On the identity of NATO

International Affairs

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2004, Pages

  Sjursen, Helene ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3142683927     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2004.00411.x     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Mark Webber, Stuart Croft, Jolyon Howorth, Terry Terriff and Elke Krahmann, 'The governance of European security', Review of International Studies 30: 1, Jan. 2004.
2. Although these authors use slightly different wording to describe NATO they all point to the importance of democratic norms and/or Kant's idea of a 'pacific federation' for conceptualizing NATO. See Harvey Waterman; Dessie Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence: NATO and democracy', International Security 26: 3, Winter 2001, pp. 221-27, 227-30; John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the world polity (London: Routledge, 1998); Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies: the European influence on US foreign policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Sonia Lucarelli, Peace and democracy: the rediscovered link. The EU, NATO and the European system of liberal-democratic security systems, final report, NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Individual Research Fellowships, 2000-2002 programme; Frank Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement: a constructivist explanation', Security Studies 8: 2/3, 1999; Michael Brenner, ed., NATO and collective security (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998); Alexandra Gheciu, 'Security institutions as agents of socialization? NATO and post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe', paper presented at the ARENA/RSC IDNET workshop on 'Europeanization, collective identities and public discourses' 22-23 Feb. 2002, available at http://www.arena.uio.no/events/ idnet2002.htm.
3. Although these authors use slightly different wording to describe NATO they all point to the importance of democratic norms and/or Kant's idea of a 'pacific federation' for conceptualizing NATO. See Harvey Waterman; Dessie Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence: NATO and democracy', International Security 26: 3, Winter 2001, pp. 221-27, 227-30; John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the world polity (London: Routledge, 1998); Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies: the European influence on US foreign policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Sonia Lucarelli, Peace and democracy: the rediscovered link. The EU, NATO and the European system of liberal-democratic security systems, final report, NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Individual Research Fellowships, 2000-2002 programme; Frank Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement: a constructivist explanation', Security Studies 8: 2/3, 1999; Michael Brenner, ed., NATO and collective security (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998); Alexandra Gheciu, 'Security institutions as agents of socialization? NATO and post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe', paper presented at the ARENA/RSC IDNET workshop on 'Europeanization, collective identities and public discourses' 22-23 Feb. 2002, available at http://www.arena.uio.no/events/ idnet2002.htm.
4. Although these authors use slightly different wording to describe NATO they all point to the importance of democratic norms and/or Kant's idea of a 'pacific federation' for conceptualizing NATO. See Harvey Waterman; Dessie Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence: NATO and democracy', International Security 26: 3, Winter 2001, pp. 221-27, 227-30; John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the world polity (London: Routledge, 1998); Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies: the European influence on US foreign policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Sonia Lucarelli, Peace and democracy: the rediscovered link. The EU, NATO and the European system of liberal-democratic security systems, final report, NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Individual Research Fellowships, 2000-2002 programme; Frank Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement: a constructivist explanation', Security Studies 8: 2/3, 1999; Michael Brenner, ed., NATO and collective security (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998); Alexandra Gheciu, 'Security institutions as agents of socialization? NATO and post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe', paper presented at the ARENA/RSC IDNET workshop on 'Europeanization, collective identities and public discourses' 22-23 Feb. 2002, available at http://www.arena.uio.no/events/ idnet2002.htm.
5. Although these authors use slightly different wording to describe NATO they all point to the importance of democratic norms and/or Kant's idea of a 'pacific federation' for conceptualizing NATO. See Harvey Waterman; Dessie Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence: NATO and democracy', International Security 26: 3, Winter 2001, pp. 221-27, 227-30; John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the world polity (London: Routledge, 1998); Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies: the European influence on US foreign policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Sonia Lucarelli, Peace and democracy: the rediscovered link. The EU, NATO and the European system of liberal-democratic security systems, final report, NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Individual Research Fellowships, 2000-2002 programme; Frank Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement: a constructivist explanation', Security Studies 8: 2/3, 1999; Michael Brenner, ed., NATO and collective security (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998); Alexandra Gheciu, 'Security institutions as agents of socialization? NATO and post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe', paper presented at the ARENA/RSC IDNET workshop on 'Europeanization, collective identities and public discourses' 22-23 Feb. 2002, available at http://www.arena.uio.no/events/ idnet2002.htm.
6. Although these authors use slightly different wording to describe NATO they all point to the importance of democratic norms and/or Kant's idea of a 'pacific federation' for conceptualizing NATO. See Harvey Waterman; Dessie Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence: NATO and democracy', International Security 26: 3, Winter 2001, pp. 221-27, 227-30; John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the world polity (London: Routledge, 1998); Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies: the European influence on US foreign policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Sonia Lucarelli, Peace and democracy: the rediscovered link. The EU, NATO and the European system of liberal-democratic security systems, final report, NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Individual Research Fellowships, 2000-2002 programme; Frank Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement: a constructivist explanation', Security Studies 8: 2/3, 1999; Michael Brenner, ed., NATO and collective security (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998); Alexandra Gheciu, 'Security institutions as agents of socialization? NATO and post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe', paper presented at the ARENA/RSC IDNET workshop on 'Europeanization, collective identities and public discourses' 22-23 Feb. 2002, available at http://www.arena.uio.no/events/ idnet2002.htm.
7. Although these authors use slightly different wording to describe NATO they all point to the importance of democratic norms and/or Kant's idea of a 'pacific federation' for conceptualizing NATO. See Harvey Waterman; Dessie Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence: NATO and democracy', International Security 26: 3, Winter 2001, pp. 221-27, 227-30; John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the world polity (London: Routledge, 1998); Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies: the European influence on US foreign policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Sonia Lucarelli, Peace and democracy: the rediscovered link. The EU, NATO and the European system of liberal-democratic security systems, final report, NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Individual Research Fellowships, 2000-2002 programme; Frank Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement: a constructivist explanation', Security Studies 8: 2/3, 1999; Michael Brenner, ed., NATO and collective security (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998); Alexandra Gheciu, 'Security institutions as agents of socialization? NATO and post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe', paper presented at the ARENA/RSC IDNET workshop on 'Europeanization, collective identities and public discourses' 22-23 Feb. 2002, available at http://www.arena.uio.no/events/ idnet2002.htm.
8. Although these authors use slightly different wording to describe NATO they all point to the importance of democratic norms and/or Kant's idea of a 'pacific federation' for conceptualizing NATO. See Harvey Waterman; Dessie Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence: NATO and democracy', International Security 26: 3, Winter 2001, pp. 221-27, 227-30; John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the world polity (London: Routledge, 1998); Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies: the European influence on US foreign policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Sonia Lucarelli, Peace and democracy: the rediscovered link. The EU, NATO and the European system of liberal-democratic security systems, final report, NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Individual Research Fellowships, 2000-2002 programme; Frank Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement: a constructivist explanation', Security Studies 8: 2/3, 1999; Michael Brenner, ed., NATO and collective security (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998); Alexandra Gheciu, 'Security institutions as agents of socialization? NATO and post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe', paper presented at the ARENA/RSC IDNET workshop on 'Europeanization, collective identities and public discourses' 22-23 Feb. 2002, available at http://www.arena.uio.no/events/ idnet2002.htm.
9. According to Lundestad, a librarian at the Nobel Institute in Oslo 'quickly collected nine full pages of relevant titles focusing on crisis or conflict' in the alliance. Geir Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe since 1945; (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 4.
10. See in particular Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence'; Waterman, 'Correspondence'; Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Ruggie, Constructing the world polity; Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement'; Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Brenner, NATO and collective security. Also Webber et al., 'The governance of European security'.
11. See in particular Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence'; Waterman, 'Correspondence'; Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Ruggie, Constructing the world polity; Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement'; Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Brenner, NATO and collective security. Also Webber et al., 'The governance of European security'.
12. See in particular Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence'; Waterman, 'Correspondence'; Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Ruggie, Constructing the world polity; Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement'; Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Brenner, NATO and collective security. Also Webber et al., 'The governance of European security'.
13. See in particular Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence'; Waterman, 'Correspondence'; Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Ruggie, Constructing the world polity; Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement'; Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Brenner, NATO and collective security. Also Webber et al., 'The governance of European security'.
14. See in particular Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence'; Waterman, 'Correspondence'; Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Ruggie, Constructing the world polity; Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement'; Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Brenner, NATO and collective security. Also Webber et al., 'The governance of European security'.
15. See in particular Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence'; Waterman, 'Correspondence'; Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Ruggie, Constructing the world polity; Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement'; Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Brenner, NATO and collective security. Also Webber et al., 'The governance of European security'.
16. See in particular Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence'; Waterman, 'Correspondence'; Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Ruggie, Constructing the world polity; Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement'; Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Brenner, NATO and collective security. Also Webber et al., 'The governance of European security'.
17. See in particular Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence'; Waterman, 'Correspondence'; Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Ruggie, Constructing the world polity; Schimmelfennig, 'NATO enlargement'; Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Brenner, NATO and collective security. Also Webber et al., 'The governance of European security'.
18. Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies, p. 223.
19. Ibid., p. 33.
20. Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Zoltan Barany, 'NATO's peaceful advance', Journal of Democracy 15: 1, Jan. 2004.
21. Lucarelli, Peace and democracy; Zoltan Barany, 'NATO's peaceful advance', Journal of Democracy 15: 1, Jan. 2004.
22. Barany, 'NATO's peaceful advance', p. 65.
23. For a discussion of such criticism see David Yost, NATO transformed: the alliance's new roles in international security (Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998), pp. 128-31.
24. Lucarelli, Peace and democracy, p. 25.
25. Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence', p. 229.
26. Waterman, 'Correspondence', p. 220.
27. For a discussion of the concept of Atlanticism and the Atlantic community, see Michael Smith, 'Atlanticism and North Atlantic interdependence: the widening gap?', in Barry Jones and Peter Willetts, eds, Interdependence on trial (London: Pinter, 1984), pp. 167-229.
28. 'Selection from the Report of the Committee of Three on nonmilitary cooperation in NATO', Dec. 1956, appx 3 in Robert Jordan, Political leadership in NATO: a study in multinational diplomacy (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1979), p. 283.
29. 'The North Atlantic Treaty. Washington DC, April 4 1949', in The North Atlantic Treaty Organization: facts and figures (Brussels: NATO, 1989).
30. The first NATO enlargement to Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic was decided upon in Madrid in 1997. An agreement on a second round of enlargement to include Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia was agreed upon in March 2003.
31. Cited in Barany, 'NATO's peaceful advance', p. 66.
32. James M. Goldgeier, Not whether but when: the US decision to enlarge NATO (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999), p. 55.
33. Cited in Yost, NATO transformed, p. 124.
34. Cited in Goldgeier, Not whether but when, p. 50.
35. Yost, NATO transformed, p. 103.
36. NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996, available at http://www.fas.org/man/nato/congress/1997.
37. NATO's Membership Action Plan, April 2000, available at http://www.nato.int/docu/facts/2000
38. Lord Robertson, 'This ain't your daddy's NATO', speech delivered at conference on 'The Marshall legacy: the role of the transatlantic community in building peace and security', 12 Nov. 2003, on the occasion of Lord Robertson's visit to the United States. Hosted by the George C. Marshall Foundation, the Center for Transatlantic Relations at Johns Hopkins SAIS and the Royal Norwegian Embassy.
39. 'The alliance's strategic concept'. See press communiqué NAC-S(99)65, 24 April 1999.
40. The alliance's strategic concept agreed by the heads of state and government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council, Rome, 8 Nov. 1991.
41. Clive Rose, 'Political consultation in the alliance', NATO Review 31:1, 1983, p. 2.
42. Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies, p. 36.
43. James Bohman and Matthias Lutz-Bachmann, eds, Perpetual peace: essays on Kant's cosmopolitan ideal (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997).
44. For a discussion of this point see Erik Oddvar Eriksen and Jarle Weigård, Understanding Habermas: communicative action and deliberative democracy (London; Continuum, 2003), pp. 260-61.
45. Hans Reiss, ed., Kant: political writings, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 34-5; Bohman and Lutz-Bachmann, eds, Perpetual peace.
46. Hans Reiss, ed., Kant: political writings, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 34-5; Bohman and Lutz-Bachmann, eds, Perpetual peace.
47. The objectives of the Assembly are defined as follows: to foster dialogue among parliamentarians on major security issues; to facilitate parliamentary awareness and understanding of key security issues and alliance policies; to provide NATO and its member governments with an indication of collective parliamentary opinion; to provide greater transparency of NATO policies, and thereby a degree of collective accountability; to strengthen the transatlantic relationship. After 1989 the objective of assisting in the development of parliamentary democracy throughout the Euro-Atlantic area by integrating parliamentarians from non-member nations into the Assembly's work has been added: see http://www.nato-pa.int.
48. European Parliament, News Report, 19 Feb. 2004, 'Yellow card for Romania'; accessed at http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=_//EP// TEXT+PRESS+NR-2004.
49. Cited in Goldgeier, Not whether but when, p. 56.
50. Zagorcheva, 'Correspondence', p. 229.
51. Ibid., p. 225.
52. With regard to the willingness of NATO to accept the potential cost of enlargement to Eastern Europe, this can probably be accounted for by the new member states' ability and readiness to provide niche capabilities.
53. Bohman and Lutz-Bachmann, eds, Perpetual peace, p. 3.
54. Dimitri V. Trenin, 'The forgotten war: Chechnya and Russia's future', Policy Brief no. 28, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Nov. 2003.
55. Andrew Cottey, Timothy Edmunds and Anthony Forster, eds, Democratic control of the military in post-communist Europe (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002).
56. Eriksen and Weigård, Understanding Habermas, pp. 70-72.
57. Robert O. Keohane, 'Multilateralism: an agenda for research', International Journal 45, Autumn 1990, p. 731, quoted in John Gerard Ruggie, 'Multilateralism: the anatomy of an institution', International Organization 46: 3, Summer 1992, pp. 561-98.
58. Robert O. Keohane, 'Multilateralism: an agenda for research', International Journal 45, Autumn 1990, p. 731, quoted in John Gerard Ruggie, 'Multilateralism: the anatomy of an institution', International Organization 46: 3, Summer 1992, pp. 561-98.
59. Ruggie, 'Multilateralism', p. 567.
60. Steve Weber, 'Shaping the postwar balance of power: multilateralism in NATO', International Organization 46: 3, Summer 1992, p. 633 and Multilateralism in NATO: shaping the postwar balance of power, 1945-1961 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
61. Steve Weber, 'Shaping the postwar balance of power: multilateralism in NATO', International Organization 46: 3, Summer 1992, p. 633 and Multilateralism in NATO: shaping the postwar balance of power, 1945-1961 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
62. US President Eisenhower at a press conference 3 Feb. 1960, reported in New York Times, 4 Feb. 1960, p. 1, quoted in Weber, 'Shaping the postwar balance of power', p. 654.
63. US President Eisenhower at a press conference 3 Feb. 1960, reported in New York Times, 4 Feb. 1960, p. 1, quoted in Weber, 'Shaping the postwar balance of power', p. 654.
64. Weber, 'Shaping the postwar balance of power', p. 641.
65. Ibid., p. 642.
66. Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Helene Sjursen, The United States, Western Europe and the Polish crisis: international relations in the second Cold War (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
67. Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among democracies; Helene Sjursen, The United States, Western Europe and the Polish crisis: international relations in the second Cold War (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
68. For this see Weber, 'Shaping the postwar balance of power'.
69. Celeste A. Wallander, 'Institutional assets and adaptability: NATO after the Cold War', International Organization 54: 4, 2002, p. 705-36.
70. For example, in March 2003 the US ambassador to Oslo criticized Norwegian policy over Iraq in a speech and suggested that this might permanently damage Norwegian relations with the United States. Aftenposten, 'Uakseptabelt press?' and 'Bondevik og Petersen: Ambassadøren tar feil', at http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/utenriks/, accessed 2 May 2004.
71. The 'Berlin Plus' arrangement provides for full EU access to the collective assets and capabilities of NATO for operations in which the alliance as a whole is not engaged militarily.
72. Michael Cox, 'Commentary: Martians and Venusians in the new world order', International Affairs 79: 3, May 2003, p. 527.