Surgical management of stress incontinence: Which technique when?

EAU Update Series

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 154-165

  Dolan, Lucia ^a   Hilton, Paul ^a  

^a ROYAL VICTORIA INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Colposuspension; Pelvic floor muscle exercise; Stress urinary incontinence; Surgery; Tension free vaginal tape; Treatment outcome measures

Indexed keywords

BULKING AGENT; GLUTARALDEHYDE; POLITEF; SILICONE;

BLADDER SPHINCTER; BLADDER SPHINCTER PROSTHESIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLPOSUSPENSION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DETRUSOR MUSCLE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; MUSCLE TRAINING; NEEDLE; PELVIS FLOOR; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; REVIEW; STRESS INCONTINENCE; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SUSPENSION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TENSION FREE VAGINAL TAPE; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URODYNAMICS; UROLOGIC SURGERY;

EID: 3142653894     PISSN: 15709124     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1570-9124(03)00038-2     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Smith A, Daneshgari F, Dmochowski R, Ghonheim G, Jarvis G, Nitti V, et al. Surgical treatment of incontinence in women. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence; 2nd WHO International Consultation on Incontinence. Plymouth: Health Publications Ltd; 2002. p. 823-63.
2. Hilton P. Trials of surgery for stress incontinence - thoughts on the 'Humpty Dumpty principle'. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;109: 1081-8.
3. Maddern GJ, Middleton PF, Grant AM. Urinary stress incontinence. Br Med J 2002;325(7368):789-90.
4. Enhorning G. Simultaneous recording of the intravesical and intraurethral pressure. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1961;276s:1-69.
5. Asmussen M, Ulmsten U. Simultaneous urethrocystometry and urethra pressure profile measurement with a new technique. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1975;54(4):385-6.
6. Gosling JA, Dixon JS, Critchley HO, Thompson SA. A comparative study of the human external sphincter and periurethral levator ani muscles. Br J Urol 1981;53(1):35-41.
7. Hilton P, Stanton SL. Urethral pressure measurement by microtransducer: the results in symptom-free women and in those with genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983;90(10): 919-33.
8. Constantinou CE, Govan DE. Spatial distribution and timing of transmitted and reflexly generated urethral pressures in healthy women. J Urol 1982;127(5):964-9.
9. Fitzpatrick CC, Elkins TE, DeLancey JO. The surgical anatomy of needle bladder neck suspension. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87(1):44-9.
10. Weil A, Reyes H, Bischoff P, Rottenberg RD, Krauer F. Modifications of the urethral rest and stress profiles after different types of surgery for urinary stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984;91(1):46-55.
11. Hilton P, Stanton SL. A clinical and urodynamic assessment of the Burch colposuspension for genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983;90(10):934-9.
12. van Geelen JM, Theeuwes AGM, Eskes T, Martin Jr CB. The clinical and urodynamic effects of anterior vaginal repair and Burch colposuspension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159(1):137-44.
13. Penttinen J, Kaar K, Kauppila A. Effect of suprapubic operation on urethral closure. Evaluation by single cough urethrocystometry. Br J Urol 1989;63(4):389-91.
14. Petros PEP, Ulmsten UI. An integral theory of female urinary incontinence. Experimental and clinical considerations. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991;153s:7-31.
15. Petros PE, Ulmsten UI. An integral theory and its method for the diagnosis and management of female urinary incontinence. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1993;153:1-93.
16. DeLancey JOL. Structural support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: The hammock hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170(6):1713-23.
17. Ulmsten U, Henriksson L, Johnson P, Varhos G. An ambulatory surgical procedure under local anesthesia for treatment of female urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1996;7(2):81-6.
18. Plzak 3rd L, Staskin D. Genuine stress incontinence theories of etiology and surgical correction. Urol Clin North Am 2002;29(3): 527-35.
19. Blaivas JG. The Emperor's new clothes. Neurourol Urodyn 2003;22(1):1.
20. Wilson PD, Herbison GP. A randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle exercises to treat postnatal urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(5):257-64.
21. Henalla SM, Kirwan P, Castleden CM, Hutchins CJ, Breeson AJ. The effect of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of genuine urinary stress incontinence in women at two hospitals. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988;95(6):602-6.
22. Berghmans LCM, Hendriks HJM, Bo K, Hay-Smith EJ, De Bie RA, Van Waalwijk van Doom ESC. Conservative treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Br J Urol 1998;82(2):181-91.
23. Weatherall M. Biofeedback or pelvic floor muscle exercises for female genuine stress incontinence: a meta-analysis of trials identified in a systematic review. Br J Urol Int 1999;83(9): 1015-6.
24. Klarskov P, Belving D, Bischoff N, et al. Pelvic floor exercise versus surgery for female urinary stress incontinence. Urol Int 1986;41(2):129-32.
25. Tapp A, Hills B, Cardozo L. Randomised study comparing pelvic floor physiotherapy with the Burch colposuspension [Abstract]. Neurourol Urodyn 1989;8:356-7.
26. Hay-Smith E, Bø K, Berghmans L, Hendriks H, de Bie R, van Waalwijk van Doorn E. Pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1 2003. Oxford: Update Software; 2003.
27. Black N, Griffiths J, Pope C, Bowling A, Abel P. Impact of surgery for stress incontinence on morbidity: cohort study. Br Med J 1997;315(7121):1493- 502.
28. Bo K, Talseth T, Holme I. Single blind, randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. Br Med J 1999;318(7182):487-93.
29. Bo K, Talseth T. Long-term effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise 5 years after cessation of organized training. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87(2 I):261-5.
30. Cammu H, Van Nylen M, Amy JJ. A 10-year follow-up after Kegel pelvic floor muscle exercises for genuine stress incontinence. Br J Urol Int 2000;85(6):655-8.
31. Homma Y, Battista J, Bauer S, Griffiths D, Hilton P, Kramer G, et al. Urodynamics. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence; 2nd International Consultation on Incontinence. Plymouth: Health Publications Ltd; 2002. p. 317-72.
32. Bent AE. Etiology and management of detrusor instability and mixed incontinence. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 1989;16(4): 853-68.
33. Weidner AC, Myers ER, Visco AG, Cundiff GW, Bump RC. Which women with stress incontinence require urodynamic evaluation? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184(2):20-7.
34. Romanzi LJ. Management of the urethral outlet in patients with severe prolapse. Current Opinion in Urology 2002;12(4): 339-44.
35. Leach GE, Dmochowski RR, Appell RA, Blaivas JG, Hadley HR, Luber KM, et al. Female stress urinary incontinence. Clinical Guidelines Panel summary report on surgical management of female stress urinary incontinence. J Urol 1997;158(3):875-80.
36. Black NA, Downs SH. The effectiveness of surgery for stress incontinence in women: a systematic review. Br J Urol 1996;78(4): 497-510.
37. Donovan J, Badia X, Corcos J, Gotoh M, Kelleher C, Naughton M, et al. Symptom and quality of life assessment. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence; 2nd WHO International Consultation on Incontinence. Plymouth: Health Publications Ltd; 2002. p. 267-316.
38. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Urinary incontinence in adults: acute and chronic management. Clinical Practice Guideline update no. 2. Rockville (MD): US Department of Health & Human Services Public Health Service, AHCPR; 1996.
39. Summitt RL, Stovall TG, Bent AE, Ostergard DR. Urinary incontinence: Correlation of history and brief office evaluation with multichannel urodynamic testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166(6 I):1835-44.
40. Weber AM, Taylor RJ, Wei JT, Lemack G, Piedmonte MR, Walters MD. The cost-effectiveness of preoperative testing (basic office assessment vs urodynamics) for stress urinary incontinence in women. BJU Int 2002;89(4):356-63.
41. Jensen JK, Nielsen FR, Ostergard DR. The role of patient history in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83(5 II): 904-10.
42. Cundiff GW, Harris RL, Coates KW, Bump RC, Mixson R. Clinical predictors of urinary incontinence in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177(2):262-7.
43. Korda A, Krieger M, Hunter P, Parkin G. The value of clinical symptoms in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence in the female. Aust New Zealand J Obstet Gynaecol 1987;27(2):149-51.
44. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Clinical Standards: Advice on planning the service in obstetrics and gynaecology. London: RCOG; 2002.
45. Feyereisl J, Dreher E, Haenggi W, Zikmund J, Schneider H. Long-term results after Burch colposuspension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171(3):647-52.
46. Pow-Sang JM, Lockhart JL, Suarez A, et al. Female urinary incontinence: Preoperative selection, surgical complications and results. J Urol 1986;136(4):831-3.
47. Sand PK, Bowen LW, Ostergard DR, Kakanishi AM. Hysterectomy and prior incontinence surgery as risk factors for failed retropubic cystourethropexy. J Reprod Med 1988;33(2):171-4.
48. Hutchings A, Black NA. Surgery for stress incontinence: a non-randomised trial of colposuspension, needle suspension and anterior colporrhaphy. Eur Urol 2001;39(4):375-82.
49. Jarvis GJ. Surgery for genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101(5):371-4.
50. Hodgkinson C. 'Recurrent' stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;132(8):844-60.
51. Kjolhede P, Lindehammar H. Pelvic floor neuropathy in relation to the outcome of Burch colposuspension. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1997;8(2):61-5.
52. Ostergard DR. Primary slings for everyone with genuine stress incontinence? The argument against. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1997;8(6):321-2.
53. Bidmead J, Cardozo L. Sling techniques in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000;107(2):147-56.
54. Rezapour M, Ulmsten U. Tension-free Vaginal Tape (TVT) in women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence - a long-term follow up. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2001;12(Suppl 2): S9-11.
55. Rardin CR, Kohli N, Rosenblatt PL, Miklos JR, Moore R, Strohsnitter WC. Tension-free vaginal tape: outcomes among women with primary versus recurrent stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100(5):893-7.
56. Lo T, Horng S, Chang C, Huang A, Huang H, Tseng L, et al. Tension-free vaginal tape procedure after previous failure in incontinence surgery. Urol 2002;60(1):57-61.
57. Azam U, Frazer MI, Kozman EL, Ward K, Hilton P, Rane A. The tension-free vaginal tape procedure in women with previous failed stress incontinence surgery. J Urol 2001;166(2):554-6.
58. Cardozo L, Hextall A, Bailey J, Boos K. Colposuspension after previous failed incontinence surgery: a prospective observational study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106(4):340-4.
59. Maher C, Dwyer P, Carey M, Gilmour D. The Burch colposuspension for recurrent urinary stress incontinence following retropubic continence surgery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106(7):719-24.
60. Lee RA, Symmonds RE. Repeat Marshall-Marchetti procedure for recurrent stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;122(2):219-29.
61. Hilton P. The management of recurrent incontinence after failed primary surgical treatment. In: O'Brien P, editor. Yearbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology vol. 5. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; 1997. p. 141-51.
62. Stanton S, Cardozo L, Williams J, Ritchie D, Allan V. Clinical and urodynamic features of failed incontinence surgery in the female. Obstet Gynecol 1978;51:515-20.
63. Lose G, Jorgensen L, Johnsen A. Predictive value of detrusor instability index in surgery for female urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 1988;7(2):141-7.
64. Jorgensen L, Lose G, Mortensen SO, Pedersen LM, Kristensen JK. The burch colposuspension for urinary incontinence in patients with stable and unstable detrusor function. Neurourol Urodyn 1988;7(5): 435-41.
65. Karram MM, Bhatia NN. Management of coexistent stress and urge urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73(1):4-7.
66. Lockhart JL, Vorstman B, Politano VA. Anti-incontinence surgery in females with detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn 1984;3(3): 201-7.
67. Koonings P, Bergman A, Ballard CA. Combined detrusor instability and stress urinary incontinence: Where is the primary pathology? Gynecol Obstet Invest 1988;26(3):250-6.
68. Serels SR, Rackley RR, Appell RA. Surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence associated with valsalva induced detrusor instability. J Urol 2000;163(3):884-7.
69. Colombo M, Zanetta G, Vitobello D, Milani R. The Burch colposuspension for women with and without detrusor overactivity. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103(3):255-60.
70. Meyhoff HH, Walter S, Gerstenberg TC, Olsen KP, Nordling J, Pedersen PH, et al. Incontinence surgery in females with motor urge incontinence. In: International Continence Society, Tenth Annual Meeting; Los Angeles, USA. 1980. p. 109-12.
71. Scotti R, Angell G, Flora R, Greston W. Antecedent history as a predictor of surgical cure of urgency symptoms in mixed incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91(1):51-4.
72. Ward KL, Hilton P. A randomised trial of colposuspension and tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for primary genuine stress incontinence - 2 year follow-up [Abstract]. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2001;12:S7.
73. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. Standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 2002;21:167-78.
74. McGuire EJ. Urodynamic findings in patients after failure of stress incontinence operations. Prog Clin Biol Res 1981;78:351-60.
75. Hilton P. A clinical and urodynamic study comparison the Stamey bladder neck suspension and suburethral sling procedures in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96(2):213-20.
76. Sand PK, Bowen LW, Panganiban R, Ostergard DR. The low pressure urethra as a factor in failed retropubic urethropexy. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69(3 Pt 1):399-402.
77. Bowen LW, Sand PK, Ostergard DR, Franti CE. Unsuccessful Burch retropubic urethropexy: A case-controlled urodynamic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160(2):452-8.
78. Gorton E, Stanton S, Monga A, Wiskind AK, Lentz GM, Bland DR. Periurethral collagen injection: A long-term follow-up study. Br J Urol Int 1999;84(9):966-71.
79. Chaikin DC, Rosenthal J, Blaivas JG. Pubovaginal fascial sling for all types of stress urinary incontinence: Long-term analysis. J Urol 1998;160(4):1312-6.
80. Lapitan M, Cody D, Grant A. Open retropubic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (Cochrane Review). In: Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software; 2003.
81. Moehrer B, Ellis G, Carey M, Wilson PD. Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (Cochrane Review). In: Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software; 2003.
82. Glazener CM, Cooper K. Bladder neck needle suspension for urinary incontinence in women. In: Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software; 2003.
83. Glazener CM, Cooper K. Anterior vaginal repair for urinary incontinence in women. In: Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software; 2003.
84. Bezerra CA, Bruschini H. Suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. In: Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software; 2003.
85. Burch JC. Cooper's ligament urethrovesical suspension for stress incontinence. Nine years' experience-results, complications, technique. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968;100(6):764-74.
86. Drouin J, Tessier J, Bertrand PE, Schick E. Burch colposuspension: Long-term results and review of published reports. Urology 1999; 54(5):808-14.
87. Alcalay M, Monga A, Stanton SL. Burch colposuspension: a 10-20 year follow up. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102(9):740-5.
88. Bergman A, Koonings PP, Ballard CA. Primary stress urinary incontinence and pelvic relaxation: prospective randomized comparison of three different operations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161(1):97-101.
89. Laursen H, Fairlie R, Rasmussen K, Aargaard J. Colposuspension Burch - an 18 year follow up study. Neurourol Urodyn 1994;13: 445-6.
90. Dietz HP, Wilson PD. Colposuspension success and failure: a long-term objective follow-up study. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2000;11(6):346-51.
91. Herbertsson G, Iosif CS. Surgical results and urodynamic studies 10 years after retropubic colpourethrocystopexy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72(4):298-301.
92. Fatthy H, El Hao M, Samaha I, Abdallah K. Modified Burch colposuspension: laparoscopy versus laparotomy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2001;8(1):99-106.
93. Summitt R, Lucente V, Karram M. Randomised comparison of laparoscopic and transabdominal Burch urethropexy for treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2000;19(Suppl):2S.
94. Cheon W, Mak J, Liu J. Prospective randomised controlled trial comparing laparoscopic and open colposuspension. Hong Kong Med J 2003;9(1):10-4.
95. Su TH, Wang KG, Hsu CY, Wei HJ, Hong BK. Prospective comparison of laparoscopic and traditional colposuspensions in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;76(6):576-82.
96. Burton G. A five year propsective randomised urodynamic study comparing open and laparoscopic colposuspension. Neurourol Urodyn 1999;18(4):295-6.
97. Morris A, Reilly E, Hassan A, Ramsey I, Hawthorn R. 5-7 year follow-up of a randomised trial comparing laparoscopic colposuspension (LC) and open colposuspension (OC) in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence (GSI). Int Urogynecol J 2001; 12(Suppl 3):S36.
98. Zullo F, Palomba S, Piccione F, Morelli M, Arduino B, Mastrantonio P. Laparoscopic Burch colposuspension: a randomized controlled trial comparing two transperitoneal surgical techniques. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98(5 Pt 1):783-8.
99. Persson J, Wolner-Hanssen P. Laparoscopic Burch colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence: A randomized comparison of one or two sutures on each side of the urethra. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95(1):151-5.
100. Mainprize TC, Drutz HP. The Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure: a critical review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1988;43(12):724-9.
101. McDuffie Jr RW, Litin RB, Blundon KE. Urethrovesical suspension (Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz). Experience with 204 cases. Am J Surg 1981;141(2):297-8.
102. Hegarty PK, Power PC, O'Brien MF, Bredin HC. Longevity of the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure. Ann Chirurg Gynaecol 2001; 90(4):286-9.
103. Colombo M, Scalambrino S, Maggioni A, Milani R. Burch colposuspension versus modified Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz urethropexy for primary genuine stress urinary incontinence: A prospective, randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171(6):1573-9.
104. Milani R, Scalambrino S, Quadri G, Algeri M, Marchesin R. Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure and Burch colposuspension in the surgical treatment of female urinary incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92(10):1050-3.
105. Bergman A, Elia G. Three surgical procedures for genuine stress incontinence: Five-year follow-up of a prospective randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173(1):66-71.
106. Beck RP, McCormick S, Nordstrom L. A 25-year experience with 519 anterior colporrhaphy procedures. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78(6): 1011-8.
107. Ward KL, Hilton P, on behalf of the UK TVT trial group. Prospective multicentre randomised trial of tension-free vaginal tape and colposuspension as primary treatment for stress incontinence. Br Med J 2002;325:67-70.
108. Debodinance P, Delporte P, Engrand J, Boulogne M. Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence: 3 years experience involving 256 operations. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;105(1):49-58.
109. Nilsson CG, Kuuva N, Falconer C, Rezapour M, Ulmsten U. Long-term results of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure for surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2001;12(Suppl 2):S5-8.
110. Olsson I, Kroon U. A three-year postoperative evaluation of tension-free vaginal tape. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1999;48(4):267-9.
111. Ulmsten U, Johnson P, Rezapour M. A three-year follow up of tension free vaginal tape for surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106(4):345-50.
112. Rezapour M, Ulmsten U. Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) in women with mixed urinary incontinence - a long-term follow-up. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2001;12(Suppl 2):S15-8.
113. Rezapour M, Falconer C, Ulmsten U. Tension-free Vaginal Tape (TVT) in stress incontinence women with intrinsic sphincter deficiency - a long-term follow up. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2001;12(Suppl 2):S12-14.
114. Morgan Jr TO, Westney OL, McGuire EJ. Pubovaginal sling: 4-year outcome analysis and quality of life assessment. J Urol 2000; 163(6):1845-8.
115. Iosif C. Results of various operations for urinary stress incontinence. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1983;233(2):93-100.
116. Pereyra A., A simplified surgical procedure for the correction of stress incontinence in women. West J Surg 1959;67(224-226).
117. Leach GE, Raz S. Modified pereyra bladder neck suspension after previously failed anti-incontinence surgery. Surgical technique and results with long-term follow-up. Urology 1984;23(4):359-62.
118. Hilton P. Surgery for genuine stress incontinence: which operation and for which patient? In: Drife J, Hilton P, Stanton S, editors. Micturition - Proceedings of the 21st RCOG Study Group. London: Springer-Verlag; 1990. p. 225-46.
119. Trockman B, Leach G, Hamilton J, Sakamoto M, Santiago L, Zimmern P. Modified Pereyra bladder neck suspension: 10-year mean followup using outcomes analysis in 125 patients. J Urol 1995;154(5):1841-7.
120. Lopez AE, Padron OF, Patsias G, Politano VA. Transurethral polytetrafluoroethylene injection in female patients with urinary continence. J Urol 1993;150(3):856-8.
121. Kiilholma PJ, Chancellor MB, Makinen J, Hirsch IH, Klemi PJ. Complications of Teflon injection for stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 1993;12(2):131-7.
122. Malizia Jr AA, Reiman HM, Myers RP, Sande JR, Barham SS, Benson Jr RC, et al. Migration and granulomatous reaction after periurethral injection of polytef (Teflon). JAMA 1984;251(24): 3277-81.
123. Santarosa RP, Blaivas JG. Periurethral injection of autologous fat for the treatment of sphincteric incontinence. J Urol 1994;151(3): 607-11.
124. Corcos J, Fournier C. Periurethral collagen injection for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: 4-year follow-up results. Urology 1999;54(5):815-8.
125. Henalla SM, Hall V, Duckett JR, Link C, Usman F, Tromans PM, et al. A multicentre evaluation of a new surgical technique for urethral bulking in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000;107(8):1035-9.
126. Radley SC, Chapple CR, Mitsogiannis IC, Glass KS. Transurethral implantation of macroplastique for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence secondary to urethral sphincter deficiency. Eur Urol 2001;39(4):383-9.
127. Harriss DR, Iacovou JW, Lemberger RJ. Peri-urethral silicone microimplants (Macroplastique) for the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Br J Urol 1996;78(5):722-5.
128. Herschorn S, Steele DJ, Radomski SB. Followup of intraurethral collagen for female stress urinary incontinence. J Urol 1996;156(4): 1305-9.
129. Appell RA. Collagen injection therapy for urinary incontinence. Urol Clin North Am 1994;21(1):177-82.
130. Abbassian A. A new operation for insertion of the artificial urinary sphincter. J Urol 1988;140(3):512-3.
131. Appell RA. Techniques and results in the implantation of the artificial urinary sphincter in women with type III stress urinary incontinence by a vaginal approach. Neurourol Urodyn 1988;7(6):613-9.
132. Fulford SCV, Sutton C, Bales G, Hickling M, Stephenson TP. The fate of the 'modern' artificial urinary sphincter with a follow-up of more than 10 years. Br J Urol 1997;79(5):713-6.