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1
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0000217915
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Productivity, R&D and basic research at firm level, is there till a relationship
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Griliches, Z. (1986) ‘Productivity, R&D and basic research at firm level, is there till a relationship’, American Economic Review, Vol. 76, No. 1.
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Griliches, Z.1
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84977312992
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The impact of R&D investment on productivity – new evidence using linked R&D – Lrd data
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April
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Lichtenberg, F. and Siegel, D. (1991) ‘The impact of R&D investment on productivity – new evidence using linked R&D – Lrd data’, Economic Inquiry, April, Vol. XXIX.
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Economic Inquiry
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Lichtenberg, F.1
Siegel, D.2
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0001730850
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Technology and international differences in growth rates
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September
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Fagerberg, J. (1994) ‘Technology and international differences in growth rates’, Journal of Economic Literature, September, Vol. XXXII.
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Journal of Economic Literature
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Fagerberg, J.1
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The economics of technological change
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Freeman, Ch. (1994) ‘The economics of technological change’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 18, pp.463–515.
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Cambridge Journal of Economics
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Freeman, C.1
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Pinters Publishers
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Dosi, G., Freeman, C., Nelson, R. and Silverberg, G. (1988) Technical Change and Economic Theory, Pinters Publishers.
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Technical Change and Economic Theory
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Dosi, G.1
Freeman, C.2
Nelson, R.3
Silverberg, G.4
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9
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0000041791
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Innovation and learning: the two faces of R&D implications for the analysis of R&D investment
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Cohen, W.Y. and Levinthal, D. (1989) ‘Innovation and learning: the two faces of R&D implications for the analysis of R&D investment’, Economic Journal, Vol. 99.
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Cohen, W.Y.1
Levinthal, D.2
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13
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84940058053
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The globalising learning economy: implications for innovation policy
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DG XII-TSER Bruxeles
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Lundvall, B-A. and Borras, S. (1998) ‘The globalising learning economy: implications for innovation policy’, The European Commission, DG XII-TSER Bruxeles.
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(1998)
The European Commission
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Lundvall, B.-A.1
Borras, S.2
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15
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84962698725
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The economic implications of learning by doing
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Arrow, K. (1962) ‘The economic implications of learning by doing’, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.155–173.
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Review of Economic Studies
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Arrow, K.1
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16
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0001470457
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Learning to learn, localised learning and technological progress
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Dasgupta, P. and Stoneman, P. (Eds) Cambridge University Press
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Stiglitz, J. (1987) ‘Learning to learn, localised learning and technological progress’, in Dasgupta, P. and Stoneman, P. (Eds): Economic Policy and Technological Performance, Cambridge University Press.
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Economic Policy and Technological Performance
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Stiglitz, J.1
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17
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84965427194
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On organisational learning: a review of some literature
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Dodgson, M. (1993) ‘On organisational learning: a review of some literature’, Organisational Studies, Vol. 14, pp.375–394.
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Organisational Studies
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Dodgson, M.1
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22
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0032903443
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Localised learning and industrial competitiveness
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Maskel, P. and Malmberg, A. (1999) ‘Localised learning and industrial competitiveness’, Cambridge Journal of Economy, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.167–186.
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Cambridge Journal of Economy
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Maskel, P.1
Malmberg, A.2
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23
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84951719496
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A technology-gap approach to cumulutive growth: toward an integrated model
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DRUID Working Paper No. 01–04
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Castelacci, F. (2002) ‘A technology-gap approach to cumulutive growth: toward an integrated model’, Empirical Evidence for Spain, 1960–1997, DRUID Working Paper No. 01–04.
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Empirical Evidence for Spain, 1960–1997
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Castelacci, F.1
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24
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0002750561
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Learning by comparing: reflection on the use and abuse of benchmarking
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Sweeney, G. (Ed.) Edwar Elgar, London
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Lundvall, B-A. and Johnson, B. (2001) ‘Learning by comparing: reflection on the use and abuse of benchmarking’, in Sweeney, G. (Ed.): Innovation, Economic Progress and Quality of Life, Edwar Elgar, London.
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(2001)
Innovation, Economic Progress and Quality of Life
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Lundvall, B.-A.1
Johnson, B.2
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25
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31244436799
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National systems of innovation are ‘x-efficient’ (and x-effective). Why some are slow learners
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Niosi, J. (2001) ‘National systems of innovation are ‘x-efficient’ (and x-effective). Why some are slow learners’, Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp.291–302.
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(2001)
Research Policy
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Niosi, J.1
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28
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84951719497
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Wirkungsanalyse der Fachprogrammbezogenen Projektförderung bei Kleinen und Mittleren Unternehmen, ISI-Fraunhofer
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Siegert, G., Meyer-Krahmer, F. and Walter, G. (1985) Wirkungsanalyse der Fachprogrammbezogenen Projektförderung bei Kleinen und Mittleren Unternehmen, ISI-Fraunhofer.
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Siegert, G.1
Meyer-Krahmer, F.2
Walter, G.3
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29
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84951719498
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Evaluación de la Actuación del CDTI en Apoyo a la I + D, CDTI
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Fontela, E., Pulido, A., Sanchez, M.P. and Vicens, J. (1992) Evaluación de la Actuación del CDTI en Apoyo a la I + D, CDTI.
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(1992)
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Fontela, E.1
Pulido, A.2
Sanchez, M.P.3
Vicens, J.4
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32
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84951719499
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Evaluación de la Acción de los Proyectos Concertados del Plan Nacional de I + D
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IESE (1995) Evaluación de la Acción de los Proyectos Concertados del Plan Nacional de I + D.
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(1995)
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IESE1
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33
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84951719500
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Innovationsdarlehen Als Instrument Zur Förderung Kleiner und Mittlerer Unternehmen, ISI-Fraunhofer
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Kulicke, M., Bross, U. and Gundrum, U. (1997) Innovationsdarlehen Als Instrument Zur Förderung Kleiner und Mittlerer Unternehmen, ISI-Fraunhofer.
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Kulicke, M.1
Bross, U.2
Gundrum, U.3
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36
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84951719501
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FuE-Personalkostenzuschüsse: Strukturentwickelung, Beschäftigungswirkungen und Konsequenzen für die Innovationspolitik, ISI-Fraunhofer/DIW
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Becher, G. et al. (1989) FuE-Personalkostenzuschüsse: Strukturentwickelung, Beschäftigungswirkungen und Konsequenzen für die Innovationspolitik, ISI-Fraunhofer/DIW.
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(1989)
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Becher, G.1
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37
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84951719502
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The studies of Meyer-Krahmer [10] and Becher et al. [36] indicate that this modality of impact was the highest in medium-sized firms, a little bit lower in the smaller ones and clearly less in the largest ones
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The studies of Meyer-Krahmer [10] and Becher et al. [36] indicate that this modality of impact was the highest in medium-sized firms, a little bit lower in the smaller ones and clearly less in the largest ones.
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38
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84951719503
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All the association tests were repeated for several sub-samples to control the influence of size (up to 50 employees, from 51 to 250, from 250 to 500 and more than 500 employees), expenditures on R&D as a percentage of the sales (ERDs: up to 1%, more than 1% and less than 3% and more than 3%), the number of projects (1 or more than 1 project) and the type of projects (firms with ‘co-operative’ projects vs. firms with only ‘technology development projects’). I will comment on the additional analyses only in the case where they offer important changes. Details of all the presented results can be consulted in [34,35]
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All the association tests were repeated for several sub-samples to control the influence of size (up to 50 employees, from 51 to 250, from 250 to 500 and more than 500 employees), expenditures on R&D as a percentage of the sales (ERDs: up to 1%, more than 1% and less than 3% and more than 3%), the number of projects (1 or more than 1 project) and the type of projects (firms with ‘co-operative’ projects vs. firms with only ‘technology development projects’). I will comment on the additional analyses only in the case where they offer important changes. Details of all the presented results can be consulted in [34,35].
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39
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84951719504
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The IAIF/CDTI-survey measured the learning capability of the CDTI projects by the following question: Evaluate each of the following aspects of the impact arising from the CDTI project, according to their level of importance (From 0 not relevant, 1 unimportant to 5 very important). Only 54 firms valued simultaneously all the three aspects of learning with one or zero points)
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The IAIF/CDTI-survey measured the learning capability of the CDTI projects by the following question: Evaluate each of the following aspects of the impact arising from the CDTI project, according to their level of importance (From 0 not relevant, 1 unimportant to 5 very important). Only 54 firms valued simultaneously all the three aspects of learning with one or zero points).
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40
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84951719505
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The inclusion or the number of employees in R&D in the model cannot be the reason for the expulsion of the variable size. Although there is a highly positive correlation between both variables their correlation with the level of impact showed an opposite sign. The smaller the firm the higher the impact. The higher the number of employees in R&D the higher the impact
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The inclusion or the number of employees in R&D in the model cannot be the reason for the expulsion of the variable size. Although there is a highly positive correlation between both variables their correlation with the level of impact showed an opposite sign. The smaller the firm the higher the impact. The higher the number of employees in R&D the higher the impact.
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41
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84951719506
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Repeating all the analysis made in this paper using subsamples of firms based on their number of projects (1, 2 or more than 2 projects) almost no differences were found in relation to the profile of firms with a lower learning capability
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Repeating all the analysis made in this paper using subsamples of firms based on their number of projects (1, 2 or more than 2 projects) almost no differences were found in relation to the profile of firms with a lower learning capability.
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42
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84951719507
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The inclusion of a large number of indicators to measure the innovative level of the firm could generate a problem of colinearity. To avoid this problem I used the ‘Stepwise method’ to estimate the models. Moreover, the preliminary estimations of the models showed that the inclusion or exclusion of different variables of the innovative level, only implies some changes within that group of variables. Those experiments did not influence the inclusion and the sign of other variables of the model. This confirms that the models presented in this paper are stable and consistent and can be considered as valid. Also the correlation between number of employees in R&D and the size of the firm measured by number of employees was controlled for its implications on the model and can be interpreted in a similar way
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The inclusion of a large number of indicators to measure the innovative level of the firm could generate a problem of colinearity. To avoid this problem I used the ‘Stepwise method’ to estimate the models. Moreover, the preliminary estimations of the models showed that the inclusion or exclusion of different variables of the innovative level, only implies some changes within that group of variables. Those experiments did not influence the inclusion and the sign of other variables of the model. This confirms that the models presented in this paper are stable and consistent and can be considered as valid. Also the correlation between number of employees in R&D and the size of the firm measured by number of employees was controlled for its implications on the model and can be interpreted in a similar way.
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43
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84951719508
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In Table 2, only two variables that express the innovative level of the firms are included. But the IAIF/CDTI questionnaire contains more than 20 variables that analyses the innovative behaviour of the firms such as the regularity of innovation activities, the sales related to the innovations, the percentage of innovations generated by the own firm, the importance of R&D, technological development product design etc. It can be pointed out that for most of those variable the same tendency was found in the association tests made for the whole sample and the sub-samples by ERDs and none of them indicates an opposite relationship
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In Table 2, only two variables that express the innovative level of the firms are included. But the IAIF/CDTI questionnaire contains more than 20 variables that analyses the innovative behaviour of the firms such as the regularity of innovation activities, the sales related to the innovations, the percentage of innovations generated by the own firm, the importance of R&D, technological development product design etc. It can be pointed out that for most of those variable the same tendency was found in the association tests made for the whole sample and the sub-samples by ERDs and none of them indicates an opposite relationship.
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44
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84951719509
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The aggregated sectors used in this paper are Producers of traditional consumer goods (CNAE [14–21,25,35,36]), Suppliers of traditional intermediate goods (CNAE [26,27]), Specialised suppliers of intermediate goods and equipment (CNAE [24,28,32]), Mass production assemblers [CNAE 29–31,33,34 – Except 34.3], R&D based sectors (CNAE [23 y 34.3]) proposed by Archibugi et al. [45], and Pavitt [46] and the service sectors (CNAE [50–92])
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The aggregated sectors used in this paper are Producers of traditional consumer goods (CNAE [14–21,25,35,36]), Suppliers of traditional intermediate goods (CNAE [26,27]), Specialised suppliers of intermediate goods and equipment (CNAE [24,28,32]), Mass production assemblers [CNAE 29–31,33,34 – Except 34.3], R&D based sectors (CNAE [23 y 34.3]) proposed by Archibugi et al. [45], and Pavitt [46] and the service sectors (CNAE [50–92]).
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45
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44949270260
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Sources of innovative activities and industrial organisation
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Archibugi, D., Cesaratto, S. and Sirili, G. (1991) ‘Sources of innovative activities and industrial organisation’, Research Policy, Vol. 20, pp.299–313.
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(1991)
Research Policy
, vol.20
, pp. 299-313
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Archibugi, D.1
Cesaratto, S.2
Sirili, G.3
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46
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0003846462
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Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory
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Pavitt, K. (1984) ‘Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory’, Research Policy, Vol. 13, pp.343–373.
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(1984)
Research Policy
, vol.13
, pp. 343-373
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Pavitt, K.1
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47
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84951719510
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The following results were not found in the group of firms with a very high level of R&D expenditures (above 5% of their sales). In this group was found high learning capability independent of the sectoral belonging
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The following results were not found in the group of firms with a very high level of R&D expenditures (above 5% of their sales). In this group was found high learning capability independent of the sectoral belonging.
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48
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84951719511
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Measured by eleven variables The first one is the position of the firm in its main market (First position or leader, position 2 to 5, position 6 to 15 or below the 15th position). The other ones indicate the competitive position in relation to other firms related to national competitors (inferior, equal or superior) for the product quality, price, customer services, commercial position of the firm and the technological level of the firm. And the same in relation to the foreign competitors
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Measured by eleven variables The first one is the position of the firm in its main market (First position or leader, position 2 to 5, position 6 to 15 or below the 15th position). The other ones indicate the competitive position in relation to other firms related to national competitors (inferior, equal or superior) for the product quality, price, customer services, commercial position of the firm and the technological level of the firm. And the same in relation to the foreign competitors.
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50
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84951719512
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La Industria y los Empresarios Madrilenos ante la Innovación Tecnológica. Imade, Madrid
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IMADE (1992) La Industria y los Empresarios Madrilenos ante la Innovación Tecnológica. Imade, Madrid.
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(1992)
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IMADE1
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