Scaling and universality in living systems

Fractals

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 427-451

  Stanley, H E ^a   Amaral, L A N ^a   Buldyrev, S V ^a   Goldberger, A L ^b   Havlin, S ^a,d   Hyman, B T ^c   Leschhorn, H ^a   Maass, P ^a   Makse, H A ^a   Peng, C K ^a,b   Salinger, M A ^e   Stanley, M H R ^a   Viswanathan, G M ^a  

^a Boston University   (United States)

^b BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^e BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3142560077     PISSN: 0218348X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1142/S0218348X96000558     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. H. E. Stanley, Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1971).
2. C. H. Back et al., Nature 378, 597-600 (1995).
3. H. E. Stanley and N. Ostrowsky, eds., Correlations and Connectivity: Geometric Aspects of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1990).
4. D. S. Gaunt and C. Domb, J. Phys. C3, 1442-1461 (1970).
5. C.-K. Peng, S. Buldyrev, A. Goldberger, S. Havlin, F. Sciortino, M. Simons and H. E. Stanley, Nature 356, 168-171 (1992).
6. B. Suki, A.-L. Barabási, Z. Hantos, F. Peták and H. E. Stanley, Nature 368, 615-618 (1994).
7. C. K. Peng, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and A. L. Goldberger, Chaos 5, 82-87 (1995).
8. H. Makse, S. Havlin and H. E. Stanley, Nature 377, 608-612 (1995).
9. M. H. R. Stanley, L. A. N. Amaral, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Havlin, H. Leschhorn, P. Maass, M. A. Salinger and H. E. Stanley, "Scaling Behavior in the Growth of Companies," Nature 379, 804-806 (1996); M. H. R. Stanley, L. A. N. Amaral, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Havlin, H. Leschhorn, P. Maass, M. A. Salinger and H. E. Stanley, "Can Statistical Physics Contribute to the Science of Economics?" [Proc. International Conf. on "Future of Fractals"] Fractals 4(3), 415-425 (1996).
10. M. H. R. Stanley, L. A. N. Amaral, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Havlin, H. Leschhorn, P. Maass, M. A. Salinger and H. E. Stanley, "Scaling Behavior in the Growth of Companies," Nature 379, 804-806 (1996); M. H. R. Stanley, L. A. N. Amaral, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Havlin, H. Leschhorn, P. Maass, M. A. Salinger and H. E. Stanley, "Can Statistical Physics Contribute to the Science of Economics?" [Proc. International Conf. on "Future of Fractals"] Fractals 4(3), 415-425 (1996).
11. B. B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1982).
12. B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, J. Appl. Physiol., 60, 189 (1986); B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, Am. Sci., 75, 354 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, B. J. West and Yale, J. Biol. Med. 60, 421 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, D. R. Rigney and B. J. West, Sci. Am. 262, 42 (1990); B. J. West and M. F. Shlesinger, Am. Sci. 78, 40 (1990); B. J. West, Fractal Physiology and Chaos in Medicine (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990); B. J. West and W. Deering, Phys. Reports 254, 1-100 (1994); J. B. Bassingthwaighte, L. S. Liebovitch and B. J. West, Fractal Physiology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
13. B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, J. Appl. Physiol., 60, 189 (1986); B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, Am. Sci., 75, 354 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, B. J. West and Yale, J. Biol. Med. 60, 421 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, D. R. Rigney and B. J. West, Sci. Am. 262, 42 (1990); B. J. West and M. F. Shlesinger, Am. Sci. 78, 40 (1990); B. J. West, Fractal Physiology and Chaos in Medicine (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990); B. J. West and W. Deering, Phys. Reports 254, 1-100 (1994); J. B. Bassingthwaighte, L. S. Liebovitch and B. J. West, Fractal Physiology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
14. B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, J. Appl. Physiol., 60, 189 (1986); B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, Am. Sci., 75, 354 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, B. J. West and Yale, J. Biol. Med. 60, 421 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, D. R. Rigney and B. J. West, Sci. Am. 262, 42 (1990); B. J. West and M. F. Shlesinger, Am. Sci. 78, 40 (1990); B. J. West, Fractal Physiology and Chaos in Medicine (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990); B. J. West and W. Deering, Phys. Reports 254, 1-100 (1994); J. B. Bassingthwaighte, L. S. Liebovitch and B. J. West, Fractal Physiology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
15. B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, J. Appl. Physiol., 60, 189 (1986); B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, Am. Sci., 75, 354 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, B. J. West and Yale, J. Biol. Med. 60, 421 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, D. R. Rigney and B. J. West, Sci. Am. 262, 42 (1990); B. J. West and M. F. Shlesinger, Am. Sci. 78, 40 (1990); B. J. West, Fractal Physiology and Chaos in Medicine (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990); B. J. West and W. Deering, Phys. Reports 254, 1-100 (1994); J. B. Bassingthwaighte, L. S. Liebovitch and B. J. West, Fractal Physiology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
16. B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, J. Appl. Physiol., 60, 189 (1986); B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, Am. Sci., 75, 354 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, B. J. West and Yale, J. Biol. Med. 60, 421 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, D. R. Rigney and B. J. West, Sci. Am. 262, 42 (1990); B. J. West and M. F. Shlesinger, Am. Sci. 78, 40 (1990); B. J. West, Fractal Physiology and Chaos in Medicine (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990); B. J. West and W. Deering, Phys. Reports 254, 1-100 (1994); J. B. Bassingthwaighte, L. S. Liebovitch and B. J. West, Fractal Physiology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
17. B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, J. Appl. Physiol., 60, 189 (1986); B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, Am. Sci., 75, 354 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, B. J. West and Yale, J. Biol. Med. 60, 421 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, D. R. Rigney and B. J. West, Sci. Am. 262, 42 (1990); B. J. West and M. F. Shlesinger, Am. Sci. 78, 40 (1990); B. J. West, Fractal Physiology and Chaos in Medicine (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990); B. J. West and W. Deering, Phys. Reports 254, 1-100 (1994); J. B. Bassingthwaighte, L. S. Liebovitch and B. J. West, Fractal Physiology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
18. B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, J. Appl. Physiol., 60, 189 (1986); B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, Am. Sci., 75, 354 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, B. J. West and Yale, J. Biol. Med. 60, 421 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, D. R. Rigney and B. J. West, Sci. Am. 262, 42 (1990); B. J. West and M. F. Shlesinger, Am. Sci. 78, 40 (1990); B. J. West, Fractal Physiology and Chaos in Medicine (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990); B. J. West and W. Deering, Phys. Reports 254, 1-100 (1994); J. B. Bassingthwaighte, L. S. Liebovitch and B. J. West, Fractal Physiology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
19. B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, J. Appl. Physiol., 60, 189 (1986); B. J. West and A. L. Goldberger, Am. Sci., 75, 354 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, B. J. West and Yale, J. Biol. Med. 60, 421 (1987); A. L. Goldberger, D. R. Rigney and B. J. West, Sci. Am. 262, 42 (1990); B. J. West and M. F. Shlesinger, Am. Sci. 78, 40 (1990); B. J. West, Fractal Physiology and Chaos in Medicine (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990); B. J. West and W. Deering, Phys. Reports 254, 1-100 (1994); J. B. Bassingthwaighte, L. S. Liebovitch and B. J. West, Fractal Physiology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
20. A. Bunde and S. Havlin, eds., Fractals and Disordered Systems (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991); A. Bunde and S. Havlin, eds., Fractals in Science (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994); A.-L. Barabasi and H. E. Stanley, Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
21. A. Bunde and S. Havlin, eds., Fractals and Disordered Systems (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991); A. Bunde and S. Havlin, eds., Fractals in Science (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994); A.-L. Barabasi and H. E. Stanley, Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
22. A. Bunde and S. Havlin, eds., Fractals and Disordered Systems (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991); A. Bunde and S. Havlin, eds., Fractals in Science (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994); A.-L. Barabasi and H. E. Stanley, Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
23. M. F. Shlesinger and B. J. West, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2106 (1991).
24. B. Suki, A.-L. Barabási, Z. Hantos, F. Peták and H. E. Stanley, Nature 368 615-618 (1994).
25. E. R. Weibel and D. M. Gomez, Science 137, 577 (1962).
26. A. A. Tsonis and P. A. Tsonis, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 30, 355 (1987).
27. F. Family, B. R. Masters and D. E. Platt, Physica D38, 98 (1989); B. R. Masters, F. Family and D. E. Platt, Biophys. J. (Suppl.) 55, 575 (1989); B. R. Masters and D. E. Platt, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.) 30, 391 (1989).
28. F. Family, B. R. Masters and D. E. Platt, Physica D38, 98 (1989); B. R. Masters, F. Family and D. E. Platt, Biophys. J. (Suppl.) 55, 575 (1989); B. R. Masters and D. E. Platt, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.) 30, 391 (1989).
29. F. Family, B. R. Masters and D. E. Platt, Physica D38, 98 (1989); B. R. Masters, F. Family and D. E. Platt, Biophys. J. (Suppl.) 55, 575 (1989); B. R. Masters and D. E. Platt, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.) 30, 391 (1989).
30. M. Sernetz, J. Wübbeke and P. Wlczek, Physica A191, 13 (1992).
31. H. Takayasu, Fractals in the Physical Sciences (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1990).
32. D. R. Morse, Nature 314, 731 (1985).
33. T. G. Smith, W. B. Marks, G. D. Lange, W. H. Sheriff Jr. and E. A. Neale, J. Neuroscience Methods 27, 173 (1989).
34. H. E. Stanley, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 34, 716 (1989); F. Caserta, H. E. Stanley, W. D. Eldred, G. Daccord, R. E. Hausman and J. Nittmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 95 (1990); F. Caserta, R. E. Hausman, W. D. Eldred, H. E. Stanley and C. Kimmel, Neurosci. Letters 136, 198 (1992); F. Caserta, W. D. Eldred, E. Fernandez, R. E. Hausman, L. R. Stanford, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Schwarzer and H. E. Stanley, J. Neurosci. Methods 56, 133 (1995).
35. H. E. Stanley, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 34, 716 (1989); F. Caserta, H. E. Stanley, W. D. Eldred, G. Daccord, R. E. Hausman and J. Nittmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 95 (1990); F. Caserta, R. E. Hausman, W. D. Eldred, H. E. Stanley and C. Kimmel, Neurosci. Letters 136, 198 (1992); F. Caserta, W. D. Eldred, E. Fernandez, R. E. Hausman, L. R. Stanford, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Schwarzer and H. E. Stanley, J. Neurosci. Methods 56, 133 (1995).
36. H. E. Stanley, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 34, 716 (1989); F. Caserta, H. E. Stanley, W. D. Eldred, G. Daccord, R. E. Hausman and J. Nittmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 95 (1990); F. Caserta, R. E. Hausman, W. D. Eldred, H. E. Stanley and C. Kimmel, Neurosci. Letters 136, 198 (1992); F. Caserta, W. D. Eldred, E. Fernandez, R. E. Hausman, L. R. Stanford, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Schwarzer and H. E. Stanley, J. Neurosci. Methods 56, 133 (1995).
37. H. E. Stanley, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 34, 716 (1989); F. Caserta, H. E. Stanley, W. D. Eldred, G. Daccord, R. E. Hausman and J. Nittmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 95 (1990); F. Caserta, R. E. Hausman, W. D. Eldred, H. E. Stanley and C. Kimmel, Neurosci. Letters 136, 198 (1992); F. Caserta, W. D. Eldred, E. Fernandez, R. E. Hausman, L. R. Stanford, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Schwarzer and H. E. Stanley, J. Neurosci. Methods 56, 133 (1995).
38. D. R. Kayser, L. K. Aberle and R. D. Pochy, L. Lam, Physica A191, 17 (1992).
39. K. R. Bhaskar, B. S. Turner, P. Garik, J. D. Bradley, R. Bansil, H. E. Stanley and J. T. LaMont, Nature 360, 458 (1992).
40. T. Matsuyama, M. Sugawa and Y. Nakagawa, FEMS Microb. Lett. 61, 243 (1989); H. Fujikawa and M. Matsushita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 58, 387 (1989); M. Matsushita and H. Fujikawa, Physica A168, 498 (1990).
41. T. Matsuyama, M. Sugawa and Y. Nakagawa, FEMS Microb. Lett. 61, 243 (1989); H. Fujikawa and M. Matsushita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 58, 387 (1989); M. Matsushita and H. Fujikawa, Physica A168, 498 (1990).
42. T. Matsuyama, M. Sugawa and Y. Nakagawa, FEMS Microb. Lett. 61, 243 (1989); H. Fujikawa and M. Matsushita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 58, 387 (1989); M. Matsushita and H. Fujikawa, Physica A168, 498 (1990).
43. T. Vicsek, M. Cserzö and V. K. Horváth, Physica A167, 315 (1990); S. Matsuura and S. Miyazima, Physica A191, 30 (1992).
44. T. Vicsek, M. Cserzö and V. K. Horváth, Physica A167, 315 (1990); S. Matsuura and S. Miyazima, Physica A191, 30 (1992).
45. T. Vicsek, Fractal Growth Phenomena, Second Edition (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992).
46. E. Ben-Jacob, H. Shmueli, O. Shochet and A. Tenenbaum, Physica A187, 378 (1992); E. Ben-Jacob, A. Tenenbaum, O. Shochet and O. Avidan, Physica A202, 1 (1994).
47. E. Ben-Jacob, H. Shmueli, O. Shochet and A. Tenenbaum, Physica A187, 378 (1992); E. Ben-Jacob, A. Tenenbaum, O. Shochet and O. Avidan, Physica A202, 1 (1994).
48. H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Nature 355, 423 (1992); M. F. Shlesinger, Nature 355, 396 (1992); H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A45, 7128 (1992); S. Havlin, H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, J. E. Kiefer, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A46, R-1717 (1992); S. Havlin, M. Araujo, H. Larralde, A. Shehter, H. E. Stanley and P. Trunfio, Nuovo Cimento 16, 1039-1051 (1995).
49. H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Nature 355, 423 (1992); M. F. Shlesinger, Nature 355, 396 (1992); H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A45, 7128 (1992); S. Havlin, H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, J. E. Kiefer, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A46, R-1717 (1992); S. Havlin, M. Araujo, H. Larralde, A. Shehter, H. E. Stanley and P. Trunfio, Nuovo Cimento 16, 1039-1051 (1995).
50. H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Nature 355, 423 (1992); M. F. Shlesinger, Nature 355, 396 (1992); H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A45, 7128 (1992); S. Havlin, H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, J. E. Kiefer, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A46, R-1717 (1992); S. Havlin, M. Araujo, H. Larralde, A. Shehter, H. E. Stanley and P. Trunfio, Nuovo Cimento 16, 1039-1051 (1995).
51. H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Nature 355, 423 (1992); M. F. Shlesinger, Nature 355, 396 (1992); H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A45, 7128 (1992); S. Havlin, H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, J. E. Kiefer, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A46, R-1717 (1992); S. Havlin, M. Araujo, H. Larralde, A. Shehter, H. E. Stanley and P. Trunfio, Nuovo Cimento 16, 1039-1051 (1995).
52. H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Nature 355, 423 (1992); M. F. Shlesinger, Nature 355, 396 (1992); H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A45, 7128 (1992); S. Havlin, H. Larralde, P. Trunfio, J. E. Kiefer, H. E. Stanley and G. H. Weiss, Phys. Rev. A46, R-1717 (1992); S. Havlin, M. Araujo, H. Larralde, A. Shehter, H. E. Stanley and P. Trunfio, Nuovo Cimento 16, 1039-1051 (1995).
53. J. G. Skellam, Biometrika 38, 196 (1951).
54. P. H. Harvey and J. R. Krebs, Science 249, 140 (1990).
55. R. H. Peters, The Ecological Implications of Body Size (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983); J. E. I. Hokkanen, J. Theor. Biol. 499, 499 (1956); A. A. Biewener, Science 250, 1097 (1990).
56. R. H. Peters, The Ecological Implications of Body Size (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983); J. E. I. Hokkanen, J. Theor. Biol. 499, 499 (1956); A. A. Biewener, Science 250, 1097 (1990).
57. R. H. Peters, The Ecological Implications of Body Size (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983); J. E. I. Hokkanen, J. Theor. Biol. 499, 499 (1956); A. A. Biewener, Science 250, 1097 (1990).
58. M. Sernetz, B. Gelleri and J. Hofmann, J. Theor. Biol. 187, 209 (1985); R. R. Strathmann, Science 250, 1091 (1990).
59. M. Sernetz, B. Gelleri and J. Hofmann, J. Theor. Biol. 187, 209 (1985); R. R. Strathmann, Science 250, 1091 (1990).
60. J. D. Watson, M. Gilman, J. Witkowski and M. Zoller, Recombinant DNA (Scientific American Books, New York, 1992).
61. E. W. Montroll and M. F. Shlesinger, "The wonderful world of random walks," in Nonequilibrium Phenomena II. From Stochastics to Hydrodynamics eds. J. L. Lebowitz and E. W. Montroll, pp. 1-121 (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1984).
62. M. Ya. Azbel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, (1973) 589.
63. W. Li and K. Kaneko, Europhys. Lett. 17, (1992) 655.
64. C. L. Berthelsen, J. A. Glazier and M. H. Skolnick, Phys. Rev. A45, (1992) 8902.
65. S. M. Ossadnik, S. V. Buldyrev, A. L. Goldberger, S. Havlin, R. N. Mantegna, C.-K. Peng, M. Simons and H. E. Stanley, Biophys. J. 67, (1994) 64.
66. C.-K. Peng, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Havlin, M. Simons, H. E. Stanley and A. L. Goldberger, Phys. Rev. E49, (1994) 1685.
67. A. L. Goldberger, D. R. Rigney and B. J. West, Sci. Am. 262, 42-49 (1990).
68. C.-K. Peng, J. Mietus, J. M. Hausdorff, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley and A. L. Goldberger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1343-1346 (1993).
69. C.-K. Peng, S. V. Buldyrev, J. M. Hausdorff, S. Havlin, J. E. Mietus, M. Simons, H. E. Stanley and A. L. Goldberger, in Fractals in Biology and Medicine, T. F. Nonnenmacher, G. A. Losa and E. R. Weibel, eds. (Birkhaüser Verlag, Basel, 1994), pp. 55-65.
70. P. Bak, C. Tang and K. Wiesenfeld, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 381-384 (1987).
71. M. N. Lévy, Circ. Res. 29, 437-445 (1971).
72. C.-K. Peng, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Havlin, M. Simons, H. E. Stanley and A. L. Goldberger, Phys. Rev. E49, 1691-1695 (1994).
73. B. T. Hyman, H. L. West, G. W. Rebeck, S. V. Buldyrev, R. N. Mantegna, M. Ukleja, S. Havlin, and H. E. Stanley, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3586-3590 (1995).
74. B. T. Hyman, R. E. Tanzi, K. M. Marzloff, R. Barbour and D. Schenk, J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 51, 76-83 (1992).
75. B. T. Hyman, K. Marzloff and P. V. Arriagada, J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 52, 594-600 (1993).
76. E. C. Pielou, An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1969).
77. E. W. Montroll and M. F. Shlesinger, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79, 3380-3383 (1982).
78. S. Redner, Am. J. Phys. 58, 267-273 (1990).
79. C. G. Granqvist and R. A. Buhrman, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 2219-2200 (1976).
80. M. Kawai, P. Cras and G. Perry, Brain Res. 592, 278-282 (1992).
81. R. A. Armstrong, D. Myers and C. U. Smith, Neurosci. Lett. 127, 223-226 (1991).
82. M. Batty and P. Longley, Fractal Cities (Academic Press, San Diego 1994).
83. L. Benguigui and M. Daoud, Geog. Analy. 23, 362-368 (1991).
84. L. Benguigui, Physica A219, 13-26 (1995).
85. T. A. Witten and L. M. Sander, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1400-1403 (1981).
86. C. Clark, J. R. Stat. Soc. (Series A) 114, 490-496 (1951).
87. A. Coniglio, C. Nappi, L. Russo and F. Peruggi, J. Phys. A10, 205-209 (1977).
88. A. Weinrib, Phys. Rev. B29, 387-395 (1984).
89. S. Prakash, S. Havlin, M. Schwartz and H. E. Stanley, Phys. Rev. A46, R1724-1727 (1992).
90. J.-F. Gouyet, Physics and Fractal Structures (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995).
91. P. Frankhauser, La Fractalité des Structures Urbaines (Collection Villes, Anthropos, Paris, 1994).