Comparison between frequency standards in Europe and the USA at the 10 -15 uncertainty level

Metrologia

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 109-120

  Bauch, A ^a   Achkar, J ^b   Bize, S ^b   Calonico, D ^c   Dach, R ^d   Hlavac R ^e,h   Lorini, L ^c   Parker, T ^f   Petit, G ^g   Piester, D ^a   Szymaniec, K ^e   Uhrich, P ^b  

^a PHYSIKALISCH TECHNISCHE BUNDESANSTALT   (Germany)

^b LABORATOIRE NATIONAL DE MÉTROLOGIE ET D ESSAIS LNE   (France)

^c ISTITUTO ELETTROTECNICO NAZIONALE GALILEO FERRARIS   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^e NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^g PAVILLON DE BRETEUIL   (France)

^h Galileo Industries   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; HYDROGEN; IONOSPHERE; MASERS; MEASUREMENT THEORY; UNCERTAIN SYSTEMS;

CARRIER-PHASE; FREQUENCY TRANSFER; HYDROGEN TRANSFER; LINEAR COMBINATION;

FREQUENCY STANDARDS;

EID: 31544468425     PISSN: 00261394     EISSN: 16817575     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/016     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Bize S et al 2004 Advances in atomic fountains C. R. Phys. 5 829-43
2. Jefferts S R et al 2002 Accuracy evaluation of NIST-F1 Metrologia 39 321-36
3. Weyers S, Bauch A, Schröder R and Tamm Chr 2001 The atomic caesium fountain CSF1 of PTB Proc. 6th Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrology (St Andrews, Scotland, September 2001) pp 64-71
4. Szymaniec K, Chalupczak W, Whibberley P B, Lea S N and Henderson D 2005 Evaluation of the primary frequency standard NPL-CsF1 Metrologia 42 49-57
5. Levi F, Lorini L, Calonico D and Godone A 2004 IEN-CsF1 accuracy evaluation and two-way frequency comparison IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 51 1216-24
6. Wynands R and Weyers S 2005 Atomic fountain clocks Metrologia 42 S64-79
7. Arias F and Guinot B 2005 Atomic timekeeping from 1955 to the present Metrologia 42 S20-30
8. Levine J 2002 Time and frequency distribution using satellites Rep. Prog. Phys. 65 1119-64
9. Kirchner D 1999 Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT): principle, implementation, and current performance Review of Radio Sciences 1996-1999 (Oxford: Oxford University Press) pp 27-44
10. Defraigne P and Petit G 2003 Time transfer to TAI using geodetic receivers Metrologia 40 184-8
11. Petit G and Jiang Z 2005 Stability of geodetic time links and their comparison to two-way time transfer Proc. 36th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting (Washington, DC, 2004) pp 31-40
12. Richard J-Y et al 2004 Comparison of remote cesium fountains using GPS P3 and TWSTFT links Proc. 18th European Frequency and Time Forum (Guildford, UK, 2004) CD-ROM
13. Schildknecht T, Beutler G, Gurtner W and Rothacher M 1990 Towards subnanosecond GPS time transfer using geodetic processing techniques Proc. 4th European Frequency and Time Forum (Neuchǎtel, Switzerland, 1990) pp 335-46
14. Larson K M and Levine J 1999 Carrier-phase time transfer IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 46 1001-12
15. Ray J and Senior K 2005 Geodetic techniques for time and frequency comparisons using GPS phase and code measurements Metrologia 42 215-32
16. Parker T, Hetzel P, Jefferts S, Weyers S, Nelson L, Bauch A and Levine J 2001 First comparison of remote cesium fountains Proc. IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp. and PDA Exhibition (Seattle, WA, 2001) pp 63-8
17. Hackman C, Levin J, Parker T, Piester D and Becker J 2005 A new technique for estimating frequency from GPS carrier-phase time transfer data Proc. 2004 IEEE Int. Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Joint 50th Anniversary Conf. (Montreal, Canada, 2004) pp 341-9 and CD-Rom 10005500.pdf
18. Beutler G, Rothacher M, Schaer S, Springer T A, Kouba J and Neilan N E 1999 The International GPS Service (IGS): an interdisciplinary service in support of Earth sciences Adv. Space Res. 23 631-5 http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov
19. see also Meindl M (ed) 2005 Proc. Celebrating a Decade of the International GPS Service-Workshop and Sympos. (Bern, Switzerland, 2004)
20. Dach R, Bernier L-G, Dudle G, Schildknecht T and Hugentobler U 2005 Geodetic frequency transfer-actual developments in the AIUB-METAS collaboration, Proc. 19th European Frequency and Time Forum (Besançon, France, 2005) at press
21. Hugentobler U, Schaer S and Fridez P (ed) 2001 The Bernese GPS Software 4.2 Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern
22. Bauch A et al 2005 Time and frequency comparisons between four European timing institutes and NIST using multiple techniques Proc. 19th European Frequency and Time Forum (Besançon, France, 2005) at press
23. Calonico D et al 2005 Comparison between remote Cs fountain primary frequency standards Proc. 19th European Frequency and Time Forum (Besançon, France, 2005) at press
24. Parker T 1999 Hydrogen maser ensemble performance and characterization of frequency standards Proc. Joint Meeting of the European Frequency and Time Forum and the IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp. (Besançon, France, 1999) pp 173-6
25. Bauch A 2005 The PTB primary clocks CS1 and CS2 Metrologia 42 S43-54
26. ITU Radiocommunication Sector 2003 The operational use of two-way satellite time and frequency transfer employing PN time codes Recommendation ITU-R TF.1153-1 Geneva
27. Plumb J E and Larson K M 2005 Long-term comparisons between two way satellite and geodetic time transfer systems IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelectr. and Freq. Control 52 1912-18
28. Allan D W and Thomas C 1994 Technical directives for standardization of GPS time receiver software Metrologia 31 69-79
29. ftp://ftp2.bipm.fr/pub/tai/data/PFS_reports/
30. Douglas R J and Boulanger J S 1997 Standard uncertainty for average frequency traceability Proc. 11th European Frequency and Time Forum (Neuchǎtel, Switzerland,1997) pp 345-9