Individual differences in emotional complexity: Their psychological implications

Journal of Personality

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 687-726

  Kang, Sun Mee ^a,b   Shaver, Phillip R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; EGO; EMOTION; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMETRY; SELF CONCEPT; STATISTICS; STUDENT;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AWARENESS; EGO; EMOTIONS; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PSYCHOMETRICS; SELF CONCEPT; STUDENTS;

EID: 3142701244     PISSN: 00223506     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00277.x     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-32.
2. Ben-Artzi, E., & Mikulincer, M. (1995). Lay theories of emotion: 3. The intraindividual structure of emotions. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 15, 321-336.
3. Buck, R. (1984). The communication of emotion. New York: Guilford Press.
4. Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 644-655.
5. Cattell, R. B. (1952). P-technique factorization and the determination of individual dynamic structure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8, 5-10.
6. Cattell, R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54, 1-22.
7. Clore, G. L., Ortony, A., & Foss, M. A. (1987). The psychological foundation of the affective lexicon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 751-766.
8. Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1989). The NEO-PI/FFI manual supplement. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
9. Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological test. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281-302.
10. Davis, M. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
11. Darwin, C. (1872/1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. De Rivera, J. (1984). Development and the full range of emotional experience. In C. Z. Malatesta & C. E. Izard (Eds.), Emotion in adult development (pp. 45-64). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
13. Derogatis, L. R. (1989). Description and bibliography for the SCL-90-R and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series. Riderwood, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research, Inc.
14. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial cues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
15. Feldman, L. A. (1995). Valence focus and arousal focus: Individual differences in the structure of affective experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 153-166.
16. Feldman Barrett, L. (1998). Discrete emotions or dimensions?: The role of valence focus and arousal focus. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 579-599.
17. Feldman Barrett, L., Gross, J., Chirstensen, T. C., & Benvenuto, M. (2001). Knowing what you're feeling and know what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 713-724.
18. Feldman Barrett, L., Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Schmartz, G. E. (2000). Sex differences in emotional awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1027-1035.
19. Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967-984.
20. Fenigstein, A. (1997). Self-consciousness and its relation to psychological mindedness. In M. McCallum & W. E. Piper (Eds.), Psychological mindedness: A contemporary understanding (pp. 105-131). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate, Inc.
21. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 522-527.
22. Foster, P. S., Webster, D. G., & Smith, E. W. L. (1997). The psychophysiological differentiation of emotional memories. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 17, 111-122.
23. Freedman, M. B., & Sweet, B. S. (1954). Some specific features of group psychotherapy and their implications for selection of patients. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 4, 355-368.
24. Funder, D. C., & Debroth, K. M. (1987). Differences between traits: Properties associated with interjudge agreement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 409-418.
25. Helson, R., & Wink, P. (1987). Two conceptions of maturity examined in the findings of a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 531-541.
26. Hy, L. X., & Loevinger, J. (1996). Measuring ego development (2nd ed). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
28. John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1993). Determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits: The Big Five domains, observability, evaluativeness, and the unique perspective of the self. Journal of Personality, 61, 521-551.
29. John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 102-138). New York: Gilford.
30. King, L. A., & Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 864-877.
31. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. (Eds.). (1994). Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
32. Lane, R. D. (2000). Levels of emotional awareness: Neurobiological, psychological, and social perspectives. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 363-388). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.
33. Lane, R. D., Quinlan, D. M., Schwartz, G. E., Walker, P. A., & Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale: A cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 124-134.
34. Lane, R. D., & Schwartz, G. E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 133-143.
35. Lane, R. D., & Schwartz, G. E. (1992). Levels of emotional awareness: Implications for psychotherapeutic integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 2, 1-18.
36. Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Riedel, R. (1998). Sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 377-385.
37. Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., Reidel, R., Weldon, V., Kaszniak, A., & Schwartz, G. E. (1996). Impaired verbal and nonverbal emotion recognition in alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 203-210.
38. Larsen, R. J. (1987). The stability of mood variability: A spectral analytic approach to daily mood assessment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1195-1204.
39. Larsen, R. J., & Cutler, S. E. (1996). The complexity of individual emotional lives: A within-subject analysis of affect structure. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 206-230.
40. Larsen, R. J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1986). Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events. Journal of Personalit y and Social Psychology, 51, 803-814.
41. Levenson, R. W. (1992). Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science, 3, 23-27.
42. Lennox, R. D., & Wolfe, R. N. (1984). Revision of the Self-Monitoring Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1349-1364.
43. Lewis, M. (1993). The emergence of human emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotion (pp. 223-236). New York: Guilford Press.
44. Linden, W., Wen, F., & Paulhus, D. (1995). Measuring alexithymia: Reliability, validity, and prevalence. In J. N. Butcher & D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 10, pp. 51-95). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
45. Lopez, F. G., Gover, M. R., Leskela, J., Sauer, E. M., Schirmer, L., & Wyssmann, J. W. (1997). Attachment styles, shame, guilt, and collaborative problem-solving orientation. Personal Relationships, 4, 187-199.
46. Lumley, M. A., Stetter, L., & Wehmer, F. (1996). How are alexithymia and physical illness linked? A review and critique of pathways. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 505-518.
47. Malatesta, C. Z., & Izard, C. E. (1984). Emotion in adult development. Sage: Beverly Hills, CA.
48. Marlowe, D., & Crowne, D. D. (1964). The approval motive: Studies in evaluative dependence. New York: Wiley.
49. Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267-298.
50. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-34). New York: Basic Books.
51. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Conceptions and correlates of openness to experience. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of Personality (pp. 825-847). San Diego: Academic Press.
52. Nemiah, J. C., & Sifneos, P. E. (1970). Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorder. In O. W. Hill (Ed.), Modern trends in psychosomatic medicine (Vol. 2, pp. 26-35). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
53. Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 598-609.
54. Paulhus, D. L., & Martin, C. L. (1987). The structure of personality capabilities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 354-365.
55. Paulhus, D. L., & Martin, C. L. (1988). Functional flexibility: A new conception of interpersonal flexibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 88-101.
56. Peevers, H. G., & Secord, F. P. (1973). Developmental changes in attribution of descriptive concepts to persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 120-129.
57. Piaget, J. (1962). The stages of the intellectual development of the child. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 26, 120-128.
58. Planalp, S. (1999). Communicating emotion: Social, moral, and cultural processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. Russell, J. A. (1995). Facial expressions of emotion: What lies beyond minimal universality? Psychological Bulletin, 118, 379-391.
60. Saarni, C. (1997). Emotional competence and self-regulation in childhood. In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 35-66). New York: Basic Books.
61. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
62. Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 125-154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
63. Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061-1086.
64. Sifneos, P. E. (1973). The prevalence of alexithymic characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 255-262.
65. Sommers, S. (1981). Emotionality reconsidered: The role of cognition in emotional responsiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 553-561.
66. Sommers, S., & Scioli, A. (1986). Emotional range and value orientation: Toward a cognitive view of emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 417-422.
67. Stemmler, G. (1992). The vagueness of specificity: Models of peripheral physiological emotion specificity in emotion theories and their experimental discriminability. Journal of Psychophysiology, 6, 17-28.
68. Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (1991). The alexithymia construct: A potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine. Psychosomatics, 32, 153-164.
69. Tobacyk, J. (1981). Personality differentiation, effectiveness of personality integration, and mood in female college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 348-356.
70. Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
71. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of a brief measure of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
72. Werner, H. (1940). The comparative psychology of mental development. New York: Harper & Row.
73. Wessman, A., & Ricks, D. (1966). Mood and personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
74. White, M. S. (1985). Ego development in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 53, 561-574.
75. Witkin, H. A., Goodenough, D. R., & Oilman, P. K. (1979). Psychological differentiation: Current status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1127-1145.
76. Zevon, M. A., & Tellegen, A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An ideographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111-122.
77. Zhiyan, T., & Singer, J. L. (1997). Daydreaming styles, emotionality, and the Big Five personality dimensions. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 16, 399-414.