Cerebral palsy: An overview

American Family Physician

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 91-100

  Krigger, Karen W ^a,b  

^a University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

^b HIV Medicine Office   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACLOFEN; BOTULINUM TOXIN; BOTULINUM TOXIN A;

ADULTHOOD; CANCER; CANCER MORTALITY; CEREBRAL PALSY; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COGNITION; COMMUNICATION DISORDER; CONSTIPATION; CONTRACTURE; DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEEDING DISORDER; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GAIT; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GENETIC DISORDER; GROWTH; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HUMAN; HYPERSALIVATION; INDEPENDENCE; INFECTIOUS COMPLICATION; INJURY; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIQUORRHEA; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; METABOLIC DISORDER; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; NAUSEA; ORTHOSIS; OSTEOPENIA; PHYSICAL DISEASE; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SENSATION; SOMNOLENCE; SPASTICITY; ULTRASOUND; VALIDITY; VOMITING;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; CEREBRAL PALSY; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISABILITY EVALUATION; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 31544433085     PISSN: 0002838X     EISSN: 0002838X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. United Cerebral Palsy. Press room: cerebral palsy - facts & figures. Accessed online September 9, 2005, at: http://www.ucp.org/ucp_generaldoc.cfm/1/ 9/37/37-37/447.
2. Bass N. Cerebral palsy and neurodegenerative disease. Curr Opin Pediatr 1999;11:504-7.
3. Taylor F, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.), Office of Science and Health Reports. Cerebral palsy: hope through research. Bethesda, Md.: The Institute, 2001. Accessed online September 28, 2005, at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cerebral_palsy/detail_cerebral_palsy.htm.
4. Neurologic disorders. In: The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. Accessed online September 8, 2005 at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/ section19/chapter271/271b.jsp.
5. Jongerius PH, Joosten F, Hoogen FJ, Gabreels FJ, Rotteveel JJ. The treatment of drooling by ultrasound-guided intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin type A into the salivary glands. Laryngoscope 2003;113:107-11.
6. Gajdosik CG, Cicirello N. Secondary conditions of the musculoskeletal system in adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2001;21:49-68.
7. Rapp CE Jr, Torres MM. The adult with cerebral palsy. Arch Fam Med 2000;9:466-72
8. Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 1987;67:206.
9. Assessment of spasticity, part 1. In: Cornerstone therapy education. Accessed online October 5, 2005, at: http://www.cornerstoneceu.com/ spasticityassessment.htm.
10. Landgraf JM, Abetz L, Ware JE. Child health questionnaire (CHQ): a user's manual. Boston: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center, 1996. Accessed online September 8, 2005, at: http://www.healthact.com.
11. Uniform data system for medical rehabilitation. WeeFIM. Accessed online September 14, 2005, at: http://www.udsmr.org/wee_index.php.
12. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997;39:214-23.
13. Haley SM. Pediatric evaluation of disability inventory (PEDI): development, standardization, and administration manual. Boston: New England Medical Center Hospital, PEDI Research Group, 1992. Accessed online September 8, 2005, at: http://www.bu.edu/cre/pedi.
14. FACES pain rating scale. Development of the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. 1991. Accessed online September 8, 2005, at: http://www3.us. elsevierhealth.com/WOW/faces.html.
15. Palisano RJ, Hanna SE, Rosenbaum PL, Russell DJ, Walter SD, Wood EP, et al. Validation of a model of gross motor function for children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2000;80:974-85.
16. Functional independence measure and functional assessment measure. Brain injury. Accessed online September 14, 2005, at: http://www.tbims.org/combi/FAM/ famform.pdf.
17. Butler C, Darrah J. Effects of neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) for cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:778-90.
18. Darrah J, Watkins B, Chen L, Bonin C, for the AACPDM. Conductive education intervention for children with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004;46:187-203. Accessed online September 8, 2005, at: http://www.aacpdm.org/resources/ConEdOut.pdf.
19. Fowler EG, Ho TW, Nwigwe AI, Dorey FJ. The effect of quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening exercises on spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2001;81:1215-23.
20. Andersson C, Grooten W, Hellsten M, Kaping K, Mattsson E. Adults with cerebral palsy: walking ability after progressive strength training. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003;45:220-8.
21. Dodd KJ, Taylor NF, Damiano DL. A systematic review of the effectiveness of strength-training programs for people with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:1157-64.
22. Trahan J, Malouin F. Intermittent intensive physiotherapy in children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:233-9.
23. Ketelaar M, Vermeer A, Hart H, van Petegem-van Beek E, Helders PJ. Effects of a functional therapy program on motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2001;81:1534-45.
24. Mayer NH, Esquenazi A, Childers MK. Common patterns of clinical motor dysfunction. Muscle Nerve Suppl 1997;20:S21-35.
25. Baker R, Jasinski M, Maciag-Tymecka I, Michalowska-Mrozek J, Bonikowski M, Carr L, et al. Botulinum toxin treatment of spasticity in diplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:666-75.
26. Polak F, Morton R, Ward C, Wallace WA, Doderlein L, Siebel A. Doubleblind comparison study of two doses of botulinum toxin A injected into calf muscles in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:551-5.
27. Reddihough DS, King JA, Coleman GJ, Fosang A, McCoy AT, Thomason P, et al. Functional outcome of botulinum toxin A injections to the lower limbs in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:820-7.
28. Houltram J, Noble I, Boyd RN, Corry I, Flett P, Graham HK. Botulinum toxin type A in the management of equinus in children with cerebral palsy: an evidence-based economic evaluation. Euro J Neurol 2001;8(suppl 5):S194-202.
29. Ade-Hall RA, Moore AP. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(1):CD001408.
30. Butler C, Campbell S, for the AACPDM Treatment Outcomes Committee Review Panel. Evidence of the effects of intrathecal baclofen for spastic and dystonic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000;42:634-45.
31. Campbell WM, Ferrel A, McLaughlin JF, Grant GA, Loeser JD, Graubert C, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of continuous intrathecal baclofen. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:660-5.
32. McLaughlin J, Bjornson K, Temkin N, Steinbok P, Wright V, Reiner A, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:17-25.
33. Hodgkinson I, Jindrich ML, Duhaut P, Vadot JP, Metton G, Berard C. Hip pain in 234 non-ambulatory adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional multicentre study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:806-8.
34. Settecerri JJ, Karol LA. Effectiveness of femoral varus osteotomy in patients with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 2000;20:776-80.
35. Morris C. A review of the efficacy of lower-limb orthoses used for cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:205-11.
36. Nicholson JH, Morton RE, Attfield S, Rennie D. Assessment of upperlimb function and movement in children with cerebral palsy wearing lycra garments. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:384-91.
37. Essex C. Hyperbaric oxygen and cerebral palsy: no proven benefit and potentially harmful. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003;45:213-5.
38. Wright PA, Granat MH. Therapeutic effects of functional electrical stimulation of the upper limb of eight children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000;42:724-7.
39. Sommerfelt K, Markestad T, Berg K, Saetesdal I. Therapeutic electrical stimulation in cerebral palsy: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:609-13.
40. Dali C, Hansen FJ, Pedersen SA, Skov L, Hilden J, Bjornskov I, et al. Threshold electrical stimulation (TES) in ambulant children with CP: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:364-9.
41. Davis R. Cerebellar stimulation for cerebral palsy spasticity, function, and seizures. Arch Med Res 2000;31:290-9.
42. Samson-Fang L, Butler C, O'Donnell M; for the AACPDM. Effects of gastrostomy feeding in children with cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003;45:415-26.
43. King W, Levin R, Schmidt R, Oestreich A, Heubi JE. Prevalence of reduced bone mass in children and adults with spastic quadriplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003;45:12-6.
44. Palisano RJ, Tieman BL, Walter SD, Bartlett DJ, Rosenbaum PL, Russell D, et al. Effect of environmental setting on mobility methods of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003;45:113-20.
45. Manuel J, Naughton MJ, Balkrishnan R, Paterson Smith B, Koman LA. Stress and adaptation in mothers of children with cerebral palsy [published correction appears in J Pediatr Psychol 2003;28:373]. J Pediatr Psychol 2003;28:197-201.
46. Strauss D, Cable W, Shavelle R. Causes of excess mortality in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999;41:580-5.