Policing male heterosexuality: The reformation of manners societies' campaign against the brothels in Westminster, 1690-1720

Journal of Social History

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2004, Pages

  Hurl Eamon, Jennine ^a,b  

^a TRENT UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 3142763130     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2004.0052     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Laws, Statutes, etc., Sexual Offences Act, 1985, c. 44. Prior to this, prostitutes' clients were only arrested for disturbing the peace.
2. Janet Fookes, Speech to House of Commons, 25 January 1985, Parliamentary Debates (Commons) 6th Ser., vol. 71 (1984-5), col. 1243, and Charles Irving, ibid., col. 1254, respectively.
3. Janet Fookes, Speech to House of Commons, 25 January 1985, Parliamentary Debates (Commons) 6th Ser., vol. 71 (1984-5), col. 1243, and Charles Irving, ibid., col. 1254, respectively.
4. Paula Bartley, Prostitution: Prevention and Reform in England, 1860-1914 (London, 2000), 84. See also pages 25, 30, and 39 for additional comments on how male clients of prostitutes were exempt from scrutiny in the nineteenth century.
5. See, for example, Abraham A. Sion, Prostitution and the Law (London, 1977), 148-149.
6. Alfred Dubs, Speech to House of Commons, 25 January 1985, Parliamentary Debates (Commons) 6th Ser., vol. 71 (1984-5), col. 1256.
7. The societies for the reformation of manners will be explained in more detail later.
8. On regulating prostitutes, see, Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and rural Middlesex, c. 1660-1725 (Cambridge, 1991), Ch. 9, and idem, "Reforming the City: The Reformation of Manners Campaign in London, 1690-1738" in Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, L. Davison et al., eds. (New York, 1992), 103-110. For sodomites, see R. Trumbach, "Sex, Gender, and Sexual Identity in Modern Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London," Journal of the History of Sexuality 2, no. 2 (1991): 186-203.
9. On regulating prostitutes, see, Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and rural Middlesex, c. 1660-1725 (Cambridge, 1991), Ch. 9, and idem, "Reforming the City: The Reformation of Manners Campaign in London, 1690-1738" in Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, L. Davison et al., eds. (New York, 1992), 103-110. For sodomites, see R. Trumbach, "Sex, Gender, and Sexual Identity in Modern Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London," Journal of the History of Sexuality 2, no. 2 (1991): 186-203.
10. On regulating prostitutes, see, Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and rural Middlesex, c. 1660-1725 (Cambridge, 1991), Ch. 9, and idem, "Reforming the City: The Reformation of Manners Campaign in London, 1690-1738" in Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, L. Davison et al., eds. (New York, 1992), 103-110. For sodomites, see R. Trumbach, "Sex, Gender, and Sexual Identity in Modern Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London," Journal of the History of Sexuality 2, no. 2 (1991): 186-203.
11. Ruth Mazo Karras, Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England (New York, 1996), 31. My emphasis.
12. Tony Henderson, Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-Century London: Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730-1830 (London, 1999) and Tim Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 1700-1800 (New York, 1997).
13. Tony Henderson, Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-Century London: Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730-1830 (London, 1999) and Tim Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 1700-1800 (New York, 1997).
14. Bartley, 30.
15. Randolph Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, Volume I: Heterosexuality and the Third Gender in Enlightenment London (Chicago, 1998), 10. Trumbach wanted to show the significant difference between the number of male clients arrested at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and that at the end of the century.
16. Ibid., 194-5.
17. On the controversial reception of Trumbach's book, see for example, Thomas Laqueur's review in American Historical Review 106, no. 4 (October, 2001): 1456-1457.
18. Shoemaker, "Reforming the City," 99-120; and idem, Prosecution and Punishment, 250. Edward Bristow also perceived the reformation of manners movement as policing the poor, in his Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements in Britain Since 1700 (London, 1977), 19, 23.
19. Shoemaker, "Reforming the City," 99-120; and idem, Prosecution and Punishment, 250. Edward Bristow also perceived the reformation of manners movement as policing the poor, in his Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements in Britain Since 1700 (London, 1977), 19, 23.
20. Shoemaker, "Reforming the City," 99-120; and idem, Prosecution and Punishment, 250. Edward Bristow also perceived the reformation of manners movement as policing the poor, in his Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements in Britain Since 1700 (London, 1977), 19, 23.
21. Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, 92-3.
22. Margaret R. Hunt, The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 1680-1780 (Berkeley, 1996) 102.
23. Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, Controlling Misbehaviour in England, 1370-1600 (Cambridge, 1998). McIntosh depicts several peaks and valleys in the levels of anxiety over sexual misconduct in this period, but argues (pages 73-4) that "local jurors" wanted "to regulate disorderly sexual behaviour wherever it occurred, among both men and women." Graph 3.5 (page 73) shows that the courts that tried sexual misconduct generally targeted both men and women, "with women named alone in no more than a fifth of all courts in any duodecade."
24. Martin Ingram, "Reformation of Manners in Early Modern England," in P. Griffiths et al., eds., The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (London, 1996), 61, and 55-69, respectively.
25. Ibid., 56-7.
26. Keith Thomas, "The Double Standard," Journal of the History of Ideas 20 (1959): 205.
27. Stephen H. Gregg, "'A Truly Christian Hero': Religion, Effeminacy, and Nation in the Writing of the Society for the Reformation of Manners," Eighteenth-Century Life 25, no. 1 (2001): 17-28.
28. Tim Hitchcock, 108, summarises the mainstream historical position on the growth of male libertinism in the eighteenth century, which cites many underlying factors, in contrast to Trumbach's sense that libertinism developed entirely as a result of men's fear of being considered sodomites.
29. Henderson, 179-90.
30. N. Landau, "Appearance at the Quarter Sessions of Eighteenth-Century Middlesex," London Journal 23, no. 2 (1998): 30-52.
31. In theory, "Adultery, &c, and all Acts of Bawdry, are Breaches of the Peace ... for which an indictment will lie," according to one of the widely-circulated pamphlets published by the societies. An Abstract of the Penal-Laws against Immorality and Prophaneness ... (London, Printed by William Downing, 1698). However, Robert Shoemaker notes that the societies prosecuted by indictment less and less as time went on because "the reformers soon realized that such prosecutions threatened to bankrupt the campaign." "Reforming the City", 106. See also Prosecution and Punishment, 246.
32. In theory, "Adultery, &c, and all Acts of Bawdry, are Breaches of the Peace ... for which an indictment will lie," according to one of the widely-circulated pamphlets published by the societies. An Abstract of the Penal-Laws against Immorality and Prophaneness ... (London, Printed by William Downing, 1698). However, Robert Shoemaker notes that the societies prosecuted by indictment less and less as time went on because "the reformers soon realized that such prosecutions threatened to bankrupt the campaign." "Reforming the City", 106. See also Prosecution and Punishment, 246.
33. In theory, "Adultery, &c, and all Acts of Bawdry, are Breaches of the Peace ... for which an indictment will lie," according to one of the widely-circulated pamphlets published by the societies. An Abstract of the Penal-Laws against Immorality and Prophaneness ... (London, Printed by William Downing, 1698). However, Robert Shoemaker notes that the societies prosecuted by indictment less and less as time went on because "the reformers soon realized that such prosecutions threatened to bankrupt the campaign." "Reforming the City", 106. See also Prosecution and Punishment, 246.
34. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment, 248.
35. An Abstract of the Penal-Laws against Immorality and Prophaneness ... explicitly stated that the "Resorters and Frequenters of Bawdy Houses" were "to be Bound with Sureties to good Behaviour," as were those "that haunt lewd Houses, or keep Lewd Company or commit Outrages." Only "Idlers," "Disorderly Persons," and bastard-bearing women were to be immediately incarcerated.
36. Randolph Trumbach uncovered only "a handful" of prostitutes' clients "who could not find sureties [and] were sent to the houses of correction," in contrast to "most men" who "were bailed." Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, 92.
37. Shoemaker, "Reforming the City," 106.
38. Bristow, 16; Dudley Bahlman, The Moral Revolution of 1688 (New Haven, 1957), 31; Henderson, 86.
39. Bristow, 16; Dudley Bahlman, The Moral Revolution of 1688 (New Haven, 1957), 31; Henderson, 86.
40. Bristow, 16; Dudley Bahlman, The Moral Revolution of 1688 (New Haven, 1957), 31; Henderson, 86.
41. Bahlman, 31-38, found evidence of societies in the "city and suburbs" as well as "Gloucester, Leicester, Coventry, Shrewsbury, Hull and Tamworth."
42. An Abstract of the Penal-Laws against Immorality and Prophaneness ... outlined the offences, penalties, and relevant statutes for all of the offences in which the societies were interested. The headings included "Prophanation of the Lord's Day," "Drunkeness," "Swearing and Cursing," "Lewd and Disorderly Practices," and "Gaming."
43. Bristow, 17-18.
44. Bahlman, page 34, described the members' making "lists of the constables and Justices who handled their warrants, lists which could be turned over to the Justices at petty sessions, so that the Justices would know which officers were faithful in carrying out their duties and which were not."
45. The literature published by the societies reflects their reforming zeal and persistence. For example, Edward Stephens' A Seasonable and Necessary Admonition to the Gentlemen of the first Society for the Reformation of Manners [1700?], 2, exhorted members to "make [their] real virtue Exemplary to the Nation," and never miss an "Opportunity" where "an Honest Prosecution might" result in "Greater Advancement." A Help to A National Reformation ... (London, Printed and sold by D. Brown, B. Aylmer, T. Parkhurst ... , 1700), provided readers with a digest of the "Penal Laws against Profaneness and Vice," and forms for "warrants issued out in cases of Prophaneness and Debauchery." Emphasis in original. It expressed hope "that Men will not now ... find any ... Excuses ... for their declining to assist ... one way or another." The same publication contained a sample of an "Agreement for the Forming of a Society for the Reformation of Manners," where new members vowed to "use all proper means to prevail with men of all Ranks to concur with us in this Design.... That we encourage and assist officers in the Discharge of their Duty of Discovering Disorderly Houses, of taking up of offenders, and carrying them before the magistrates."
46. The literature published by the societies reflects their reforming zeal and persistence. For example, Edward Stephens' A Seasonable and Necessary Admonition to the Gentlemen of the first Society for the Reformation of Manners [1700?], 2, exhorted members to "make [their] real virtue Exemplary to the Nation," and never miss an "Opportunity" where "an Honest Prosecution might" result in "Greater Advancement." A Help to A National Reformation ... (London, Printed and sold by D. Brown, B. Aylmer, T. Parkhurst ... , 1700), provided readers with a digest of the "Penal Laws against Profaneness and Vice," and forms for "warrants issued out in cases of Prophaneness and Debauchery." Emphasis in original. It expressed hope "that Men will not now ... find any ... Excuses ... for their declining to assist ... one way or another." The same publication contained a sample of an "Agreement for the Forming of a Society for the Reformation of Manners," where new members vowed to "use all proper means to prevail with men of all Ranks to concur with us in this Design.... That we encourage and assist officers in the Discharge of their Duty of Discovering Disorderly Houses, of taking up of offenders, and carrying them before the magistrates."
47. Shoemaker, "Reforming the City," 105, table 6.1., gives numbers from the societies' own records of their total prosecutions, including 7,344 for "Lewd & disorderly practices" from 1700-1702 and 1704-1709.
48. John Dunton, The Night Walker: or Evening Rambles in Search after Lewd Women ... Vol. I, (London, Printed for James Orme, September 1696), "Epistle Dedicatory." Emphasis in original.
49. Eleventh Black List, ... of Eight Hundred and Thirty Lewd and Scandalous Persons, who ... have been legally Prosecuted ... (1706). Ninety-one of the 92 men were listed as "disorderly persons," and the remaining man was charged with keeping a disorderly house. Aside from these designations, the others were "whore" and "bawdy house-keeper (for which no men were listed), and "pick-pocket" (for which no one at all was listed).
50. Bristow, 23.
51. A defendant's occupation was only listed when he was one of the sureties; even then, sometimes no occupation was listed. This did not necessarily mean that the defendant was poor.
52. MJ/SR2250 R102, 30 June 1715.
53. MJ/SR2310 R8, 20 June 1718.
54. Ibid. The next section will deal with violent resistance to arrest in more detail.
55. MJ/SR2018 R49, 21 Aug. 1703.
56. MJ/SR2037 R40, 25 Sept. 1704.
57. MJ/SR2078 R unnumbered, 18 July 1706.
58. I b i d.
59. Dunton, Vol. II (January 1697), 22.
60. William Hawkins, Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown (1716; reprinted London, 1973), 61 and Richard Burn, Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, Vol. III, 28th edn. (London, 1837), 718, respectively. Emphasis in original. Burn also cited the 1663 case against Sir Charles Sedley for opening his breeches in Covent Garden, to reinforce the point that any "indecent exposure to public view is an indictable offence at common law."
61. William Hawkins, Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown (1716; reprinted London, 1973), 61 and Richard Burn, Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, Vol. III, 28th edn. (London, 1837), 718, respectively. Emphasis in original. Burn also cited the 1663 case against Sir Charles Sedley for opening his breeches in Covent Garden, to reinforce the point that any "indecent exposure to public view is an indictable offence at common law."
62. Michael Dalton, The Countrey Justice ... (London, printed by William Rawlins and Samuel Roycroft, 1697), Cap 124, 293, states that "Upon information given to a constable that a Man and a Woman be in adultery or fornication together (or that a Man and Woman of evil Report, are gone to a suspected House together in the night), the officer may take Company with him; and if he find them so, he may carry them to prison; or he may carry them before a Justice of Peace to find Sureties for the Good behaviour."
63. Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, 93. Trumbach takes this to indicate that "a man's whoremongering was less likely to become known," but, in light of his finding that eleven per cent of men were arrested in the street, and of the likelihood that their names would be published in a black list (regardless of where they were arrested), I would argue instead that this indicates the invasiveness of the societies' campaign. In addition, there is evidence that men recognized the humiliation of any arrest and tried to avoid detection, as we shall see in later paragraphs. If the societies were so careful to keep these men's indiscretions from public knowledge, it is unlikely that those arrested would have exhibited such resistance and attempts at subterfuge.
64. MJ/SR2275 R22, 5 July 1716. Anna Bryson recounts the probable embarrassment of exposed genitals to early modern men. Anna Bryson, From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1998), 97-98, 100-101.
65. MJ/SR2275 R22, 5 July 1716. Anna Bryson recounts the probable embarrassment of exposed genitals to early modern men. Anna Bryson, From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1998), 97-98, 100-101.
66. MJ/SR2118 R45, 13 July 1708 and MJ/SR2083 R22, 9 Dec. 1706 respectively.
67. MJ/SR2098 R141, 18 Sept. 1707.
68. MJ/SR2002 R23, 11 Nov. 1702.
69. Shoemaker, "Reforming the City," 107.
70. MJ/SR2123 R15, 16 Dec. 1708.
71. MJ/SR1860 R29, 12 July 1695.
72. MJ/SR1979 Calendar of Prisoners, 8 Jan. 1701/2.
73. I b i d.
74. MJ/SR2103 R120, 14 Dec. 1707.
75. MJ/SR2310 R153, 30 May 1718.
76. MJ/SR2353 R117, 26 Aug. 1720.
77. MJ/SR2334 R146 and R42, 22 Sept. 1719 respectively
78. MJ/SR2334 R36, 4 Sept. 1719.
79. In addition to the examples which follow, see also Hunt, 120. She ignores the societies' concern with male heterosexual promiscuity, focussing only on "arrests of prostitutes, especially street walkers ... [and] raids on 'molly houses', that is, public houses and taverns catering to men with homosexual tastes"(page 115). Thus, Hunt cannot see the significance of heterosexual men's violence against officers enforcing the societies' campaign.
80. Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, 94-5.
81. According to Bristow (page 24), the campaigns lacked an "element of equal justice for both sexes."
82. Ibid., 25.
83. Henderson, 89.
84. MJ/SR2211 R11, 25 Apr. 1713.
85. Bernard Mandeville, A Modest Defence of Public Stews (London, Printed by A. Moore, 1724), 62.
86. Report of the Royal Commission upon the Administration and Operation of the Contagious Diseases Act (London, 1871), quoted in Thomas, 198.
87. Judith Walkowitz discussed the impact of the Contagious Diseases Acts in Prostitution and Victorian Society; Women, Class and the State (Cambridge, 1980), 192-213. See Josephine Butler, "Men will have their Victims," in E. S. Reimber and J. C. Fout, eds, European women: A documentary history, 1789-1945 (New York, 1980), 222-229, for a reprint of Butler's feminist opposition to the Acts in 1871. The Contagious Diseases Acts were suspended in 1883.
88. Judith Walkowitz discussed the impact of the Contagious Diseases Acts in Prostitution and Victorian Society; Women, Class and the State (Cambridge, 1980), 192-213. See Josephine Butler, "Men will have their Victims," in E. S. Reimber and J. C. Fout, eds, European women: A documentary history, 1789-1945 (New York, 1980), 222-229, for a reprint of Butler's feminist opposition to the Acts in 1871. The Contagious Diseases Acts were suspended in 1883.
89. See, for example, Ruth Perry, "Colonizing the Breast: Sexuality and Maternity in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of the History of Sexuality 2, no. 2 (1991): 204-234; Randolf Trumbach, "Sex Gender and Sexual Identity," 186-203; and Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London, (Chicago, 1992), 7.
90. See, for example, Ruth Perry, "Colonizing the Breast: Sexuality and Maternity in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of the History of Sexuality 2, no. 2 (1991): 204-234; Randolf Trumbach, "Sex Gender and Sexual Identity," 186-203; and Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London, (Chicago, 1992), 7.
91. See, for example, Ruth Perry, "Colonizing the Breast: Sexuality and Maternity in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of the History of Sexuality 2, no. 2 (1991): 204-234; Randolf Trumbach, "Sex Gender and Sexual Identity," 186-203; and Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London, (Chicago, 1992), 7.
92. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight, 126.
93. The Spectator, no. 203, 23 Oct. 1711, reprinted in Angus Ross, ed. Selections from The Tatler and The Spectator (London, 1982), 273.
94. Dunton, Vol. I, (September 1696), "Epistle Dedicatory." See also Vol. II, (March 1697), page 98, where Dunton asked a young man caught in a liaison with a prostitute whether "he believe[d] his own wife ... to be virtuous?" To which he responded affirmatively, and Dunton told him "you ought to be so too, or ... allow her the same Practice you have done."
95. Dunton, Vol. I, (September 1696), "Epistle Dedicatory." See also Vol. II, (March 1697), page 98, where Dunton asked a young man caught in a liaison with a prostitute whether "he believe[d] his own wife ... to be virtuous?" To which he responded affirmatively, and Dunton told him "you ought to be so too, or ... allow her the same Practice you have done."
96. The Tatler, no. 58, 23 Aug. 1709, reprinted in Donald F. Bond, ed., The Tatler, Vol. I (Oxford, 1987), 401.
97. The Tatler, no. 58, 23 Aug. 1709, reprinted in Donald F. Bond, ed., The Tatler, Vol. I (Oxford, 1987), 401.
98. The Spectator, no. 182, 28 Sept. 1711, reprinted in Angus Ross, ed., Selections from the Tatler and the Spectator (London, 1982), 265.
99. The Spectator, no. 182, 28 Sept. 1711, reprinted in Angus Ross, ed., Selections from the Tatler and the Spectator (London, 1982), 265.
100. I b i d.
101. Hunt, 107-8.
102. The Gentleman's Library ... Written by a Gentleman (2nd edn., 1722), 125.
103. Dunton, Vol. II, (January 1697), 23.
104. Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, 103.
105. Dudley Ryder, quoted in ibid.
106. Dunton, Vol. II, (February 1697), "Epistle Dedicatory."
107. Edmund Bohun, The Justice of Peace his Calling and Qualifications (London: Printed for T. Salusbury, 1693), 46-7.
108. I b i d.
109. Gregg, especially page 21, underscores this element in the societies' literature.
110. See, for example, The Prentices Answer to the Whores' Petition (London, 1668), which described the whores as standing "at your doors ... Poxed and Painted/Perfum'd with Powder ... /You with your becks and damn'd alluring looks/Are unto men just like to tenter hooks." See also The Crafty Whore: or ... they ensnare and beguile youth ... (1658), and Peter Aretine, Strange News from Bartholomew-Fair, or, the Wandring Whore Discovered ... (London, 1661), where four whores discuss how they rob their customers.
111. See, for example, The Prentices Answer to the Whores' Petition (London, 1668), which described the whores as standing "at your doors ... Poxed and Painted/Perfum'd with Powder ... /You with your becks and damn'd alluring looks/Are unto men just like to tenter hooks." See also The Crafty Whore: or ... they ensnare and beguile youth ... (1658), and Peter Aretine, Strange News from Bartholomew-Fair, or, the Wandring Whore Discovered ... (London, 1661), where four whores discuss how they rob their customers.
112. See, for example, The Prentices Answer to the Whores' Petition (London, 1668), which described the whores as standing "at your doors ... Poxed and Painted/Perfum'd with Powder ... /You with your becks and damn'd alluring looks/Are unto men just like to tenter hooks." See also The Crafty Whore: or ... they ensnare and beguile youth ... (1658), and Peter Aretine, Strange News from Bartholomew-Fair, or, the Wandring Whore Discovered ... (London, 1661), where four whores discuss how they rob their customers.
113. An Auction of Whores ... Worth the reading of all Single Men and Batchelours (London, Printed for N. H., 1691), warned men that harlots would "put one hand in your Cod-piece, and another in your Watch-pocket." Similarly, The Devil and the Strumpet ... (London, Printed for E.B. near Ludgate, 1700), 7, presented "filthy and lustful Prostitutes" as serving the devil, and The Lady's Ramble: or, the Female Nithtwalker (London, 1720), 4, had a whore's customer lament, that "we are still so Confoundedly Blind;/As not avoid your Delusions and Charme,/This brings still upon us such damnable pains:/Such Troubles and Plagues." John Dunton's January 1697 (Vol. II) issue of the Nightwalker, 22, said that a man who conducts business with "Nasty Trulls ... is in danger of having his Pockets pick'd and being Pox'd into the Bargain." See also the "Epistle Dedicatory" in the February 1697 issue.
114. An Auction of Whores ... Worth the reading of all Single Men and Batchelours (London, Printed for N. H., 1691), warned men that harlots would "put one hand in your Cod-piece, and another in your Watch-pocket." Similarly, The Devil and the Strumpet ... (London, Printed for E.B. near Ludgate, 1700), 7, presented "filthy and lustful Prostitutes" as serving the devil, and The Lady's Ramble: or, the Female Nithtwalker (London, 1720), 4, had a whore's customer lament, that "we are still so Confoundedly Blind;/As not avoid your Delusions and Charme,/This brings still upon us such damnable pains:/Such Troubles and Plagues." John Dunton's January 1697 (Vol. II) issue of the Nightwalker, 22, said that a man who conducts business with "Nasty Trulls ... is in danger of having his Pockets pick'd and being Pox'd into the Bargain." See also the "Epistle Dedicatory" in the February 1697 issue.
115. An Auction of Whores ... Worth the reading of all Single Men and Batchelours (London, Printed for N. H., 1691), warned men that harlots would "put one hand in your Cod-piece, and another in your Watch-pocket." Similarly, The Devil and the Strumpet ... (London, Printed for E.B. near Ludgate, 1700), 7, presented "filthy and lustful Prostitutes" as serving the devil, and The Lady's Ramble: or, the Female Nithtwalker (London, 1720), 4, had a whore's customer lament, that "we are still so Confoundedly Blind;/As not avoid your Delusions and Charme,/This brings still upon us such damnable pains:/Such Troubles and Plagues." John Dunton's January 1697 (Vol. II) issue of the Nightwalker, 22, said that a man who conducts business with "Nasty Trulls ... is in danger of having his Pockets pick'd and being Pox'd into the Bargain." See also the "Epistle Dedicatory" in the February 1697 issue.
116. An Auction of Whores ... Worth the reading of all Single Men and Batchelours (London, Printed for N. H., 1691), warned men that harlots would "put one hand in your Cod-piece, and another in your Watch-pocket." Similarly, The Devil and the Strumpet ... (London, Printed for E.B. near Ludgate, 1700), 7, presented "filthy and lustful Prostitutes" as serving the devil, and The Lady's Ramble: or, the Female Nithtwalker (London, 1720), 4, had a whore's customer lament, that "we are still so Confoundedly Blind;/As not avoid your Delusions and Charme,/This brings still upon us such damnable pains:/Such Troubles and Plagues." John Dunton's January 1697 (Vol. II) issue of the Nightwalker, 22, said that a man who conducts business with "Nasty Trulls ... is in danger of having his Pockets pick'd and being Pox'd into the Bargain." See also the "Epistle Dedicatory" in the February 1697 issue.
117. An Auction of Whores ... Worth the reading of all Single Men and Batchelours (London, Printed for N. H., 1691), warned men that harlots would "put one hand in your Cod-piece, and another in your Watch-pocket." Similarly, The Devil and the Strumpet ... (London, Printed for E.B. near Ludgate, 1700), 7, presented "filthy and lustful Prostitutes" as serving the devil, and The Lady's Ramble: or, the Female Nithtwalker (London, 1720), 4, had a whore's customer lament, that "we are still so Confoundedly Blind;/As not avoid your Delusions and Charme,/This brings still upon us such damnable pains:/Such Troubles and Plagues." John Dunton's January 1697 (Vol. II) issue of the Nightwalker, 22, said that a man who conducts business with "Nasty Trulls ... is in danger of having his Pockets pick'd and being Pox'd into the Bargain." See also the "Epistle Dedicatory" in the February 1697 issue.
118. 24 May 1699, quoted in Bristow, 27.
119. J. Woodward, A rebuke to the sin of uncleanliness. By a Minister of the Church of England (London, 1740), 17.
120. The Fifteenth Account of the Progress made towards suppressing profaneness and debauch-ery, (London, 1710), quoted in Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, 93.
121. The Fifteenth Account of the Progress made towards suppressing profaneness and debauch-ery, (London, 1710), quoted in Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, 93.
122. MJ/SR1979 Calendar of Prisoners, 8 Jan 1701/2.
123. MJ/SR2280R173, 10 Nov. 1716. See also MJ/SR1883R73, 30Dec. 1696; MJ/SR1754 R37, 21 Feb. 1689/90; MJ/SR2230 R16, 30 Apr. 1714; and MJ/SR2310 R4, 6 May 1718.
124. This complicity also precludes these men from being classed as libertine rakes, who were proud to flout authority. Anna Bryson has defined libertines as representing "anticivility," with behaviour "purely ... directed towards shocking an external audience and impressing the protagonists with their own freedom from convention" (page 255).
125. Dunton, Vol. I, (November 1696), 23. Emphasis in original.
126. Ibid. My emphasis.
127. Bristow, 25 and Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, His Life, Art and Times, Vol. I (New Haven, 1971), 248, respectively.
128. Bristow, 25 and Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, His Life, Art and Times, Vol. I (New Haven, 1971), 248, respectively.
129. Old Bailey Proceedings, 18-19 Apr. 1683 (London, printed for George Croom), 2.
130. Ibid., (London, printed for Langly Curtis), 3.
131. MJ/SR2300 R198, 10 Dec. 1717.
132. MJ/SR2018 R41, 11 Aug. 1703.
133. Hitchcock, 102.
134. Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, 113-114.
135. See, for example, ibid., 426, and Henderson, 89.
136. See, for example, ibid., 426, and Henderson, 89.