Yosemite and Ansel Adams: Art, commerce, and western tourism

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 65, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 615-638

  Spaulding, Jonathan ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 3142663541     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3640298     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Time, LVII (June 4, 1951), 69.
2. Quoted in Yosemite: The Fate of Heaven, directed by Jon Else, produced by the Jonathan Company and the Sundance Institute in association with WGBH and WNET, Public Television, 1988. The film aired in 1989 as an episode of the Public Broadcasting Service series The American Experience.
3. This aspect of Adams's career has not been widely studied. One significant discussion appears in Alfred Runte's Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), in which Runte suggests that Adams promoted tourism and development in Yosemite in order to reap personal rewards. According to Runte, Adams had taken an uncompromising preservationist stand on Yosemite earlier in his career only to later reverse himself and support greater public access and development in the park. Runte claimed that Adams's inconsistency on the issue was motivated - at least in part - by a quest for personal financial gain. Adams had "discovered the equation between people and profits" and promoted tourism in the park in order to increase the income of his Yosemite concession (pp. 6-8,185-200, quotation on p. 199). This essay will argue for a more complex interpretation of Adams's views and motivations. Adams's contributions to the conservation movement in general are examined in Robert Cahn, "Ansel Adams, Environmentalist," Sierra, LIV (May/June 1979), 31, 33-49; Robert Turnage, "Ansel Adams, the Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement," Living Wilderness, XLIII (March 1980), 4-31; Jonathan Spaulding, "The Natural Scene and the Social Good: The Artistic Education of Ansel Adams," Pacific Historical Review, LX (1990), 15-42; Renée Haip, "Ansel Adams: Forging the Wilderness Ideal," in Michael Read, ed., Ansel Adams: New Light, Essays on His Legacy and Legend (San Francisco, 1993), 75-83; Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); and Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York, 1996). Adams's own views on conservation issues can be sampled in Ansel Adams, Ansel Adams, an Autobiography (Boston, 1985), 139-157, 181-191, 215-217, 271-291, 344-357; and in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, 1916-1984 (Boston, 1988).
4. This aspect of Adams's career has not been widely studied. One significant discussion appears in Alfred Runte's Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), in which Runte suggests that Adams promoted tourism and development in Yosemite in order to reap personal rewards. According to Runte, Adams had taken an uncompromising preservationist stand on Yosemite earlier in his career only to later reverse himself and support greater public access and development in the park. Runte claimed that Adams's inconsistency on the issue was motivated - at least in part - by a quest for personal financial gain. Adams had "discovered the equation between people and profits" and promoted tourism in the park in order to increase the income of his Yosemite concession (pp. 6-8,185-200, quotation on p. 199). This essay will argue for a more complex interpretation of Adams's views and motivations. Adams's contributions to the conservation movement in general are examined in Robert Cahn, "Ansel Adams, Environmentalist," Sierra, LIV (May/June 1979), 31, 33-49; Robert Turnage, "Ansel Adams, the Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement," Living Wilderness, XLIII (March 1980), 4-31; Jonathan Spaulding, "The Natural Scene and the Social Good: The Artistic Education of Ansel Adams," Pacific Historical Review, LX (1990), 15-42; Renée Haip, "Ansel Adams: Forging the Wilderness Ideal," in Michael Read, ed., Ansel Adams: New Light, Essays on His Legacy and Legend (San Francisco, 1993), 75-83; Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); and Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York, 1996). Adams's own views on conservation issues can be sampled in Ansel Adams, Ansel Adams, an Autobiography (Boston, 1985), 139-157, 181-191, 215-217, 271-291, 344-357; and in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, 1916-1984 (Boston, 1988).
5. This aspect of Adams's career has not been widely studied. One significant discussion appears in Alfred Runte's Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), in which Runte suggests that Adams promoted tourism and development in Yosemite in order to reap personal rewards. According to Runte, Adams had taken an uncompromising preservationist stand on Yosemite earlier in his career only to later reverse himself and support greater public access and development in the park. Runte claimed that Adams's inconsistency on the issue was motivated - at least in part - by a quest for personal financial gain. Adams had "discovered the equation between people and profits" and promoted tourism in the park in order to increase the income of his Yosemite concession (pp. 6-8,185-200, quotation on p. 199). This essay will argue for a more complex interpretation of Adams's views and motivations. Adams's contributions to the conservation movement in general are examined in Robert Cahn, "Ansel Adams, Environmentalist," Sierra, LIV (May/June 1979), 31, 33-49; Robert Turnage, "Ansel Adams, the Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement," Living Wilderness, XLIII (March 1980), 4-31; Jonathan Spaulding, "The Natural Scene and the Social Good: The Artistic Education of Ansel Adams," Pacific Historical Review, LX (1990), 15-42; Renée Haip, "Ansel Adams: Forging the Wilderness Ideal," in Michael Read, ed., Ansel Adams: New Light, Essays on His Legacy and Legend (San Francisco, 1993), 75-83; Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); and Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York, 1996). Adams's own views on conservation issues can be sampled in Ansel Adams, Ansel Adams, an Autobiography (Boston, 1985), 139-157, 181-191, 215-217, 271-291, 344-357; and in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, 1916-1984 (Boston, 1988).
6. This aspect of Adams's career has not been widely studied. One significant discussion appears in Alfred Runte's Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), in which Runte suggests that Adams promoted tourism and development in Yosemite in order to reap personal rewards. According to Runte, Adams had taken an uncompromising preservationist stand on Yosemite earlier in his career only to later reverse himself and support greater public access and development in the park. Runte claimed that Adams's inconsistency on the issue was motivated - at least in part - by a quest for personal financial gain. Adams had "discovered the equation between people and profits" and promoted tourism in the park in order to increase the income of his Yosemite concession (pp. 6-8,185-200, quotation on p. 199). This essay will argue for a more complex interpretation of Adams's views and motivations. Adams's contributions to the conservation movement in general are examined in Robert Cahn, "Ansel Adams, Environmentalist," Sierra, LIV (May/June 1979), 31, 33-49; Robert Turnage, "Ansel Adams, the Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement," Living Wilderness, XLIII (March 1980), 4-31; Jonathan Spaulding, "The Natural Scene and the Social Good: The Artistic Education of Ansel Adams," Pacific Historical Review, LX (1990), 15-42; Renée Haip, "Ansel Adams: Forging the Wilderness Ideal," in Michael Read, ed., Ansel Adams: New Light, Essays on His Legacy and Legend (San Francisco, 1993), 75-83; Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); and Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York, 1996). Adams's own views on conservation issues can be sampled in Ansel Adams, Ansel Adams, an Autobiography (Boston, 1985), 139-157, 181-191, 215-217, 271-291, 344-357; and in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, 1916-1984 (Boston, 1988).
7. This aspect of Adams's career has not been widely studied. One significant discussion appears in Alfred Runte's Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), in which Runte suggests that Adams promoted tourism and development in Yosemite in order to reap personal rewards. According to Runte, Adams had taken an uncompromising preservationist stand on Yosemite earlier in his career only to later reverse himself and support greater public access and development in the park. Runte claimed that Adams's inconsistency on the issue was motivated - at least in part - by a quest for personal financial gain. Adams had "discovered the equation between people and profits" and promoted tourism in the park in order to increase the income of his Yosemite concession (pp. 6-8,185-200, quotation on p. 199). This essay will argue for a more complex interpretation of Adams's views and motivations. Adams's contributions to the conservation movement in general are examined in Robert Cahn, "Ansel Adams, Environmentalist," Sierra, LIV (May/June 1979), 31, 33-49; Robert Turnage, "Ansel Adams, the Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement," Living Wilderness, XLIII (March 1980), 4-31; Jonathan Spaulding, "The Natural Scene and the Social Good: The Artistic Education of Ansel Adams," Pacific Historical Review, LX (1990), 15-42; Renée Haip, "Ansel Adams: Forging the Wilderness Ideal," in Michael Read, ed., Ansel Adams: New Light, Essays on His Legacy and Legend (San Francisco, 1993), 75-83; Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); and Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York, 1996). Adams's own views on conservation issues can be sampled in Ansel Adams, Ansel Adams, an Autobiography (Boston, 1985), 139-157, 181-191, 215-217, 271-291, 344-357; and in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, 1916-1984 (Boston, 1988).
8. This aspect of Adams's career has not been widely studied. One significant discussion appears in Alfred Runte's Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), in which Runte suggests that Adams promoted tourism and development in Yosemite in order to reap personal rewards. According to Runte, Adams had taken an uncompromising preservationist stand on Yosemite earlier in his career only to later reverse himself and support greater public access and development in the park. Runte claimed that Adams's inconsistency on the issue was motivated - at least in part - by a quest for personal financial gain. Adams had "discovered the equation between people and profits" and promoted tourism in the park in order to increase the income of his Yosemite concession (pp. 6-8,185-200, quotation on p. 199). This essay will argue for a more complex interpretation of Adams's views and motivations. Adams's contributions to the conservation movement in general are examined in Robert Cahn, "Ansel Adams, Environmentalist," Sierra, LIV (May/June 1979), 31, 33-49; Robert Turnage, "Ansel Adams, the Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement," Living Wilderness, XLIII (March 1980), 4-31; Jonathan Spaulding, "The Natural Scene and the Social Good: The Artistic Education of Ansel Adams," Pacific Historical Review, LX (1990), 15-42; Renée Haip, "Ansel Adams: Forging the Wilderness Ideal," in Michael Read, ed., Ansel Adams: New Light, Essays on His Legacy and Legend (San Francisco, 1993), 75-83; Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); and Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York, 1996). Adams's own views on conservation issues can be sampled in Ansel Adams, Ansel Adams, an Autobiography (Boston, 1985), 139-157, 181-191, 215-217, 271-291, 344-357; and in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, 1916-1984 (Boston, 1988).
9. This aspect of Adams's career has not been widely studied. One significant discussion appears in Alfred Runte's Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), in which Runte suggests that Adams promoted tourism and development in Yosemite in order to reap personal rewards. According to Runte, Adams had taken an uncompromising preservationist stand on Yosemite earlier in his career only to later reverse himself and support greater public access and development in the park. Runte claimed that Adams's inconsistency on the issue was motivated - at least in part - by a quest for personal financial gain. Adams had "discovered the equation between people and profits" and promoted tourism in the park in order to increase the income of his Yosemite concession (pp. 6-8,185-200, quotation on p. 199). This essay will argue for a more complex interpretation of Adams's views and motivations. Adams's contributions to the conservation movement in general are examined in Robert Cahn, "Ansel Adams, Environmentalist," Sierra, LIV (May/June 1979), 31, 33-49; Robert Turnage, "Ansel Adams, the Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement," Living Wilderness, XLIII (March 1980), 4-31; Jonathan Spaulding, "The Natural Scene and the Social Good: The Artistic Education of Ansel Adams," Pacific Historical Review, LX (1990), 15-42; Renée Haip, "Ansel Adams: Forging the Wilderness Ideal," in Michael Read, ed., Ansel Adams: New Light, Essays on His Legacy and Legend (San Francisco, 1993), 75-83; Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); and Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York, 1996). Adams's own views on conservation issues can be sampled in Ansel Adams, Ansel Adams, an Autobiography (Boston, 1985), 139-157, 181-191, 215-217, 271-291, 344-357; and in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, 1916-1984 (Boston, 1988).
10. This aspect of Adams's career has not been widely studied. One significant discussion appears in Alfred Runte's Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), in which Runte suggests that Adams promoted tourism and development in Yosemite in order to reap personal rewards. According to Runte, Adams had taken an uncompromising preservationist stand on Yosemite earlier in his career only to later reverse himself and support greater public access and development in the park. Runte claimed that Adams's inconsistency on the issue was motivated - at least in part - by a quest for personal financial gain. Adams had "discovered the equation between people and profits" and promoted tourism in the park in order to increase the income of his Yosemite concession (pp. 6-8,185-200, quotation on p. 199). This essay will argue for a more complex interpretation of Adams's views and motivations. Adams's contributions to the conservation movement in general are examined in Robert Cahn, "Ansel Adams, Environmentalist," Sierra, LIV (May/June 1979), 31, 33-49; Robert Turnage, "Ansel Adams, the Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement," Living Wilderness, XLIII (March 1980), 4-31; Jonathan Spaulding, "The Natural Scene and the Social Good: The Artistic Education of Ansel Adams," Pacific Historical Review, LX (1990), 15-42; Renée Haip, "Ansel Adams: Forging the Wilderness Ideal," in Michael Read, ed., Ansel Adams: New Light, Essays on His Legacy and Legend (San Francisco, 1993), 75-83; Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); and Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York, 1996). Adams's own views on conservation issues can be sampled in Ansel Adams, Ansel Adams, an Autobiography (Boston, 1985), 139-157, 181-191, 215-217, 271-291, 344-357; and in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, 1916-1984 (Boston, 1988).
11. This aspect of Adams's career has not been widely studied. One significant discussion appears in Alfred Runte's Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), in which Runte suggests that Adams promoted tourism and development in Yosemite in order to reap personal rewards. According to Runte, Adams had taken an uncompromising preservationist stand on Yosemite earlier in his career only to later reverse himself and support greater public access and development in the park. Runte claimed that Adams's inconsistency on the issue was motivated - at least in part - by a quest for personal financial gain. Adams had "discovered the equation between people and profits" and promoted tourism in the park in order to increase the income of his Yosemite concession (pp. 6-8,185-200, quotation on p. 199). This essay will argue for a more complex interpretation of Adams's views and motivations. Adams's contributions to the conservation movement in general are examined in Robert Cahn, "Ansel Adams, Environmentalist," Sierra, LIV (May/June 1979), 31, 33-49; Robert Turnage, "Ansel Adams, the Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement," Living Wilderness, XLIII (March 1980), 4-31; Jonathan Spaulding, "The Natural Scene and the Social Good: The Artistic Education of Ansel Adams," Pacific Historical Review, LX (1990), 15-42; Renée Haip, "Ansel Adams: Forging the Wilderness Ideal," in Michael Read, ed., Ansel Adams: New Light, Essays on His Legacy and Legend (San Francisco, 1993), 75-83; Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); and Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York, 1996). Adams's own views on conservation issues can be sampled in Ansel Adams, Ansel Adams, an Autobiography (Boston, 1985), 139-157, 181-191, 215-217, 271-291, 344-357; and in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, 1916-1984 (Boston, 1988).
12. James M. Hutchings, In the Heart of the Sierras (Yosemite Valley and Oakland, Calif., 1886); Adams, Autobiography, 49-50.
13. James M. Hutchings, In the Heart of the Sierras (Yosemite Valley and Oakland, Calif., 1886); Adams, Autobiography, 49-50.
14. Ansel Adams, "Introduction," in John Muir, Yosemite and the High Sierra (Boston, 1948), xiii-xvi; Adams, Autobiography, 51-53; Ansel Adams, Conversations with Ansel Adams (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1972, 1974, 1975), 230-231.
15. Ansel Adams, "Introduction," in John Muir, Yosemite and the High Sierra (Boston, 1948), xiii-xvi; Adams, Autobiography, 51-53; Ansel Adams, Conversations with Ansel Adams (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1972, 1974, 1975), 230-231.
16. Ansel Adams, "Introduction," in John Muir, Yosemite and the High Sierra (Boston, 1948), xiii-xvi; Adams, Autobiography, 51-53; Ansel Adams, Conversations with Ansel Adams (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1972, 1974, 1975), 230-231.
17. Ibid.
18. In his oral history, Adams recalled Curry as "an old fake." Perhaps this view was colored by Adams's subsequent employment with the Curry Company and his distaste for their use of theatrical gimmickry to wow the tourists. On the impact of Yosemile, see Ansel Adams, Yosemite and the Range of Light (Boston, 1979), 8; Adams, Autobiography, 53; Adams, Conversations, 230-231.
19. In his oral history, Adams recalled Curry as "an old fake." Perhaps this view was colored by Adams's subsequent employment with the Curry Company and his distaste for their use of theatrical gimmickry to wow the tourists. On the impact of Yosemile, see Ansel Adams, Yosemite and the Range of Light (Boston, 1979), 8; Adams, Autobiography, 53; Adams, Conversations, 230-231.
20. In his oral history, Adams recalled Curry as "an old fake." Perhaps this view was colored by Adams's subsequent employment with the Curry Company and his distaste for their use of theatrical gimmickry to wow the tourists. On the impact of Yosemile, see Ansel Adams, Yosemite and the Range of Light (Boston, 1979), 8; Adams, Autobiography, 53; Adams, Conversations, 230-231.
21. Adams, Autobiography, 58-59; Nancy Newhall, Ansel Adams, vol. I: The Eloquent Light (San Francisco, 1963), 33-34; Adams, Conversations, 234-235, 245; Ansel Adams to Olive and Charles Adams and Mary Bray, April 18, 1920, Ansel Adams Papers, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona. This and other selected correspondence from the Adams archive is collected in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 4. See also Ansel Adams, "LeConte and Parsons Memorial Lodges," Sierra Club Bulletin, XI (1921), 201-202.
22. Adams, Autobiography, 58-59; Nancy Newhall, Ansel Adams, vol. I: The Eloquent Light (San Francisco, 1963), 33-34; Adams, Conversations, 234-235, 245; Ansel Adams to Olive and Charles Adams and Mary Bray, April 18, 1920, Ansel Adams Papers, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona. This and other selected correspondence from the Adams archive is collected in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 4. See also Ansel Adams, "LeConte and Parsons Memorial Lodges," Sierra Club Bulletin, XI (1921), 201-202.
23. Adams, Autobiography, 58-59; Nancy Newhall, Ansel Adams, vol. I: The Eloquent Light (San Francisco, 1963), 33-34; Adams, Conversations, 234-235, 245; Ansel Adams to Olive and Charles Adams and Mary Bray, April 18, 1920, Ansel Adams Papers, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona. This and other selected correspondence from the Adams archive is collected in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 4. See also Ansel Adams, "LeConte and Parsons Memorial Lodges," Sierra Club Bulletin, XI (1921), 201-202.
24. Adams, Autobiography, 58-59; Nancy Newhall, Ansel Adams, vol. I: The Eloquent Light (San Francisco, 1963), 33-34; Adams, Conversations, 234-235, 245; Ansel Adams to Olive and Charles Adams and Mary Bray, April 18, 1920, Ansel Adams Papers, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona. This and other selected correspondence from the Adams archive is collected in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 4. See also Ansel Adams, "LeConte and Parsons Memorial Lodges," Sierra Club Bulletin, XI (1921), 201-202.
25. Adams, Autobiography, 58-59; Nancy Newhall, Ansel Adams, vol. I: The Eloquent Light (San Francisco, 1963), 33-34; Adams, Conversations, 234-235, 245; Ansel Adams to Olive and Charles Adams and Mary Bray, April 18, 1920, Ansel Adams Papers, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona. This and other selected correspondence from the Adams archive is collected in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 4. See also Ansel Adams, "LeConte and Parsons Memorial Lodges," Sierra Club Bulletin, XI (1921), 201-202.
26. John Muir, Our National Parks (Boston, 1901), 1.
27. Adams's first published photographs appeared in the Sierra Club Bulletin, XI (1922), plate LXXV, following p. 258, and plate XCI, following p. 314.
28. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
29. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
30. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
31. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
32. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
33. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
34. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
35. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
36. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
37. Peter Bacon Hales, William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape (Philadelphia, 1988); Peter Palmquist, Carleton E. Watkins: Photographer of the American West (Albuquerque, 1982); Nancy K. Anderson and Linda S. Ferber, Albert Bierstadt: Art and Enterprise (New York, 1990); William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York, 1966); Weston Naef and James N. Woods, The Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860-1885 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1975); Karen Current, Photography and the Old West (New York, 1978); Max Kozloff, "The Box in the Wilderness," in Photography and Fascination (Danbury, N.H., 1979), 60-75; Robert Cahn and Robert Glenn Ketchum, American Photographers and the National Parks (New York, 1981); Estelle Jussim and Elizabeth Lindquist-Cock, Landscape as Photograph (New Haven, 1985); Martha Sandweiss, ed., Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (Fort Worth, 1991).
38. For an outline of Adams's finances in this period, see Adams to Charles Adams, June 1, 1929, Adams Papers. Adams listed his income sources for the summer and fall, not including income from Taos Pueblo, as Sierra Club, $150; Ahwahnee Hotel, $250; Yosemite Park and Curry Co., $275; portraits, $250. It is not clear whether these figures are accurate, yet they are indicative of the fact that Adams was beginning to develop a reasonably successful commercial career. The biggest savings Ansel and Virginia were able to achieve were in housing costs, since they lived on Ansel's parents' property in the studio Charles had built for them as a wedding gift.
39. Runte, Yosemite, 145; visitation figure is on p. 143.
40. Quoted in "Draft Report: Meeting of the Committee of Expert Advisors... April 24 and 25, 1930," file 201-11, Yosemite National Park Research Library.
41. Adams, Autobiography, 182-183.
42. Ibid.
43. Adams to David Brower, Jan. 6, 1957, Harold Bradley Files, Sierra Club Members Papers, Sierra Club Archive, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; Adams, Autobiography, 182-185. For a critique of Adams's participation in the Bracebridge Dinner, see Runte, Yosemite, 187-189.
44. Adams to David Brower, Jan. 6, 1957, Harold Bradley Files, Sierra Club Members Papers, Sierra Club Archive, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; Adams, Autobiography, 182-185. For a critique of Adams's participation in the Bracebridge Dinner, see Runte, Yosemite, 187-189.
45. Adams to Donald Tressider, Nov. 1, 1929; Tressider to Adams, Nov. 18, 1929, both in the Yosemite Park and Curry Company Archives, Yosemite National Park (hereafter cited as YPCCA).
46. See the correspondence between Adams and Tressider, 1929-1938, ibid. 20. Donald Tressider to Adams, Jan. 19, 1931, ibid.
47. Ansel Adams, folder announcing the conference, quoted in Newhall, Eloquent Light, 114-117.
48. Ibid.; see also Adams, Conversations, 683-684.
49. The conference and Tressider's comments are described in Newhall, Eloquent Light, 117.
50. "She Won-Or Maybe He Did; Anyway, He Got the Job," San Francisco Chronicle headline quoted in Adams, Autobiography, 145-146.
51. Richard Leonard, Mountaineer, Lawyer, Environmentalist (Regional Oral History Office, University of California, Berkeley, 1972-1973), 46; Joel Hildebrand, Sierra Club Leader and Ski Mountaineer (Sierra Club History Committee Interview, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1974), 17, 22; Michael Cohen, The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970 (San Francisco, 1988), 82.
52. Richard Leonard, Mountaineer, Lawyer, Environmentalist (Regional Oral History Office, University of California, Berkeley, 1972-1973), 46; Joel Hildebrand, Sierra Club Leader and Ski Mountaineer (Sierra Club History Committee Interview, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1974), 17, 22; Michael Cohen, The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970 (San Francisco, 1988), 82.
53. Richard Leonard, Mountaineer, Lawyer, Environmentalist (Regional Oral History Office, University of California, Berkeley, 1972-1973), 46; Joel Hildebrand, Sierra Club Leader and Ski Mountaineer (Sierra Club History Committee Interview, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1974), 17, 22; Michael Cohen, The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970 (San Francisco, 1988), 82.
54. Ibid. Quotation from Hildebrand, Sierra Club Leader, 17.
55. Newhall, Eloquent Light, 124; Adams to Virginia Adams, Jan. [n.d.] 1936, in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 81. See also Adams, Autobiography, 149.
56. Newhall, Eloquent Light, 124; Adams to Virginia Adams, Jan. [n.d.] 1936, in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 81. See also Adams, Autobiography, 149.
57. Newhall, Eloquent Light, 124; Adams to Virginia Adams, Jan. [n.d.] 1936, in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 81. See also Adams, Autobiography, 149.
58. John Armor and Peter Wright, The Mural Project (Santa Barbara, 1989), iv. Adams, in a goodwill gesture to the Interior Department, reduced the price for its screen to $250. See Ansel Adams, The Print: Basic Photo 3 (Boston, 1976), 104-111, for a description of the screen-making proceedure.
59. John Armor and Peter Wright, The Mural Project (Santa Barbara, 1989), iv. Adams, in a goodwill gesture to the Interior Department, reduced the price for its screen to $250. See Ansel Adams, The Print: Basic Photo 3 (Boston, 1976), 104-111, for a description of the screen-making proceedure.
60. Armor and Wright, Mural Project, iv-v; Donald Tressider to Stanley Plumb, Jan. 11, 1936, YPCCA.
61. Adams to Virginia Adams, Nov. 16, 1936, Adams Papers, also reprinted in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 84-85.
62. See Horace Albright and Robert Cahn, The Birth of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City, 1985), 312-314. For a discussion of this phenomenon in the wider conservation movement, see Susan Schrepfer, The Fight to Save the Redwoods: A History of Environmental Reform, 1917-1978 (Madison, Wisc., 1983), 88-89.
63. See Horace Albright and Robert Cahn, The Birth of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City, 1985), 312-314. For a discussion of this phenomenon in the wider conservation movement, see Susan Schrepfer, The Fight to Save the Redwoods: A History of Environmental Reform, 1917-1978 (Madison, Wisc., 1983), 88-89.
64. Adams to Virginia Adams, Nov. 20, 1936, quoted in Newhall, Eloquent Light, 130.
65. Adams to Virginia Adams, "Saturday" [no date, ca. Nov. 28], 1936, quoted in Newhall, Eloquent Light, 130; Adams to Alfred Stieglitz, Nov. 27, 1936, Alfred Stieglitz Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University, reprinted in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 85-88.
66. Adams to Virginia Adams, "Saturday" [no date, ca. Nov. 28], 1936, quoted in Newhall, Eloquent Light, 130; Adams to Alfred Stieglitz, Nov. 27, 1936, Alfred Stieglitz Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University, reprinted in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 85-88.
67. Ibid.
68. Adams to Donald Tressider, Nov. 15, 1937, YPCCA; see also Adams, Autobiography, 189-190. Adams's agreement with the Curry Company specified his retention of negatives he made while on assignment. See Adams to Tressider, Nov. 1, 1929, April 4, 1930; Tressider to Adams, April 25, 1930, ibid. Adams assumed this implied he retained rights for secondary uses of the images. The Curry Company did not agree.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.; Adams to Alfred Stieglitz, Nov. 12, 1937, Stieglitz Papers.
71. Ibid.; see also Adams to David McAlpin, July 2, 1938, photocopy in Adams Papers; and Adams to Tressider, Jan. 7, 1938, ibid. 39. Armor and Wright, Mural Project, iv-viii.
72. Ibid.; see also Adams to David McAlpin, July 2, 1938, photocopy in Adams Papers; and Adams to Tressider, Jan. 7, 1938, ibid. 39. Armor and Wright, Mural Project, iv-viii.
73. Ibid.; see also Adams to David McAlpin, July 2, 1938, photocopy in Adams Papers; and Adams to Tressider, Jan. 7, 1938, ibid. 39. Armor and Wright, Mural Project, iv-viii.
74. Adams to Beaumont and Nancy Newhall, April 29, 1946, Beaumont and Nancy Newhall Archive, Center for Creative Photography (hereafter cited as NACCP), also reprinted in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 171-173. See as well Adams, Autobiography, 172-173.
75. Adams to Beaumont and Nancy Newhall, April 29, 1946, Beaumont and Nancy Newhall Archive, Center for Creative Photography (hereafter cited as NACCP), also reprinted in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 171-173. See as well Adams, Autobiography, 172-173.
76. The coloramas were assembled by joining a number of parallel strips of transparency enlargements. The first coloramas were installed in 1948. From surviving evidence it appears that Adams produced sixteen coloramas. See correspondence with Eastman Kodak, Adams Papers; see also installation views, commercial projects file, ibid.; Adams, Autobiography, 172-175; Adams to Virginia Adams, Oct. 1958, Adams Papers; Robert Silberman, "Scaling the Sublime," in Read, ed., Adams: New Light, 33-41.
77. The coloramas were assembled by joining a number of parallel strips of transparency enlargements. The first coloramas were installed in 1948. From surviving evidence it appears that Adams produced sixteen coloramas. See correspondence with Eastman Kodak, Adams Papers; see also installation views, commercial projects file, ibid.; Adams, Autobiography, 172-175; Adams to Virginia Adams, Oct. 1958, Adams Papers; Robert Silberman, "Scaling the Sublime," in Read, ed., Adams: New Light, 33-41.
78. Adams to Nancy Newhall, Aug. 22, 1951, NACCP.
79. See the materials in Commercial Projects file, Adams Papers.
80. Hildebrand, Sierra Club Leader, 24-25; Schrepher, Fight to Save the Redwoods, 88-89.
81. Hildebrand, Sierra Club Leader, 24-25; Schrepher, Fight to Save the Redwoods, 88-89.
82. National Park Service data compiled in Stanford E. Dumars, The Tounst in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 123.
83. Ansel and Virginia Adams, Michael and Anne in Yosemite Valley (New York, 1941); Adams, Autobiography, 104; Ansel and Virginia Adams, An Illustrated Guide to Yosemite (San Francisco, 1946).
84. Ansel and Virginia Adams, Michael and Anne in Yosemite Valley (New York, 1941); Adams, Autobiography, 104; Ansel and Virginia Adams, An Illustrated Guide to Yosemite (San Francisco, 1946).
85. Ansel and Virginia Adams, Michael and Anne in Yosemite Valley (New York, 1941); Adams, Autobiography, 104; Ansel and Virginia Adams, An Illustrated Guide to Yosemite (San Francisco, 1946).
86. Commercial Projects file, AG 31:7:1:15, Adams Papers.
87. Adams was one of those who remembered and he related this story in his Autobiography, 288.
88. Cohen, History of the Sierra Club, 89-100. Newton Drury, director of the National Park Service at the time, discussed the problems of overcrowding in the parks in "The Dilemma of Our National Parks," American Forests, LV (June 1949), 6-11, 38-39. On the opening pages was a large reproduction of Adams's Bridlevail Falls, Yosemite Valley.
89. Cohen, History of the Sierra Club, 89-100. Newton Drury, director of the National Park Service at the time, discussed the problems of overcrowding in the parks in "The Dilemma of Our National Parks," American Forests, LV (June 1949), 6-11, 38-39. On the opening pages was a large reproduction of Adams's Bridlevail Falls, Yosemite Valley.
90. Ansel Adams, "Problems of the Interpretation of the Natural Scene," Sierra Club Bulletin, XXX (Dec. 1945), 47-50 (quotations on pp. 48-49).
91. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXXIX (1916), 535; see also Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Rev. ed., Lincoln, 1987), 103-104, 160.
92. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXXIX (1916), 535; see also Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Rev. ed., Lincoln, 1987), 103-104, 160.
93. Sierra Club Board of Directors Minutes, Dec. 6, 1947, Bradley Files.
94. Adams to Harold Bradley, July 12, 1958, carton 7, folder 40: Roads, Tioga Pass (Calif.) 1950-July 1958, Bradley Files; Adams to Fred Seaton, Sinclair Weeks, and Conrad Wirth, July 7, 1958, ibid., also reprinted in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 251.
95. Adams to Horace Albright, July 11, 1957, Adams Papers, also reprinted in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 244-246. See also Adams to Harold Bradley, carton 7, folder 40: Roads, Tioga Pass (Calif.) 1950-1958, Bradley Files.
96. Leonard, Mountaineer, 67-68; Adams to Harold Bradley, carton 4, folder 40: correspondence, Adams, Ansel, 1958, Bradley Files; Richard Leonard to Adams, July 28, 1958, carton 10, folder 1: Adams, Ansel, 1948-1963, David R. Brower Files, Sierra Club Members Papers.
97. Adams to David Brower, Jan. 6, 1957, Bradley Files; Adams to Paul Brooks, Oct. 24 1957, Adams Papers.
98. Ansel Adams and Nancy Newhall, This Is the American Earth (San Francisco, 1960). See also David Brower Files, carton 29, folder 11: Sierra Club Publications, correspondence, 1958-1964, Sierra Club Members Papers.
99. Adams, Conversations, 596.
100. Ansel Adams Files, carton 1, folders 49-53, Brower Controversies; carton 2, folders 37-38, Sierra Club Elections, all in Sierra Club Members Papers; Adams to "The Public" (press release), Feb. 4, 1969, reprinted in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 302-303;
101. Adams, Conversations, 674, 713.
102. Adams to Raymond Sherwin, Sept. 13, 1971, reprinted in Alinder and Stillman, eds., Adams: Letters, 312.
103. Robert Hughes, "The Master of Yosemite," Time, CXIV (Sept. 3, 1979), 3, 36-44.
104. Adams quoted in George B. Hartzog, Jr., "Clearing the Roads - and the Air - in Yosemite Valley," National Parks and Conservation Magazine, XLVI (Aug. 1972), 14; Adams, Autobiography, 190.
105. Adams quoted in George B. Hartzog, Jr., "Clearing the Roads - and the Air - in Yosemite Valley," National Parks and Conservation Magazine, XLVI (Aug. 1972), 14; Adams, Autobiography, 190.