with the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser. Br J Dermatol 140 1191-1192.
311. RG Wheeland and J Applebaum (1990) Flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser therapy for poikiloderma of Civatte. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 16 12.
312. RM Haywood and BE Monk (1999) Treatment of poikiloderma of Civatte with the pulsed dye laser: a series of seven cases. J Cutan Laser Ther 1 45-48.
313. MP Goldman and RA Weiss (2001) Treatment of poikiloderma of Civatte on the neck with an intense pulsed light source. Plast Reconstr Surg 107 1376-1381.
314. RA Weiss, MP Goldman and MA Weiss (2000) Treatment of poikiloderma of Civatte with an intense pulsed light source. Dermatol Surg 26 823-828.
315. P Zheng, RM Lavker and AM Kligman (1985) Anatomy of striae. Brit J Dermatol 112 185.
316. AJ Arem and CW Kischer (1980) Analysis of striae. Plast Recontr Surg 65 22.
317. WB Bean and JR Walsh (1956) Venous lakes. Arch Dermatol 74 459.
318. M Lanthaler, et al. (1984) Laser therapy of venous lakes (Bean–Walsh) and telangiectasia. Plast Reconstr Surg 73 78.
319. KA Pasyk (1992) Case 5.27: venous lake at the lower lip. DB Apfelberg (Eds) Atlas of cutaneous laser surgery New York: Raven
320. A Orenstein (1992) Case 5.28: venous lake of the lip. DB Apfelberg (Eds) Atlas of cutaneous laser surgery New York: Raven
321. RA Neumann and RM Knobler (1990) Venous lakes (Bean–Walsh) of the lips: treatment experience with the argon laser and 18 months follow-up. Clin Exp Dermatol 15 115.
322. J Alcalay and M Sandbank (1987) The ultrastructure of cutaneous venous lakes. Int J Dermatol 26 645.
323. TJ Rosio (1992) Case 7.31: venous lake. DB Apfelberg (Eds) Atlas of cutaneous laser surgery New York: Raven
324. KEK Rowson and BWJ Mahy (1967) Human papova (wart) virus. Bacteriol Rev 31 100.
325. WF Lever and G Schaumberg-Lever (1983) Diseases caused by viruses. WF Lever (Eds) Histopathology of the skin Philadelphia: Lippincott
326. AJ Nemeth and BA Reyes (1950) Copper vapor laser treatment of genital and body warts. Lasers Surg Med 10 52.
327. GF Webster, N Satur, MP Goldman, et al. (1996) Treatment of recalcitrant warts using the pulsed dye laser. Cutis 56 230.
328. OT Tan, RM Hurwitz and TJ Stafford (1993) Pulsed dye laser treatment of recalcitrant verrucae: a preliminary report. Lasers Surg Med 13 127.
329. AB Kauvar, DH McDanial and RG Geronemus (1995) Pulsed dye laser treatment of warts. Arch Fam Med 4 1035.
330. E Jacobsen, R McGraw and S McCagh (1997) Pulsed dye laser efficacy as initial therapy for warts and against recalcitrant verrucae. Cutis 59 206.
331. A Jain and GS Storwick (1997) Effectiveness of the 585 nm flashlamp-pulsed tunable dye laser (PTDL) for treatment of plantar verrucae. Laser Surg Med 21 500.
332. SC Huilgol, RJ Barlow and AC Markey (1996) Failure of pulsed dye laser therapy for resistant verrucae. Clin Exp Dermatol 21 93.
333. BS Ross, VJ Levine, K Nehal, et al. (1999) Pulsed dye laser treatment of warts: an update. Dermatol Surg 25 377-380.
334. P Stern and N Levine (1992) Controlled localized heat therapy in cutaneous warts. Arch Dermatol 128 945.
335. N Diakuzono, SN Joffe, H Tajiri, et al. (1987) Laserthermia: a computer controlled contact Nd:YAG system for interstitial local hyperthermia. Med Instrum 21 275.
336. A Pfau, TA Abd-El-Raheem, W Baumler, et al. (1994) Nd:YAG laser hyperthermia in the treatment of recalcitrant verrucae vulgares (Regensburg's technique). Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 74 212.
337. A Pfau, TA Abd-El-Raheem, W Baumler, et al. (1995) Treatment of recalcitrant verrucae vulgares with Nd:Yag laser hyperthermia (Regensburg's technique): preliminary results in 31 cases. J Dermatol Treat 6 39.
338. Y Li and K Yang (2001) Treatment of recalcitrant flat warts using frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd-YAG laser. Lasers Surg Med 29 244-247.
339. A Tuncel, M Gorgu, M Ayhan, et al. (2002) Treatment of anogenital warts by pulsed dye laser. Dermatol Surg 28 350-352.