Late Quaternary to decadal velocity fields in Asia

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 110, Issue 12, 2005, Pages 1-27

  England, Philip ^a   Molnar, Peter ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; QUATERNARY; SEISMIC VELOCITY; STRAIN RATE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE;

EID: 31544465925     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2004JB003541     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Abdrakhmatov, K. Y., et al. (1996), Relatively recent construction of the Tien Shan inferred from GPS measurements of present-day crustal deformation rates, Nature, 384, 450-453.
2. Allen, C. R., Z. Luo, H. Qian, X. Wen, H. Zhou, and W. Huang (1991), Field study of a highly active fault zone: The Xianshuihe fault of southwestern China, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103, 1178-1199.
3. Altamimi, Z., P. Sillard, and C. Boucher (2002), ITRF2000: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame for earth science applications, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B10), 2214, doi:10.1029/2001JB000561.
4. Armijo, R., P. Tapponnier, and T. Han (1989), Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2787-2838.
5. Avouac, J.-P., and P. Tapponnier (1993), Kinematic model of active deformation in Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 895-898.
6. Banerjee, P., and R. Bürgmann (2002), Convergence across the northwest Himalaya from GPS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(13), 1652, doi:10.1029/2002GL015184.
7. Bendick, R., R. Bilham, J. T. Freymueller, K. Larson, and G. Yin (2000), Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in the Altyn Tagh fault system, Nature, 404, 69-72.
8. Bilham, R., and P. England (2001), Plateau pop-up in the great 1897 Assam earthquake, Nature, 410, 806-809.
9. Bird, P., and K. Piper (1980), Plane-stress finite-element models of tectonic flow in southern California, Phys. Earth Planet Inter., 21, 158-175.
10. Brown, E. T., R. Bendick, D. L. Bourls, V. Gaur, P. Molnar, G. M. Raisbeck, and F. Yiou (2002), Slip rates of the Karakorum fault, Ladakh, India, determined using cosmic ray exposure dating of debris flows and moraines, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B9), 2192, doi:10.1029/2000JB000100.
11. Brown, E. T., P. Molnar, and D. L. Bourlès (2005), Technical comment on "Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum fault may imply secular variations in fault motion", Science, 30, 1326, doi:10.1126/ science.1112508.
12. Burchfiel, B. C., Z. Chen, Y. Liu, and L. H. Royden (1995), Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions, Int. Geol. Rev., 37, 661-736.
13. Calais, E., et al. (1998), Crustal deformation in the Baikal rift from GPS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4003-4006.
14. Calais, E., M. Vergnolle, V. San'kov, A. Lukhnev, A. Miroshnitchenko, A. Amarjargal, and J. Déverchère (2003), GPS measurements of crustal deformation in the Baikal-Mongolia area (1994-2002): Implications for current kinematics of Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B10), 2501, doi:10.1029/2002JB002373.
15. Chen, Q., J. T. Freymueller, Q. Wang, Z. Yang, and C. Xu (2004a), A deforming block model for the present-day tectonics of Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B01403, doi:10.1029/2002JB002151.
16. Chen, Q., J. T. Freymueller, Z. Yang, C. Xu, W. Jiang, Q. Wang, and J. Liu (2004b), Spatially variable extension in southern Tibet based on GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B09401, doi:10.1029/2002JB002350.
17. Chen, Z., B. C. Burchfiel, Y. Liu, R. W. King, L. H. Royden, W. Tang, E. Wang, J. Zhao, and X. Zhang (2000), Global Positioning System measurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia inter-continental deformation, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 16,215-16,227.
18. Chevalier, M.-L., F. J. Ryerson, P. Tapponnnier, R. C. Finkel, J. Van Der Woerd, H. Li, and Q. Liu (2005), Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum fault may imply secular variations in fault motion, Science, 237, 411-414.
19. Dalmayrac, B., and P. Molnar (1981), Parallel thrust and normal faulting in Peru and constraints on the state of stress, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 55, 473-481.
20. England, P., and G. Houseman (1986), Finite strain calculations of continental deformation: 2. Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3664-3676.
21. England, P., and G. Houseman (1989), Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17,561-17,579.
22. England, P., and J. Jackson (1989), Active deformation of the continents, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 17, 197-226.
23. England, P., and D. McKenzie (1982), A thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 70, 295-321.
24. England, P., and D. McKenzie (1983), Correction to a thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 73, 523-532.
25. England, P., and P. Molnar (1997a), Active deformation of Asia: From kinematics to dynamics, Science, 278, 647-650.
26. England, P., and P. Molnar (1997b), The field of crustal velocity in Asia calculated from Quaternary rates of slip on faults, Geophys. J. Int., 131, 551-582.
27. England, P., G. Houseman, and L. Sonder (1985), Length scales for continental deformation in convergent, divergent and strike-slip environments: Analytical and approximate solutions for a thin viscous sheet model, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3551-3557.
28. Flesch, L., A. Haines, and W. Holt (2001), Dynamics of the India-Eurasia collision zone, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,435-16,460.
29. Gaudemer, Y., P. Tapponnier, B. Meyer, G. Peltzer, Z. Guo, Chen, H. Dai, and I. Cifuentes (1995), Partitioning of crustal slip between linked, active faults in the eastern Qilian Shan, and evidence for a major seismic gap, the "Tianzu gap," on the western Haiyuan fault, Gansu (China), Geophys. J. Int., 120, 599-645.
30. Haines, A. J. (1982), Calculating velocity fields across plate boundaries from observed shear rates, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 68, 203-209.
31. Haines, A. J., and W. E. Holt (1993), A procedure for obtaining the complete horizontal motions within zones of distributed continental deformation from the inversion of strain rate data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12,057-12,082.
32. Heki, K., S. Miyazaki, H. Takahashi, M. Kasahara, F. Kimata, S. Miura, N. F. Vasilenko, A. Ivashchenko, and K. D. An (1999), The Amurian plate motion and current plate kinematics in East Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29,147-29,155.
33. Herring, T., B. Hager, B. Meade, and A. V. Zubovich (2002), Contemporary horizontal and vertical deformation in the Tien Shan, in On the use of Space Techniques for Asia-Pacific Regional Crustal Movement Studies, Asia-Pacific Space Geodyn. Program (APSG-2002), Irkutsk, Russia.
34. Holt, W. E., J. F. Ni, T. C. Wallace, and A. J. Haines (1991), The active tectonics of the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis and surrounding regions, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14,595-14,632.
35. Holt, W. E., N. Chamot-Rooke, X. Le Pichon, A. J. Haines, B. Shen-Tu, and J. Ren (2000), Velocity field in Asia inferred from Quaternary fault slip rates and Global Positioning System observations, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19,185-19,209.
36. Houseman, G., and P. England (1986), Finite strain calculations of continental deformation: 1. Method and general results for convergent zones, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3651-3663.
37. Houseman, G., and P. England (1993), Crustal thickening versus lateral expulsion in the Indian-Asian continental collision, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12,233-12,249.
38. Jade, S., B. Bhatt, R. Bendick, V. Gaur, P. Molnar, M. Anand, and D. Kumar (2004), GPS measurements from the Ladakh Himalaya, India: Preliminary tests of plate-like or continuous deformation in Tibet, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 116, 1385-1391, doi:10.1130/B25357.1.
39. Kidd, W., and P. Molnar (1988), Quaternary and active faulting observed on the Academia Sinica-Royal Society geotraverse of Tibet, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London., Ser. A, 327, 337-364.
40. King, R., et al. (1997), Geodetic measurement of crustal motion in southwest China, Geol. Rundsch., 25, 179-182.
41. Kong, X., and P. Bird (1995), SHELLS: A thin-shell program for modeling neotectonics of regional or global lithosphere with faults, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,129-22,131.
42. Kostrov, B. (1974), Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes, and seismic flow of rock, Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR Phys. Solid Earth, 97, 23-44.
43. Larson, K. M., R. Bürgmann, R. Bilham, and J. T. Freymueller (1999), Kinematics of the India-Eurasia collision zone from GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1077-1093.
44. Lavé, J., and J.-P. Avouac (2000), Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5735-5770.
45. Lyon-Caen, H., and P. Molnar (1985), Gravity anomalies, flexure of the Indian plate, and the structure, support and evolution of the Himalaya and Ganga basin, Tectonics, 4, 513-538.
46. Mao, A., C. Harrison, and T. Dixon (1999), Noise in GPS coordinate time series, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2797-2816.
47. McKenzie, D. (1972), Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 30, 109-185.
48. McKenzie, D. (1977), Can plate tectonics describe continental deformation?, in Structural history of the Mediterranean Basins, edited by B. Biju-Duval and L. Montadert, pp. 189-196, Technip, Paris.
49. Mériaux, A.-S., F. J. Ryerson, P. Tapponnier, J. Van der Woerd, R. C. Finkel, X. Xu, Z. Xu, and M. W. Caffee (2004), Rapid slip along the central Altyn Tagh Fault: Morphochronologic evidence from Cherchen He and Sulamu Tagh, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B06401, doi:10.1029/2003JB002558.
50. Meyer, B. (1991), Mécanismes des grands tremblements de terre et du raccourcissement crustal oblique au bord nord-est du Tibet, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Paris VI, Paris.
51. Meyer, B., P. Tapponnier, Y. Gaudemer, G. Peltzer, S. Guo, and Z. Chen (1996), Rate of left-lateral movement along the easternmost segment of the Altyn Tagh fault, east of 96 degrees E (China), Geophys. J. Int., 124, 29-44.
52. Meyer, B., P. Tapponnier, L. Bourjot, F. Metivier, Y. Gaudemer, G. Peltzer, S. Guo, and Z. Chen (1998), Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai, lithospheric mantle subduction, and oblique, strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau, Geophys. J. Int., 135, 1-47.
53. Molnar, P. (1988), Continental tectonics in the aftermath of plate tectonics, Nature, 335, 131-137.
54. Molnar, P., and Q. Deng (1984), Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in central and eastern Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6203-6227.
55. Molnar, P., and H. Lyon-Caen (1988), Some simple physical aspects of the support, structure, and evolution of mountain belts, in Processes in Continental Lithospheric Deformation, edited by, S. P. Clark Jr., Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 218, 179-207.
56. Molnar, P., and H. Lyon-Caen (1989), Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins, Geophys. J. Int., 99, 123-153.
57. Molnar, P., and P. Tapponnier (1975), Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision, Science, 189, 419-426.
58. Molnar, P., and P. Tapponnier (1978), Active tectonics of Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 2648-2682.
59. Molnar, P., P. England, and J. Martinod (1993), Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon, Rev. Geophys., 31, 357-396.
60. Nyst, M., and W. Thatcher (2004), New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B11406, doi:10.1029/ 2003JB002830.
61. Peltzer, G., P. Tapponnier, and R. Armijo (1989), Magnitude of late Quaternary left-lateral displacements along the north edge of Tibet, Science, 246, 1285-1289.
62. Phillips, R. J., R. R. Parrish, and M. P. Searle (2004), Age constraints on the ductile deformation of and long-term slip rates along the Karakoram fault zone, Ladakh, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 226, 305-319.
63. Reigber, C., et al. (2001), New space geodetic constraints on the distribution of deformation in central Asia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 191, 157-165.
64. Ren, J. (1990), Preliminary study on the recurrence period of strong earthquakes on the fracture zone of Zemuhe, west of Sichuan (in Chinese), Inland Earthquake, 4, 107-116.
65. Searle, M. P. (1996), Geological evidence against large-scale pre-Holocene offsets along the Karakoram fault: Implications for the limited extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 15, 171-186.
66. Sella, G. F., T. H. Dixon, and A. Mao (2002), REVEL: A model for Recent plate velocities from space geodesy, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B4), 2081, doi:10.1029/2000JB000033.
67. Shen, Z.-K., C. Zhao, A. Yin, Y. Li, D. D. Jackson, P. Fang, and D. Dong (2000), Contemporary crustal deformation in east Asia constrained by Global Positioning System measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5721-5734.
68. Shen, Z. K., M. Wang, Y. Li, D. D. Jackson, A. Yin, D. Dong, and P. Fang (2001), Crustal deformation along the Altyn Tagh fault system, western China, from GPS, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 30,607-30,621.
69. Sillard, P., Z. Altamimi, and C. Boucher (1998), The ITRF96 realization and its associated velocity field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3223-3226.
70. Simons, W. M. F., B. A. C. Ambrosius, R. Noomen, D. Angermann, P. Wilson, M. Becker, E. Reinhard, A. Walpersdorf, and C. Vigny (1999), Observing plate motions in S.E. Asia: Geodetic results of the GEODYSSEA project, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2081-2084.
71. Tapponnier, P., and P. Molnar (1976), Slip-line field theory and large-scale continental tectonics, Nature, 264, 319.
72. Tapponnier, P., G. Peltzer, A. Y. Le Dain, R. Armijo, and P. Cobbold (1982), Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticene, Geology, 10, 611-616.
73. Tapponnier, P., G. Peltzer, and R. Armijo (1986), On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia, in Collision Tectonics, edited by M. Coward and A. Ries, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 19, 115-157.
74. Tapponnier, P., et al. (1990), Active thrusting and folding in the Qilian Shan, and decoupling between upper crust and mantle in northeastern Tibet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 97, 382-403.
75. Taylor, M., A. Yin, F. J. Ryerson, P. Kapp, and L. Ding (2003), Conjugate strike-slip faulting along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone accommodates coeval east-west extension and north-south shortening in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 22(4), 1044, doi:10.1029/ 2002TC001361.
76. Thompson, S. C., R. J. Weldon, C. M. Rubin, K. Abdrakhmatov, P. Molnar, and G. W. Berger (2002), Late Quaternary slip rates across the central Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, central Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B9), 2203, doi:10.1029/2001JB000596.
77. 14C dating of riser offsets, and climatic origin of the regional morphology, Geophys. J. Int., 148, 356-388.
78. Vigny, C., A. Socquet, C. Rangin, N. Chamot-Rooke, M. Pubellier, M. Bouin, G. Bertrand, and M. Becker (2003), Present-day crustal deformation around Sagaing fault, Myanmar, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B11), 2533, doi:10.1029/2002JB001999.
79. Vilotte, J., M. Daignières, and R. Madariaga (1982), Numerical modeling of intraplate deformation: Simple mechanical models of continental collision, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 10,709-10,728.
80. Vilotte, J., R. Madariaga, M. Daignières, and O. Zienkiewicz (1986), Numerical studies of continental collision: Influence of buoyancy forces and a stiff inclusion, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 84, 279-310.
81. Wallace, K., G. Yin, and R. Bilham (2004), Inescapable slow slip on the Altyn Tagh fault, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09613, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL019724.
82. Wang, E., and B. C. Burchfiel (2000), Late Cenozoic to Holocene deformation in southwestern Sichuan and adjacent Yunnan, China, and its role in formation of the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 413-423.
83. Wang, E., B. C. Burchfiel, L. H. Royden, L. Chen, J. Chen, W. Li, and Z. Chen (1998), Late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang, Red River, and Dali fault systems of southwestern Sichuan and central Yunnan, China, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 327, 108 pp.
84. Wang, Q., et al. (2001), Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global Positioning System measurements, Science, 294, 574-577.
85. Washburn, Z., J. R. Arrowsmith, G. Dupont-Nivet, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, and Z. Chen (2001a), Paleoseismology of the Xorxol segment of the central Altyn Tagh fault Xinjiang, China, Ann. Geophys., 46, 1015-1034.
86. Washburn, Z., J. R. Arrowsmith, S. L. Forman, E. Cowgill, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, and Z. Chen (2001b), Late Holocene earthquake history of the central Altyn Tagh fault, China, Geol. Rundsch., 29, 1051-1054.
87. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (1998), New, improved version of generic mapping tools released, Eos Trans. AGU, 79, 579.
88. Wright, T., B. Parsons, P. England, and E. Fielding (2004), Low slip rates of the Karakoram and Altyn Tagh fault zones, western Tibet determined by satellite interferometry, Science, 305, 236-239.
89. Yu, S. B., L. C. Kuo, R. S. Punongbayan, and E. G. Ramos (1999), GPS observation of crustal deformation in the Taiwan-Luzon region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 923-926.
90. Zhang, P.-Z., et al. (2004), Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data, Geol. Rundsch., 32, 809-812.
91. Zhang, Y., J. Bock, H. Johnson, P. Fang, S. Williams, J. Genrich, S. Wdowinski, and J. Behr (1997), Southern California permanent GPS geodetic array: Error analysis of daily position estimates and sites velocities, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18,035-18,055.
92. Zhu, W., et al. (2000), Crustal motion of Chinese mainland monitored by GPS, Sci. China, 4, 394-400.