Aboriginal overkill in the intermountain west of North America: Zooarchaeological tests and implications

Human Nature

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 169-208

  Lyman, R Lee ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

Aboriginal overkill; Elk (cervus elaphus); Yellowstone; Zooarchaeology

Indexed keywords

EID: 3142533773     PISSN: 10456767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12110-004-1019-3     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Ames, K. M., D. E. Dumond, J. R. Galm, and R. Minor 1998 Prehistory of the Southern Plateau. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, Plateau, D. E. Walker, Jr., ed. Pp. 103-119. Washington, D.C.: Smith-sonian Institution.
2. Ascher, R. 1968 Time's Arrow and the Archaeology of a Contemporary Community. In Settlement Archaeology, K. C. Chang, ed. Pp. 43-52. Palo Alto: National Press.
3. Barnosky, E. H. 1994 Ecosystem Dynamics through the Past 2000 Years as Revealed by Fossil Mammals from Lamar Cave in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Historical Biology 8:71-90.
4. Behrensmeyer, A. K., and D. Schindel 1983 Resolving Time in Paleobiology. Paleobiology 9:1-8.
5. Binford, L. R. 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic Press. 1980 Willow Smoke and Dogs' Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation. American Antiquity 45:4-20.
6. Binford, L. R. 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic Press. 1980 Willow Smoke and Dogs' Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation. American Antiquity 45:4-20.
7. Bush, A. M., M. G. Powell, W. S. Arnold, T. M. Bert, and G. M. Daley 2002 Time-Averaging, Evolution, and Morphological Variation. Paleobiology 28:9-25.
8. Butler, V. L. 2000 Resource Depression on the Northwest Coast of North America. Antiquity 74:649-661.
9. Cannon, K. P. 1992 A Review of the Archeological and Paleontological Evidence for the Prehistoric Presence of Wolf and Related Prey Species in the Northern and Central Rockies Physiographic Provinces. In Wolves for Yellowstone? A Report to the United State Congress, Vol. IV, Research and Analysis, J. D. Varley and W. G. Brewster, eds. Pp. 1-175-1-265. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
10. Cannon, K. P., and M. B. Cannon 2004 Zooarchaeology and Wildlife Management in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. In Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology, R. L. Lyman and K. P. Cannon, eds. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, in press.
11. Church, R. R., and R. L. Lyman 2003 Small Fragments Make Small Differences in Efficiency When Rendering Grease from Fractured Artiodactyl Bones by Boiling. Journal of Archaeological Science 30:1077-1084.
12. Davis, L. B., J. W. Fisher, Jr., M. C. Wilson, S. A. Chomko, and R. E. Morlan 2000 Avonlea Phase Winter Fare at the Lost Terrace Site, Montana: The Vertebrate Fauna. Plains Anthropologist Memoir 32:53-69.
13. Dow, S. A., Jr., and P. L. Wright 1962 Changes in Mandibular Dentition Associated with Age in Pronghorn Antelope. Journal of Wildlife Management 26:1-18.
14. Fenneman, N. M. 1931 Physiography of the Western United States. New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. Freeman, O. W., J. D. Forrester, and R. L. Lupher 1945 Physiographic Divisions of the Columbia Intermontane Province. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 35:53-75.
16. Fürsich, F. T., and M. Aberhan 1990 Significance of Time-Averaging for Palaeocommunity Analysis. Lethaia 23:143-152.
17. Grayson, D. K. 1984 Quantitative Zooarchaeology. Orlando: Academic Press. 1988 Danger Cave, Last Supper Cave, and Hanging Rock Shelter: The Faunas. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 66:1-130. 2001 The Archaeological Record of Human Impacts on Animal Populations. Journal of World Prehistory 15:1-68.
18. Grayson, D. K. 1984 Quantitative Zooarchaeology. Orlando: Academic Press. 1988 Danger Cave, Last Supper Cave, and Hanging Rock Shelter: The Faunas. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 66:1-130. 2001 The Archaeological Record of Human Impacts on Animal Populations. Journal of World Prehistory 15:1-68.
19. Grayson, D. K. 1984 Quantitative Zooarchaeology. Orlando: Academic Press. 1988 Danger Cave, Last Supper Cave, and Hanging Rock Shelter: The Faunas. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 66:1-130. 2001 The Archaeological Record of Human Impacts on Animal Populations. Journal of World Prehistory 15:1-68.
20. Grayson, D. K., and M. D. Cannon 1999 Human Paleoecology and Foraging Theory in the Great Basin. In Models for the Millennium: Great Basin Anthropology Today, C. Beck, ed. Pp. 141-151. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
21. Hadly, E. A. 1996 Influence of Late-Holocene Climate on Northern Rocky Mountain Mammals. Quaternary Research 46:298-310. 1999 Fidelity of Terrestrial Vertebrate Fossils to a Modern Ecosystem. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 149:389-409.
22. Hadly, E. A. 1996 Influence of Late-Holocene Climate on Northern Rocky Mountain Mammals. Quaternary Research 46:298-310. 1999 Fidelity of Terrestrial Vertebrate Fossils to a Modern Ecosystem. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 149:389-409.
23. Hajda, Y. 1990 Southwestern Coast Salish. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, Northwest Coast, W. Suttles, ed. Pp. 503-517. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
24. Hessl, A. 2002 Aspen, Elk, and Fire: The Effects of Human Institutions on Ecosystem Processes. BioScience 52:1011-1022.
25. Hildebrandt, W. R., and T. L. Jones 2002 Depletion of Prehistoric Pinniped Populations along the California and Oregon Coasts: Were Humans the Cause? In Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature, C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons, eds. Pp. 72-110. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
26. Huff, D. E., and J. D. Varley 1999 Natural Regulation in Yellowstone National Park's Northern Range. Ecological Applications 9:17-29.
27. Hunt, C. B. 1967 Physiography of the United States. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
28. Jones, K. T., and D. Metcalfe 1988 Bare Bones Archaeology: Bone Marrow Indices and Efficiency. Journal of Archaeological Science 15:415-423.
29. Kay, C. E. 1987 Too Many Elk in Yellowstone? Western Wildlands 13(3):39-44. 1990 Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd: A Critical Evaluation of the "Natural Regulation" Paradigm. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, Logan. 1994 Aboriginal Overkill: The Role of Native Americans in Structuring Western Ecosystems. Human Nature 5:359-398. 1995 Aboriginal Overkill and Native Burning: Implications for Modern Ecosystem Management. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10:121-126. 1997a Aboriginal Overkill and the Biogeography of Moose in Western North America. Alces 33:141-164. 1997b Viewpoint: Ungulate Herbivory, Willows, and Political Ecology in Yellowstone. Journal of Range Management 50:139-145. 2002 False Gods, Ecological Myths, and Biological Reality. In Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature, C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons, eds. Pp. 238-261. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
30. Kay, C. E. 1987 Too Many Elk in Yellowstone? Western Wildlands 13(3):39-44. 1990 Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd: A Critical Evaluation of the "Natural Regulation" Paradigm. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, Logan. 1994 Aboriginal Overkill: The Role of Native Americans in Structuring Western Ecosystems. Human Nature 5:359-398. 1995 Aboriginal Overkill and Native Burning: Implications for Modern Ecosystem Management. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10:121-126. 1997a Aboriginal Overkill and the Biogeography of Moose in Western North America. Alces 33:141-164. 1997b Viewpoint: Ungulate Herbivory, Willows, and Political Ecology in Yellowstone. Journal of Range Management 50:139-145. 2002 False Gods, Ecological Myths, and Biological Reality. In Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature, C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons, eds. Pp. 238-261. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
31. Kay, C. E. 1987 Too Many Elk in Yellowstone? Western Wildlands 13(3):39-44. 1990 Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd: A Critical Evaluation of the "Natural Regulation" Paradigm. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, Logan. 1994 Aboriginal Overkill: The Role of Native Americans in Structuring Western Ecosystems. Human Nature 5:359-398. 1995 Aboriginal Overkill and Native Burning: Implications for Modern Ecosystem Management. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10:121-126. 1997a Aboriginal Overkill and the Biogeography of Moose in Western North America. Alces 33:141-164. 1997b Viewpoint: Ungulate Herbivory, Willows, and Political Ecology in Yellowstone. Journal of Range Management 50:139-145. 2002 False Gods, Ecological Myths, and Biological Reality. In Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature, C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons, eds. Pp. 238-261. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
32. Kay, C. E. 1987 Too Many Elk in Yellowstone? Western Wildlands 13(3):39-44. 1990 Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd: A Critical Evaluation of the "Natural Regulation" Paradigm. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, Logan. 1994 Aboriginal Overkill: The Role of Native Americans in Structuring Western Ecosystems. Human Nature 5:359-398. 1995 Aboriginal Overkill and Native Burning: Implications for Modern Ecosystem Management. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10:121-126. 1997a Aboriginal Overkill and the Biogeography of Moose in Western North America. Alces 33:141-164. 1997b Viewpoint: Ungulate Herbivory, Willows, and Political Ecology in Yellowstone. Journal of Range Management 50:139-145. 2002 False Gods, Ecological Myths, and Biological Reality. In Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature, C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons, eds. Pp. 238-261. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
33. Kay, C. E. 1987 Too Many Elk in Yellowstone? Western Wildlands 13(3):39-44. 1990 Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd: A Critical Evaluation of the "Natural Regulation" Paradigm. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, Logan. 1994 Aboriginal Overkill: The Role of Native Americans in Structuring Western Ecosystems. Human Nature 5:359-398. 1995 Aboriginal Overkill and Native Burning: Implications for Modern Ecosystem Management. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10:121-126. 1997a Aboriginal Overkill and the Biogeography of Moose in Western North America. Alces 33:141-164. 1997b Viewpoint: Ungulate Herbivory, Willows, and Political Ecology in Yellowstone. Journal of Range Management 50:139-145. 2002 False Gods, Ecological Myths, and Biological Reality. In Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature, C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons, eds. Pp. 238-261. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
34. Kay, C. E. 1987 Too Many Elk in Yellowstone? Western Wildlands 13(3):39-44. 1990 Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd: A Critical Evaluation of the "Natural Regulation" Paradigm. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, Logan. 1994 Aboriginal Overkill: The Role of Native Americans in Structuring Western Ecosystems. Human Nature 5:359-398. 1995 Aboriginal Overkill and Native Burning: Implications for Modern Ecosystem Management. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10:121-126. 1997a Aboriginal Overkill and the Biogeography of Moose in Western North America. Alces 33:141-164. 1997b Viewpoint: Ungulate Herbivory, Willows, and Political Ecology in Yellowstone. Journal of Range Management 50:139-145. 2002 False Gods, Ecological Myths, and Biological Reality. In Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature, C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons, eds. Pp. 238-261. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
35. Kay, C. E. 1987 Too Many Elk in Yellowstone? Western Wildlands 13(3):39-44. 1990 Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd: A Critical Evaluation of the "Natural Regulation" Paradigm. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, Logan. 1994 Aboriginal Overkill: The Role of Native Americans in Structuring Western Ecosystems. Human Nature 5:359-398. 1995 Aboriginal Overkill and Native Burning: Implications for Modern Ecosystem Management. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10:121-126. 1997a Aboriginal Overkill and the Biogeography of Moose in Western North America. Alces 33:141-164. 1997b Viewpoint: Ungulate Herbivory, Willows, and Political Ecology in Yellowstone. Journal of Range Management 50:139-145. 2002 False Gods, Ecological Myths, and Biological Reality. In Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature, C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons, eds. Pp. 238-261. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
36. Kay, C. E., C. A. White, and I. R. Pengelly 1999 Long-Term. Ecosystem States and Processes in Banff National Park and the Central Canadian Rockies. Parks Canada Occasional Paper Series No. 9. Hull, Quebec.
37. Keigley, R. B., and F. H. Wagner 1998 What Is "Natural"? Yellowstone Elk Population - A Case Study. Integrative Biology 1:133-148.
38. Kowalewski, M., G. A. Goodfriend, and K. W. Flessa 1998 High-Resolution Estimates of Temporal Mixing within Shell Beds: The Evils and Virtues of Time-Averaging. Paleobiology 24:287-304.
39. Lahren, L. A. 1976 The Myers-Hindman Site: An Exploratory Study of Human Occupation Patterns in the Upper Yellowstone Valley from 7000 B.C. to A.D. 1200. Livingston, Montana: Anthropologos Researches International.
40. Livingston, S. D. 1999 The Relevance of Ethnographic, Archaeological, and Paleontological Records to Models for Conservation Biology. In Models for the Millennium: Great Basin Anthropology Today, C. Beck, ed. Pp. 152-160. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
41. Lubinski, P. M. 1997 Pronghorn Intensification in the Wyoming Basin: A Study of Mortality Patterns and Prehistoric Hunting Strategies. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
42. Lyman, R. L. 1987a On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity 52:125-142. 1987b Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:249-337. 1988 Zooarchaeology of 45DO189. In Archaeological Investigations at River Mile 590: The Excavations at 45DO189, J. R. Galm, and R. L. Lyman, eds. Pp. 97-141. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-61. 1991 Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Academic Press, San Diego. 1994a Quantitative Units and Terminology in Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity 59:36-71. 1994b Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994c Relative Abundances of Skeletal Specimens and Taphonomic Analysis of Vertebrate Remains. Palaios 9:288-298. 1995 A Study of Variation in the Prehistoric Butchery of Large Artiodactyls. In Ancient Peoples and Landscape, E. Johnson, ed. Pp. 233-253. Lubbock: Museum of Texas Tech University. 2002 Taxonomic Identification of Zooarchaeological Remains. Review of Archaeology 23(2):13-20.
43. Lyman, R. L. 1987a On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity 52:125-142. 1987b Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:249-337. 1988 Zooarchaeology of 45DO189. In Archaeological Investigations at River Mile 590: The Excavations at 45DO189, J. R. Galm, and R. L. Lyman, eds. Pp. 97-141. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-61. 1991 Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Academic Press, San Diego. 1994a Quantitative Units and Terminology in Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity 59:36-71. 1994b Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994c Relative Abundances of Skeletal Specimens and Taphonomic Analysis of Vertebrate Remains. Palaios 9:288-298. 1995 A Study of Variation in the Prehistoric Butchery of Large Artiodactyls. In Ancient Peoples and Landscape, E. Johnson, ed. Pp. 233-253. Lubbock: Museum of Texas Tech University. 2002 Taxonomic Identification of Zooarchaeological Remains. Review of Archaeology 23(2):13-20.
44. Lyman, R. L. 1987a On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity 52:125-142. 1987b Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:249-337. 1988 Zooarchaeology of 45DO189. In Archaeological Investigations at River Mile 590: The Excavations at 45DO189, J. R. Galm, and R. L. Lyman, eds. Pp. 97-141. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-61. 1991 Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Academic Press, San Diego. 1994a Quantitative Units and Terminology in Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity 59:36-71. 1994b Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994c Relative Abundances of Skeletal Specimens and Taphonomic Analysis of Vertebrate Remains. Palaios 9:288-298. 1995 A Study of Variation in the Prehistoric Butchery of Large Artiodactyls. In Ancient Peoples and Landscape, E. Johnson, ed. Pp. 233-253. Lubbock: Museum of Texas Tech University. 2002 Taxonomic Identification of Zooarchaeological Remains. Review of Archaeology 23(2):13-20.
45. Lyman, R. L. 1987a On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity 52:125-142. 1987b Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:249-337. 1988 Zooarchaeology of 45DO189. In Archaeological Investigations at River Mile 590: The Excavations at 45DO189, J. R. Galm, and R. L. Lyman, eds. Pp. 97-141. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-61. 1991 Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Academic Press, San Diego. 1994a Quantitative Units and Terminology in Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity 59:36-71. 1994b Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994c Relative Abundances of Skeletal Specimens and Taphonomic Analysis of Vertebrate Remains. Palaios 9:288-298. 1995 A Study of Variation in the Prehistoric Butchery of Large Artiodactyls. In Ancient Peoples and Landscape, E. Johnson, ed. Pp. 233-253. Lubbock: Museum of Texas Tech University. 2002 Taxonomic Identification of Zooarchaeological Remains. Review of Archaeology 23(2):13-20.
46. Lyman, R. L. 1987a On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity 52:125-142. 1987b Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:249-337. 1988 Zooarchaeology of 45DO189. In Archaeological Investigations at River Mile 590: The Excavations at 45DO189, J. R. Galm, and R. L. Lyman, eds. Pp. 97-141. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-61. 1991 Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Academic Press, San Diego. 1994a Quantitative Units and Terminology in Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity 59:36-71. 1994b Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994c Relative Abundances of Skeletal Specimens and Taphonomic Analysis of Vertebrate Remains. Palaios 9:288-298. 1995 A Study of Variation in the Prehistoric Butchery of Large Artiodactyls. In Ancient Peoples and Landscape, E. Johnson, ed. Pp. 233-253. Lubbock: Museum of Texas Tech University. 2002 Taxonomic Identification of Zooarchaeological Remains. Review of Archaeology 23(2):13-20.
47. Lyman, R. L. 1987a On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity 52:125-142. 1987b Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:249-337. 1988 Zooarchaeology of 45DO189. In Archaeological Investigations at River Mile 590: The Excavations at 45DO189, J. R. Galm, and R. L. Lyman, eds. Pp. 97-141. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-61. 1991 Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Academic Press, San Diego. 1994a Quantitative Units and Terminology in Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity 59:36-71. 1994b Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994c Relative Abundances of Skeletal Specimens and Taphonomic Analysis of Vertebrate Remains. Palaios 9:288-298. 1995 A Study of Variation in the Prehistoric Butchery of Large Artiodactyls. In Ancient Peoples and Landscape, E. Johnson, ed. Pp. 233-253. Lubbock: Museum of Texas Tech University. 2002 Taxonomic Identification of Zooarchaeological Remains. Review of Archaeology 23(2):13-20.
48. Lyman, R. L. 1987a On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity 52:125-142. 1987b Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:249-337. 1988 Zooarchaeology of 45DO189. In Archaeological Investigations at River Mile 590: The Excavations at 45DO189, J. R. Galm, and R. L. Lyman, eds. Pp. 97-141. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-61. 1991 Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Academic Press, San Diego. 1994a Quantitative Units and Terminology in Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity 59:36-71. 1994b Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994c Relative Abundances of Skeletal Specimens and Taphonomic Analysis of Vertebrate Remains. Palaios 9:288-298. 1995 A Study of Variation in the Prehistoric Butchery of Large Artiodactyls. In Ancient Peoples and Landscape, E. Johnson, ed. Pp. 233-253. Lubbock: Museum of Texas Tech University. 2002 Taxonomic Identification of Zooarchaeological Remains. Review of Archaeology 23(2):13-20.
49. Lyman, R. L. 1987a On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity 52:125-142. 1987b Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:249-337. 1988 Zooarchaeology of 45DO189. In Archaeological Investigations at River Mile 590: The Excavations at 45DO189, J. R. Galm, and R. L. Lyman, eds. Pp. 97-141. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-61. 1991 Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Academic Press, San Diego. 1994a Quantitative Units and Terminology in Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity 59:36-71. 1994b Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994c Relative Abundances of Skeletal Specimens and Taphonomic Analysis of Vertebrate Remains. Palaios 9:288-298. 1995 A Study of Variation in the Prehistoric Butchery of Large Artiodactyls. In Ancient Peoples and Landscape, E. Johnson, ed. Pp. 233-253. Lubbock: Museum of Texas Tech University. 2002 Taxonomic Identification of Zooarchaeological Remains. Review of Archaeology 23(2):13-20.
50. Lyman, R. L. 1987a On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity 52:125-142. 1987b Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:249-337. 1988 Zooarchaeology of 45DO189. In Archaeological Investigations at River Mile 590: The Excavations at 45DO189, J. R. Galm, and R. L. Lyman, eds. Pp. 97-141. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-61. 1991 Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Academic Press, San Diego. 1994a Quantitative Units and Terminology in Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity 59:36-71. 1994b Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994c Relative Abundances of Skeletal Specimens and Taphonomic Analysis of Vertebrate Remains. Palaios 9:288-298. 1995 A Study of Variation in the Prehistoric Butchery of Large Artiodactyls. In Ancient Peoples and Landscape, E. Johnson, ed. Pp. 233-253. Lubbock: Museum of Texas Tech University. 2002 Taxonomic Identification of Zooarchaeological Remains. Review of Archaeology 23(2):13-20.
51. Lyman, R. L., and R. J. Lyman 2003 Lessons from Temporal Variation in the Mammalian Faunas from Two Collections of Owl Pellets in Columbia County, Washington. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 13:150-156.
52. Mackie, R. J., K. L. Hamlin, and D. F. Pac 1982 Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus. In Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, Economics, J. A. Chapman and G. A. Feldhamer, eds. Pp. 862-877. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
53. Marshall, F., and T. Pilgram 1990 Meat versus Within-Bone Nutrients: Another Look at the Meaning of Body Part Representation in Archaeological Sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 18:149-163.
54. Martin, P. S., and C. R. Szuter 1999a Megafauna of the Columbia Basin, 1800-1840: Lewis and Clark in a Game Sink. In Northwest Lands, Northwest Peoples: Readings in Environmental History, D. D. Goble and P. W. Hart, eds. Pp. 188-204. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1999b War Zones and Game Sinks in Lewis and Clark's West. Conservation Biology 13:36-45.
55. Martin, P. S., and C. R. Szuter 1999a Megafauna of the Columbia Basin, 1800-1840: Lewis and Clark in a Game Sink. In Northwest Lands, Northwest Peoples: Readings in Environmental History, D. D. Goble and P. W. Hart, eds. Pp. 188-204. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1999b War Zones and Game Sinks in Lewis and Clark's West. Conservation Biology 13:36-45.
56. McNaughton, S. 1996 Review of "Wildlife Policies in the U.S. National Parks." Journal of Wildlife Management 60:685-687.
57. Miller, M. E., and P. H. Sanders 2000 The Trappers Point Site (48SU1006): Early Archaic Adaptations and Pronghorn Procurement in the Upper Green River Basin, Wyoming. Plains Anthropologist Memoir 32:39-52.
58. Miller, S.J. 1972 Weston Canyon Rockshelter: Big-Game Hunting in Southeastern Idaho. Master's thesis, Idaho State University, Pocatello.
59. Nimmo, B. W. 1971 Population Dynamics of a Wyoming Pronghorn Cohort from the Eden-Farson Site, 48SW304. Plains Anthropologist 16:285-288.
60. O'Gara, B. W. 1978 Antilocapra americana. Mammalian Species 90:1-7.
61. Olszewski, T. 1999 Taking Advantage of Time Averaging. Paleobiology 25:226-238.
62. Outram, A. K. 2001 A New Approach to Identifying Bone Marrow and Grease Exploitation: Why the "Indeterminate" Fragments Should Not Be Ignored. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:401-410.
63. Peterson, C. H. 1977 The Paleoecological Significance of Undetected Short-Term Temporal Variability. Journal of Paleontology 51:976-981.
64. Rapson, D. J. 1990 Pattern and Process in Intra-Site Spatial Analysis: Site Structural and Faunal Research at the Bugas-Holding Site. Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
65. Ripple, W. J., and E. J. Larsen 2000 Historic Aspen Recruitment, Elk, and Wolves in Northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 95:361-370.
66. Roberts, S. J., C. I. Smith, A. Millard, and M. J. Collins 2002 The Taphonomy of Cooked Bone: Characterizing Boiling and Its Physico-Chemical Effects. Archaeometry 44:485-494.
67. Robinette, W. L., D. A. Jones, G. Rogers, and J. S. Gashwiler 1957 Notes on Tooth Development and Wear for Rocky Mountain Mule Deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 21:134-153.
68. Schindel, D. E. 1980 Microstratigraphic Sampling and the Limits of Paleontologic Resolution. Paleobiology 6:408-426.
69. Schullery, P. 1997 Searching for Yellowstone: Ecology and Wonder in the Last Wilderness. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
70. Seaburg, W. R., and J. Miller 1990 Tillamook. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, Northwest Coast, W. Suttles, ed. Pp. 560-568. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
71. Severinghaus, C. W. 1949 Tooth Development and Wear as Criteria of Age in White-Tailed Deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 13:195-216.
72. Shotwell, J. A. 1955 An Approach to the Paleoecology of Mammals. Ecology 36:327-337. 1958 Inter-Community Relationships in Hemphillian (Mid-Pliocene) Mammals. Ecology 39:271-282.
73. Shotwell, J. A. 1955 An Approach to the Paleoecology of Mammals. Ecology 36:327-337. 1958 Inter-Community Relationships in Hemphillian (Mid-Pliocene) Mammals. Ecology 39:271-282.
74. Simpson, T. 1984 Population Dynamics of Mule Deer. The Wyoming Archaeologist 27:83-96.
75. Smith, W. P. 1991 Odocoileus virginianus. Mammalian Species 388:1-13.
76. Soukup, M., M. K. Foley, R. Heibert, and D. E. Huff 1999 Wildlife Management in U.S. National Parks: Natural Regulation Revisited. Ecological Applications 9:1-36.
77. Speth, J. D., and K. A. Spielmann 1983 Energy Source, Protein Metabolism, and Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence Strategies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:1-31.
78. Stephens, D. W., and J. R. Krebs 1986 Foraging Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
79. Stiner, M. C. 1990 The Use of Mortality Patterns in Archaeological Studies of Hominid Predatory Adaptations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9:305-351.
80. Stiner, M. C., ed. 1991 Human Predators and Prey Mortality. Boulder: Westview Press.
81. Stiner, M. C., N. D. Munro, T. A. Surovell, E. Tchernov, and O. Bar-Yosef 1999 Paleolithic Population Growth Pulses Evidenced by Small Animal Exploitation. Science 283:190-194.
82. Suttles, W. 1990 Central Coast Salish. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, Northwest Coast, W. Suttles, ed. Pp. 453-475. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
83. Thomas, D. H. 1970 Artiodactyls and Man in the Prehistoric Great Basin. In Papers on California and Great Basin Prehistory, E. W. Ritter, P. D. Schulz, and R. Kautz, eds. Pp. 199-208. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication No. 2. Davis, California.
84. Verts, B. J., and L. N. Carraway 1998 Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley.
85. Wagner, F. H., R. Forest, R. B. Gill, D. R. McCullough, M. R. Pelton, W. F. Porter, and H. Salwasser 1995 Wildlife Policies in the U.S. National Parks. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
86. Walker, D. N. 1987 Late Pleistocene/Holocene Environmental Changes in Wyoming: The Mammalian Record. In Late Quaternary Mammalian Biogeography and Environments of the Great Plains and Prairies, R. W. Graham, H. A. Semken, Jr., and M. A. Graham, eds. Pp. 334-392. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers Vol. 22.
87. Winterhalder, B., and E. A. Smith 2000 Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at Twenty-Five. Evolutionary Anthropology 9:51-72.
88. Wright, G. A., and S. J. Miller 1976 Prehistoric Hunting of New World Wild Sheep: Implications for the Study of Sheep Domestication. In Cultural Change and Continuity: Essays in Honor of James Bennett Griffin, C. E. Cleland, ed. Pp. 293-318. New York: Academic Press.
89. Yellowstone National Park 1997 Yellowstone's Northern Range: Complexity and Change in a Wildland Ecosystem. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming.
90. Yochim, M. J. 2001 Aboriginal Overkill Overstated: Errors in Charles Kay's Hypothesis. Human Nature 12:141-167.