From crisis to catharsis: ESDP after Iraq

International Affairs

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2004, Pages

  Menon, Anand ^a,b  

^a Department of European Politics ^*  (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3142697982     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2004.00408.x     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Financial Times, 15 April 2003
2. For a detailed analysis of European perspectives on transatlantic relations immediately before and during the Iraq crisis, see A. Menon and J. Lipkin, 'European attitudes towards transatlantic relations 2002-3: an analytical survey', paper prepared for the informal meeting of EU foreign ministers, Rhodes and Kastellorizo, 2-4 May 2003, available at: http://www.notre-europe.asso.fr/.
3. Michael Cox, 'Commentary: Martians and Venusians in the new world order', International Affairs 79: 3, 2003, p. 527.
4. Pew Research Center, 'Bush unpopular in Europe, seen as unilateralist', 15 Aug. 2001.
5. An opinion poll carried out for Le Nouvel Observateur on 2-3 Nov. 2001 showed 65 per cent of those questioned in France expressing a favourable attitude towards the United States. This had risen from around 35-40 per cent in 1996-2000.
6. A poll conducted by Gallup on 14-15 Sept. 2001 showed that 73 per cent of those questioned in France favoured participation with the United States in military action against terrorists. With the exception of the United Kingdom (79 per cent), this was the highest level of support among the larger EU states.
7. The Gallup poll of 14-15 Sept. showed that only 29 per cent of those questioned in France favoured attacking 'the country or countries where the terrorists are based'. Moreover, the figure was only 21 per cent in Italy, 17 per cent in Germany, 12 per cent in Spain and, perhaps surprisingly, 18 per cent in the United Kingdom.
8. Not that European support for any attack was unequivocal even immediately after the September 11 attacks. The Dutch government repeatedly insisted - even during the North Atlantic Council meeting of 2 Oct. 2002 - that the United States should provide sufficient evidence against Bin Laden and his network. See Monica Den Boer and Joerg Monar, '11 Sept. and the challenge of global terrorism to the EU as a security actor', Journal of Common Market Studies, Annual Review of the European Union 2001/2, 2002, p. 13.
9. For more on the French contribution, see Jeremy Shapiro, The role of France in the war on terrorism, (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, May 2002).
10. In an interview on the France Inter radio station on 6 Feb. 2002, Védrine commented: 'We're threatened by a new simplistic approach, which is reducing all the world's problems to the fight against terrorism.'
11. E. Pond, Friendly fire: the near death of the transatlantic alliance (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 2003), p x.
12. See for example, Philip Stephens's article, 'Europe discovers a single voice', Financial Times, 5 Oct. 2001.
13. The committee of ambassadors which is responsible for the day-to-day management of ESDP. The French acronym COPS is generally used, being easier to pronounce than PSC.
14. Jolyon Howorth, Saint Malo plus five: an interim assessment of ESDP (Paris: Notre Europe policy papers no. 7 2003).
15. The document is reproduced in Jean-Yves Haine, ed., From Laeken to Copenhagen. European defence: core documents, Chaillot Papers no. 57 (Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, 2003), pp. 178-80.
16. Jolyon Howorth, 'France, Britain and the Euro-Atlantic crisis', Survival 45: 4, Winter 2003-4, p.178.
17. Interview, London, March 2004.
18. Interview published in the French newspaper Libération, 21 March 2003.
19. Jolyon Howorth, European defence and integration: the ultimate challenge?, Chaillot Papers no. 43 (Paris: WEU Institute for Security Studies, 2000), p. 55.
20. Ibid., p. 60.
21. BBC News Online, 28 March 2003.
22. Daily Telegraph, 20 Nov. 2002.
23. Howorth, European defence and integration, p. 77. The Helsinki 'headline goal' was agreed to at the Helsinki European Council meeting of 10-11 Dec. 1999.
24. The Economist, 10 Nov. 2001.
25. Interviews, Brussels and London, January 2002.
26. Dominique de Villepin, 'Law, force and justice', speech delivered at the Intentional Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 27 March 2003.
27. Interview in Financial Times, 28 April 2003.
28. The Times, 30 Jan. 2003. The signatories were: Tony Blair (UK); Jose-Maria Aznar (Spain); Jose Manuel Durao Barroso (Portugal); Silvio Berlusconi (Italy); Vaclav Havel (Czech Republic); Peter Medgyessy (Hungary); Leszek Miller (Poland); and Anders Fogh Rasmussen (Denmark).
29. See Menon and Lipkin, 'European attitudes towards transatlantic relations', pp. 18-19.
30. See the explanation given in that newspaper on 3 Feb. 2003.
31. See his briefing at the Foreign Press Centre on 22 Jan. 2002, at http://www.dod.mil/transcripts/2003/t01232003_t0122sdfpc.html.
32. Financial Times, 15 April 2003.
33. I b i d.
34. 'Last Monday we were getting somewhere with the [second resolution]. We very nearly had majority agreement...Then, on Monday night, France said it would veto a second resolution whatever the circumstances...Not just opposed. Vetoed. Blocked. The tragedy is that had such a Resolution issued, he might just have complied.' Prime Minister's statement opening the Iraq debate, available at http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page3294.asp.
35. Financial Times, 29 April 2003; Guardian, 30 April 2003; Le Monde, 30 April 2003.
36. Financial Times, 29 April 2003; Guardian, 30 April 2003; Le Monde, 30 April 2003.
37. Financial Times, 29 April 2003; Guardian, 30 April 2003; Le Monde, 30 April 2003.
38. Le Monde, 3 Sept. 2003.
39. The Times, 25 Aug. 2003. The MoD paper was entitled 'ESDP: 29 Aug. meeting: food for thought'.
40. Howorth, Saint-Malo plus five, p. 18.
41. Financial Times, 13 March 2003.
42. Financial Times, 3 Feb. 2003.
43. Stanley Hoffmann, 'The crisis in transatlantic relations', in Gustav Lindstrom, ed., Shift or rift: assessing US-EU relations after Iraq (Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, 2003), p. 19.
44. Daily Telegraph, 31 July 2003.
45. The Times, 9 Sept. 2003.
46. Interviews, London and Brussels, Dec. 2003, Jan. 2004, March 2004.
47. Altogether 27 countries were involved in the mission, their soldiers wearing national uniforms with insignia bearing the letters 'EUfor' and badges in the European colours - blue with gold stars - on the right shoulder.
48. Christian Science Monitor, 9 Sept. 2003.
49. BBC News Online, 12 June 2003.
50. Financial Times, 22 Sept. 2003; EUObserver, 16 Oct. 2003.
51. Guardian, 13 June 2003; EUObserver, 13 June 2003.
52. Financial Times, 22 Sept. 2003; EUObserver, 16 Oct. 2003.
53. Financial Times, 22 Sept. 2003; EUObserver, 16 Oct. 2003.
54. International Herald Tribune, 17 Oct. 2003.
55. Financial Times, 13 Nov. 2003.
56. Financial Times, 12, 13 Nov. 2003; Guardian, 25 Nov. 2003.
57. Financial Times, 12, 13 Nov. 2003; Guardian, 25 Nov. 2003.
58. Financial Times, 26, 28 Nov. 2003.
59. International Herald Tribune, 29 Nov. 2003. One EU official remarked caustically to the author that London was embarrassed by not being able to 'seek permission' from Washington before details of the deal were leaked. Interview, Brussels, Dec. 2003.
60. Independent, 12 Dec. 2003; Financial Times, 12 Dec. 2003.
61. Independent, 12 Dec. 2003; Financial Times, 12 Dec. 2003.
62. Interviews, London, March 2004; International Herald Tribune, 23 Dec. 2003; Financial Times 12 Dec. 2003.
63. Interviews, London, March 2004; International Herald Tribune, 23 Dec. 2003; Financial Times 12 Dec. 2003.
64. Interviews, London, March 2004; International Herald Tribune, 23 Dec. 2003; Financial Times 12 Dec. 2003.
65. Financial Times, 11 Dec. 2003.
66. British officials speak of 20 states: interviews, London, Dec. 2003, March 2004.
67. Financial Times, 4 Dec. 2003; A secure Europe in a better world: European security strategy, document proposed by Javier Solana and adopted by the heads of state and government at the European Council in Brussels on 12 Dec. 2003 (Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, Dec. 2003).
68. Financial Times, 4 Dec. 2003; A secure Europe in a better world: European security strategy, document proposed by Javier Solana and adopted by the heads of state and government at the European Council in Brussels on 12 Dec. 2003 (Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, Dec. 2003).
69. Guardian, 25 Nov. 2003.
70. Financial Times, 9 Feb. 2004.
71. Financial Times, 10 Feb. 2004.
72. Financial Times, 9 Feb. 2004.
73. EU Observer, 3 June 2002.
74. EU Observer, 12 Nov. 2003, 8, 9 Dec. 2003.
75. Financial Times, 13 April 2003; EUObserver, 15 April 2003.
76. Financial Times, 13 April 2003; EUObserver, 15 April 2003.
77. Financial Times, 15 June 2003; International Herald Tribune, 17 June 2003.
78. Financial Times, 15 June 2003; International Herald Tribune, 17 June 2003.
79. Nicole Gnesotto, 'EU, US: visions of the world, visions of the other', in Lindstrom, ed., Shift or rift, p. 21.
80. A secure Europe in a better world.
81. Brian Crowe, 'A common European foreign policy after Iraq?', International Affairs 79: 3, 2003, p. 540.
82. Anand Menon, 'Playing with fire: the EU's defence policy', Politique Européenne 8, Autumn 2002, pp. 32-45; 'Why ESDP is misguided and dangerous for the alliance', in J. Howorth and J. Keeler (eds) Defending Europe: the EU, NATO and the quest for European autonomy (New York: Palgrave, 2003), pp. 203-17.
83. Anand Menon, 'Playing with fire: the EU's defence policy', Politique Européenne 8, Autumn 2002, pp. 32-45; 'Why ESDP is misguided and dangerous for the alliance', in J. Howorth and J. Keeler (eds) Defending Europe: the EU, NATO and the quest for European autonomy (New York: Palgrave, 2003), pp. 203-17.
84. Le Monde, 17 April 2003.
85. Financial Times, 29 Jan. 2004.
86. Financial Times, 4 Dec. 2003.
87. Financial Times, 26 Nov. 2003.
88. Interviews, Brussels, Feb. 2004.
89. Interviews, Brussels, Dec. 2003.