National insecurities: Humiliation, salvation, and Chinese nationalism

Alternatives

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 199-218

  Callahan, William A ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3142692538     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437540402900204     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. See, for example, Robert E. Harkavy, "Defeat, National Humiliation, and the Revenge Motif in International Politics," International Politics 37 (2000): 345-368, and Edward Weisband, "Discursive Multilateralism: Global Benchmarks, Shame, and Learning in the ILO Labor Standards Monitoring Regime," International Studies Quarterly 44 (2000): 643-666.
2. See, for example, Robert E. Harkavy, "Defeat, National Humiliation, and the Revenge Motif in International Politics," International Politics 37 (2000): 345-368, and Edward Weisband, "Discursive Multilateralism: Global Benchmarks, Shame, and Learning in the ILO Labor Standards Monitoring Regime," International Studies Quarterly 44 (2000): 643-666.
3. Elazar Barkan, The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical Injustices (New York: Norton, 2000).
4. Marie Thorsten, "Shame to Vengeance: The Grand Cliché of the Japanese Superstate." See this issue of Alternatives.
5. See Gerard Toal [Gearóid Ó Tuathail], "Bosnia and American Shame," paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference, Chicago, February 2001.
6. As the Atlas points out in its foreword, this ambiguous grammar is much the same in Chinese: Jindai Zhongguo bainian guochi dituji (Atlas of the century of national humiliation in modern China) (Beijing: People's Press, 1997), p. 2.
7. See Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson, and Raymond Duval, eds., Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities and the Production of Danger (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
8. Zhongguo geming bowuguan [Revolutionary History Museum of China], ed., Zhongguo: Cong quru zouxiang huihuang [China: From humiliation to glory], 1840-1997, vol. 1 (Beijing: Chinese National Photography Press, 1997);Guo Qifu, ed., Wuwang guochi: Zaichuang huihaung [Never forget national humiliation: Recreating the glory] (Wuhan University Press, 1996).
9. Zhongguo geming bowuguan [Revolutionary History Museum of China], ed., Zhongguo: Cong quru zouxiang huihuang [China: From humiliation to glory], 1840-1997, vol. 1 (Beijing: Chinese National Photography Press, 1997);Guo Qifu, ed., Wuwang guochi: Zaichuang huihaung [Never forget national humiliation: Recreating the glory] (Wuhan University Press, 1996).
10. Robert Kagan and William Kristol, "A National Humiliation," Weekly Standard 6, no. 30 (2001), web edition. For an analysis of the politics of apology in this context, see Peter Hays Gries and Kaiping Peng, "Culture Clash? Apologies East and West," Journal of Contemporary China 11: 30 (2002): 173-178.
11. Robert Kagan and William Kristol, "A National Humiliation," Weekly Standard 6, no. 30 (2001), web edition. For an analysis of the politics of apology in this context, see Peter Hays Gries and Kaiping Peng, "Culture Clash? Apologies East and West," Journal of Contemporary China 11: 30 (2002): 173-178.
12. Gerrit W. Gong, "The Beginning of History: Remembering and Forgetting as Strategic Issues," Washington Quarterly (Spring 2001): 45-57; Lili Cole, "History and the Politics of Reconciliation," Carnegie Council project (2001): www.carnegiecouncil.org/themes/histrecintro.
13. Gerrit W. Gong, "The Beginning of History: Remembering and Forgetting as Strategic Issues," Washington Quarterly (Spring 2001): 45-57; Lili Cole, "History and the Politics of Reconciliation," Carnegie Council project (2001): www.carnegiecouncil.org/themes/histrecintro.
14. Ian Buruma, "The Joys and Perils of Victimhood," New York Review of Books, April 8, 1999, pp. 4-9; Neil Renwick and Qing Cao, "China's Political Discourse towards the 21st Century: Victimhood, Identity, and Political Power," East Asia (1999): 111-143.
15. Ian Buruma, "The Joys and Perils of Victimhood," New York Review of Books, April 8, 1999, pp. 4-9; Neil Renwick and Qing Cao, "China's Political Discourse towards the 21st Century: Victimhood, Identity, and Political Power," East Asia (1999): 111-143.
16. Mao Zedong, Selected Works of Mao Zedong, vol. 5 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1977), p. 17.
17. David Campbell, National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in Bosnia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), p. 67.
18. Harkavy, note 1, 2000.
19. Campbell, note 12, p. 195.
20. William Shakespeare, Richard II, act 2, scene 1, lines 40-66.
21. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, rev. ed. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), pp. 68-70.
22. Paul A. Cohen, "Remembering and Forgetting: National Humiliation in Twentieth-Century China," Twentieth-Century China 27, no. 2 (2002): 1-39; Luo Zhitian, "National Humiliation and National Assertion: the Chinese Response to the Twenty-one Demands," Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 2 (1993): 297-319; Lucian W. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics, new ed. (London: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 67-84.
23. Paul A. Cohen, "Remembering and Forgetting: National Humiliation in Twentieth-Century China," Twentieth-Century China 27, no. 2 (2002): 1-39; Luo Zhitian, "National Humiliation and National Assertion: the Chinese Response to the Twenty-one Demands," Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 2 (1993): 297-319; Lucian W. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics, new ed. (London: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 67-84.
24. Paul A. Cohen, "Remembering and Forgetting: National Humiliation in Twentieth-Century China," Twentieth-Century China 27, no. 2 (2002): 1-39; Luo Zhitian, "National Humiliation and National Assertion: the Chinese Response to the Twenty-one Demands," Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 2 (1993): 297-319; Lucian W. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics, new ed. (London: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 67-84.
25. Guo Qifu, note 7, p. 1.
26. See He Yu, Bainian guochi jiyao (A summary of the century of national humiliation) (Beijing: Beijing Yanshan Press, 1997).
27. Guo, note 7, p. 126.
28. Zhou Shan and Zhang Chunbo, eds., Guochi lu: Tushuo Zhonghua bainian [A record of national humiliation: Pictures and stories of China's century] (Lanzhou: Gansu Youth Press, 1997).
29. Paul A. Cohen, History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 14.
30. Jiang Zemin, "Report to the 15th Party Conference," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (September 15, 1997), web version.
31. Michael Yahuda, "Hong Kong: A New Beginning for China?" in Hong Kong's Transitions, 1842-1997, Judith M. Brown and Rosemary Foot, eds. (London: Macmillan, 1997), 209; Gong, note 9, p. 47; Orville Schell, "Prisoner of Its Past," Salon, June 8, 1999: www.Salon.com.
32. Michael Yahuda, "Hong Kong: A New Beginning for China?" in Hong Kong's Transitions, 1842-1997, Judith M. Brown and Rosemary Foot, eds. (London: Macmillan, 1997), 209; Gong, note 9, p. 47; Orville Schell, "Prisoner of Its Past," Salon, June 8, 1999: www.Salon.com.
33. Michael Yahuda, "Hong Kong: A New Beginning for China?" in Hong Kong's Transitions, 1842-1997, Judith M. Brown and Rosemary Foot, eds. (London: Macmillan, 1997), 209; Gong, note 9, p. 47; Orville Schell, "Prisoner of Its Past," Salon, June 8, 1999: www.Salon.com.
34. Lim Chang-Yuel, South Korean foreign minister, Newshour transcript (December 12, 1997), web version.
35. Jane Geaney, "Shame and Sensory Excess in Chinese Thought," paper presented at the Eighth East-West Philosophers' Conference, January 2000, Honolulu.
36. This modular notion of nationalism comes from Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991).
37. Irvine Welsh, Trainspotting (New York: Norton, 1996), p. 78.
38. Geremie Barmé, In the Red: On Contemporary Chinese Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 90.
39. See Yuanming yuan Ou'shi tingyuan [Yuan Ming Garden Palace's European-style buildings] (Beijing: Yuanming Garden Management Office Press, n.d. [c. 1998]), p. 103.
40. Wu Hung, "Ruins, Fragmentation, and the Chinese Modern/Postmodern, " in Gao Minglu, ed., Inside Out: New Chinese Art (San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 1998), p. 60.
41. Ibid., p. 61.
42. Hu Huiqiang, et al., Bainian fengyun shou yandi: Zhongguo geming bowuguan [A century of turbulence displayed before our eyes: The Museum of Chinese Revolutionary History] (Beijing: China Encyclopedia Press, 1998), p. 5.
43. Wu Hung, note 31, p. 61.
44. Ibid., p. 60.
45. Ibid., p. 62.
46. Chiang Kai-shek, China's Destiny (New York: Roy Publishers, 1947), pp. 44-75.
47. Liu Zhen, Guochi shigang (Outline history of national humiliation) (Taibei: Zhengzhong Press, 1974), p. 1.
48. Ibid., p. 180. Authors in the PRC now make similar arguments, demonstrating how deep anti-Russian feeling was after the Sino-Soviet split of 1960; see He Yu, note 19, p. 461.
49. Ibid., p. 180. Authors in the PRC now make similar arguments, demonstrating how deep anti-Russian feeling was after the Sino-Soviet split of 1960; see He Yu, note 19, p. 461.
50. Chiang Kai-shek, note 37, pp. 101-106; Liu Zhen, note 38, p. 212.
51. Chiang Kai-shek, note 37, pp. 101-106; Liu Zhen, note 38, p. 212.
52. Liu Zhen, note 38, p. 31.
53. These activities are documented in two publications published in 1915. The Guochi [National humiliation], vol. 1, no. 1 (Shanghai) was a magazine published in June 1915 to commemorate the Chinese government's bowing to the Twenty-one Demands. A book, similarly entitled Guochi, which gathers together newspaper reports and documents, was published later in 1915 (it was republished in 1973): Zhi Chi She [Sense of Shame Society], ed., Guochi (Taipei: Wenhai Press, 1973). Also see Luo Zhitian, note 17, pp. 31-12; and Cohen, note 17, pp. 4-17.
54. These activities are documented in two publications published in 1915. The Guochi [National humiliation], vol. 1, no. 1 (Shanghai) was a magazine published in June 1915 to commemorate the Chinese government's bowing to the Twenty-one Demands. A book, similarly entitled Guochi, which gathers together newspaper reports and documents, was published later in 1915 (it was republished in 1973): Zhi Chi She [Sense of Shame Society], ed., Guochi (Taipei: Wenhai Press, 1973). Also see Luo Zhitian, note 17, pp. 31-12; and Cohen, note 17, pp. 4-17.
55. These activities are documented in two publications published in 1915. The Guochi [National humiliation], vol. 1, no. 1 (Shanghai) was a magazine published in June 1915 to commemorate the Chinese government's bowing to the Twenty-one Demands. A book, similarly entitled Guochi, which gathers together newspaper reports and documents, was published later in 1915 (it was republished in 1973): Zhi Chi She [Sense of Shame Society], ed., Guochi (Taipei: Wenhai Press, 1973). Also see Luo Zhitian, note 17, pp. 31-12; and Cohen, note 17, pp. 4-17.
56. These activities are documented in two publications published in 1915. The Guochi [National humiliation], vol. 1, no. 1 (Shanghai) was a magazine published in June 1915 to commemorate the Chinese government's bowing to the Twenty-one Demands. A book, similarly entitled Guochi, which gathers together newspaper reports and documents, was published later in 1915 (it was republished in 1973): Zhi Chi She [Sense of Shame Society], ed., Guochi (Taipei: Wenhai Press, 1973). Also see Luo Zhitian, note 17, pp. 31-12; and Cohen, note 17, pp. 4-17.
57. Luo Zhitian, note 17, p. 310.
58. Ibid., pp. 310-12; Cohen, note 17, 26.
59. Ibid., pp. 310-12; Cohen, note 17, 26.
60. Renmin ribao, April 28, 2001: web version.
61. Jiang Gongsheng, Guochi shi [A history of national humiliation] (Shanghai: Xinhua Press, 1927), pp. 54-55, 45.
62. See Jindai Zhongguo, note 5, p. 49.
63. Fang Yan et al., Quanqiuhua yinxiang xiade zhongguo zhi lu [China's road under the shadow of globalization] (Beijing: Social Science Press, 1999).
64. Wu Chunguang, Taipingyangshangde jiaoli: Dangdai Zhongguo de haiyang zhanlue wenti [Pacific disputes: Contemporary China's maritime strategy] (Beijing: Today's China Press, 1998), back cover.
65. Feng Renzhao, "The Hongkongnese: Who Are the Hongkongnese?" Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 30: 3 (1998): 39. For a detailed discussion of national humiliation and Hong Kong, see William A. Callahan, Contested States: Greater China and International Relations (Miinneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), chapter 5.
66. Feng Renzhao, "The Hongkongnese: Who Are the Hongkongnese?" Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 30: 3 (1998): 39. For a detailed discussion of national humiliation and Hong Kong, see William A. Callahan, Contested States: Greater China and International Relations (Miinneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), chapter 5.
67. Interviews in China, August 2001.
68. See Barmé, note 29, pp. 89-95; and Cohen, note 17, pp. 218-219.
69. See Barmé, note 29, pp. 89-95; and Cohen, note 17, pp. 218-219.
70. Sport is commonly used to represent war, and vice versa. See Michael J. Shapiro, "Representing World Politics: The Sport/War Intertext," in International/Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics, James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro, eds. (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1989), pp. 69-96.
71. Wang Shuo, Please Don't Call Me Human, Howard Goldblatt, trans. (London: No Exit Press, 2000), p. 253. The novel was originally published in 1989.
72. Ibid., p. 278.
73. Ibid., p. 186.
74. Ibid., p. 182.
75. Wu Hung, note 31, p. 62.
76. China News Digest, April 2, 2001: www.cnd.org.
77. Wang Shuo, note 54, p. 11.
78. Akira Kurosawa, Rashomon (1950).