Effect of stretching and strengthening shoulder muscles on forward shoulder posture in competitive swimmers

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 58-70

  Kluemper, Mark ^a   Uhl, Tim ^a   Hazelrigg, Heath ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Athletic injury; Exercise therapy; Prevention; Therapeutics

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY POSTURE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; KINESIOTHERAPY; MALE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE STRETCHING; MUSCLE TRAINING; NORMAL HUMAN; SHOULDER; SHOULDER INJURY; SWIMMING; SWIMMING POOL;

EID: 31544459809     PISSN: 10566716     EISSN: 15433072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/jsr.15.1.58     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Birrer P. The shoulder, EMG and the swimming stroke. J Swimming Res. 1986;2:20-23.
2. Rupp S, Berininger K, Hopf T. Shoulder problems in high level swimmers - impingement, anterior instability, muscle imbalance? Int J Sports Med. 1995;16:557-562.
3. Solem-Bertoft E, Thuomas KA, Westerberg CE. The infl uence of scapular retraction and protraction on the width of the subacromial space. an MRI study. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1993;296:99-103.
4. Pink MM, Tibone JE. The painful shoulder in the swimming athlete. Orthop Clin North Am. 2000;31:247-261.
5. McMaster WC. Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers. Clin Sports Med. 1999;18:349-359.
6. McMaster WC, Troup J. A survey of interfering shoulder pain in United States competitive swimmers. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:67-70.
7. McMaster WC, Troup JP, Arredondo S. Incidence of shoulder problems in developing elite swimmers. J Swimming Res. 1989;5:11-16.
8. Weldon EJ III, Richardson AB. Upper extremity overuse injuries in swimming: a discussion of swimmer's shoulder. Clin Sports Med. 2001;20:423-438.
9. Greenfield B, Catlin PA, Coats PW, Green E, McDonald JJ, North C. Posture in patients with shoulder overuse injuries and healthy individuals. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995;21:287-295.
10. Jones JH. Swimming overuse injuries. Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am. 1999;10:77-94.
11. Troup JP. The physiology and biomechanics of competitive swimming. Clin Sports Med. 1999;11:140-154.
12. Pink M, Perry J, Browne A, Scovazzo ML, Kerrigan J. The normal shoulder during freestyle swimming. An electromyographic and cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:569-576.
13. Barratta R, Solomonow M, Zhou BH, Chuinard RG, D'Ambrosia R. Muscular coactivation. the role of the antagonistic musculature in maintaining knee stability. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:113-122.
14. Gowan ID, Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Perry J, Moynes DR. A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching: professional versus amateur pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15:586-590.
15. Peterson DE, Blankenship KR, Robb JB, et al. Investigation of the validity and reliability of four objective techniques for measuring forward shoulder posture. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;25:34-42.
16. Lukasiewicz AC, McClure P, Michener L, Pratt N, Sennett B. Comparison of 3-dimensional scapular position and orientation between subjects with and without shoulder impingement. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29:574-586.
17. Ludewig PM, Cook TM. Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. Phys Ther. 2000;80:276-291.
18. Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG. Muscles: Testing and Function. 4th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1993.
19. Sahrmann SA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Movement Impairment Syndromes. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2002.
20. Wang C-H, McClure P, Pratt N, Nobilini R. Stretching and strengthening exercises: their effect on three-dimensional scapular kinematics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:923-929.
21. Swanik KA, Swanik CB, Lephart SM, Huxel K. The effect of functional training on the incidence of shoulder pain and strength in intercollegiate swimmers. J Sport Rehabil. 2002;11:140-154.
22. Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1997;77:1090-1096.
23. Kebaetse M, McClure P, Pratt N. Thoracic position effect on shoulder range of motion, strength, and three-dimensional scapular kinetics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:945-950.
24. Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:1215-1223.