Changing spaces: Nature, property, and power in Seattle, 1880-1945

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 197-230

  Klingle, Matthew ^a  

^a BOWDOIN COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Environment; Inequality; Property; Redevelopment; Seattle

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; NINETEENTH CENTURY; POLITICAL HISTORY; POWER RELATIONS; TWENTIETH CENTURY; URBAN POLITICS;

NORTH AMERICA; SEATTLE; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

EID: 31344480191     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: 15526771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0096144205281613     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. Sandy Moss, interview with Esther Mumford, April 22 and 25, 1975, acc. BL-KNG 75-2em, Washington State Oral History Project, Washington State Archives (hereafter, WSA), copy at University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections (hereafter, UWL-SC).
2. Reginald Heber (R. H.) Thomson, That Man Thomson, ed. Grant H. Redford (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1950), 14.
3. Martin V. Melosi, "The Place of the City in Environmental History," Environmental History Review 17, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 1-23;
4. Joel A. Tarr and Christine M. Rosen, "The Importance of an Urban Perspective in Environmental History," Journal of Urban History 20, no. 3 (May 1994): 299-310;
5. and Jonathan Keyes, "A Place of Its Own: Urban Environmental History," Journal of Urban History 26, no. 3 (March 2000): 380-90.
6. With respect to the first camp, see William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992);
7. Gray Brechin, Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999);
8. and Kathleen A. Brosnan, Uniting Mountain and Plain: Cities, Law, and Environmental Change along the Front Range (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002).
9. With respect to the second camp, see Andrew Hurley, Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945-1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995);
10. Joel A. Tarr, The Search for the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in Historical Perspective (Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press, 1996);
11. David Stradling, Smokestacks and Progressives: Environmentalists, Engineers, and Air Quality in America, 1881-1951 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999);
12. Martin V. Melosi, The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000);
13. and Mike Davis, Dead Cities, and Other Tales (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).
14. Alan R. H. Baker, "Editorial: Historical Geography and Environmental History";
15. Michael Williams, "The Relations of Environmental History and Historical Geography";
16. David Demeritt, "Ecology, Objectivity, and Critique in Writings on Nature and Human Societies";
17. and William Cronon, "Comment: Cutting Loose or Running Aground?", all appearing in Journal of Historical Geography 20, no. 1 (January 1994): 1-43.
18. See also Richard Walker, ed., "William Cronon's Nature's Metropolis: A Symposium," Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography 26, no. 2 (April 1994): 113-76.
19. Two recent works that have suggested this approach are Matthew Gandy, Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002);
20. and Ari Kelman, A River and Its City: The Nature of Landscape in New Orleans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
21. Edward W. Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Theory (London: Verso, 1989);
22. Neil Smith, Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Pooduction of Space (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1984);
23. and David Harvey, Justice, Nature, and the Geography of Difference (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996).
24. All authors borrow heavily from Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991).
25. For integrating analyses of social power with environmental history, see Ted Steinberg, "Down to Earth: Nature, Agency, and Power in History," American Historical Review 107, no. 3 (June 2002): 798-820.
26. For recent environmental histories that use spatial analyses, see Richard White, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995);
27. Joseph E. Taylor III, Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Salmon Crisis (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999);
28. Mark Fiege, Irrigated Eden: The Making of an Agricultural Landscape in the American West (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999);
29. and Ken Cruikshank and Nancy B. Bouchier, "Blighted Areas and Obnoxious Industries: Constructing Environmental Inequality on an Industrial Waterfront, Hamilton. Ontario, 1890-1960," Environmental History 9 (July 2004): 464-96.
30. Mark Gottdiener, The Social Production of Urban Space (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), 123.
31. Maureen A. Flanagan, "Environmental Justice in the City: A Theme for Urban Environmental History," Environmental History 5 (April 2000): 159-64.
32. Theodore Steinberg, Slide Mountain, or the Folly of Owning Nature (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 10.
33. While there are several fine studies of property relations in American urban history, few focus on its environmental dimensions. For example, see Hendrik Hartog, Public Property and Private Power: The Corporation of the City of New York in American Law, 1730-1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983);
34. and Robin L. Einhorn, Property Rules: Political Economy in Chicago, 1833-1872 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
35. Arthur R. Kruckenberg, The Natural History of Puget Sound Country (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991), 247-84.
36. Jay Miller, Lushootseed Culture and the Shamanic Odyssey: An Anchored Radiance (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 49-77;
37. and Coll-Peter Thrush, "'The Crossing-Over Place': Urban and Indian Histories in Seattle" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 2002), 27-72.
38. T. T. Waterman, "The Geographical Names Used by the Indians of the Pacific Coast," Geographical Review 12, no. 1 (April 1922): 193.
39. Arthur A. Denny, Pioneer Days on Puget Sound (Seattle: C. B. Bagley, 1888), 16-20, 30-32.
40. Emily Inez Denny, Blazing the Way: True Stories, Songs and Sketches of Puget Sound and Other Pioneers (Seattle: Rainier Printing Company, 1909), 64-66.
41. Clarence B. Bagley, History of Seattle from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time (Chicago; S. J. Clarke, 1916), 76.
42. For an analysis of nature and settler societies, see Alan Taylor, "'Wasty Ways': Stories of American Settlement," Environmental History 3, no. 3 (July 1998): 291-310.
43. John R. Finger, "Henry L. Yesler's Seattle Years, 1852-1892" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1968), 1-35.
44. Thomas Canfield, Northern Pacific Railroad, Partial Report to the Board of Directors of a Portion of a Reconnaissance Made in the Summer of 1869, between Lake Superior and the Pacific Ocean: Accompanied with Notes on Puget Sound by Samuel Wilkeson (St. Paul, Minn., 1870), 22-28;
45. and Henry Gorringe, "Survey," box 24/29, Oregon Improvement Company Records (hereafter, OIC), acc. 249, UWL-SC.
46. Robert C. Nesbit, "He Built Seattle": A Biography of Judge Thomas Burke (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1961), 308-10.
47. For an analysis of the tensions between public and private property, see "The Comedy of the Commons: Custom, Commerce, and Inherently Public Property," in Carol M. Rose, Property and Persuasion: Essays on the History, Theory, and Rhetoric of Ownership (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994), 105-62. These contests paralleled what unfolded in Chicago in the 1840s and 1850s;
48. see Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, 55-74.
49. G. M. Best, Ships and Narrow Gauge Rails: The Story of the Pacific Coast Company (Berkeley: Howell-North Company, 1964), 127-31;
50. and Kurt Armbruster, Orphan Road: The Railroad Comes to Seattle, 1853-1911 (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1999), 49-60, 146-223.
51. Gaylord Bryan Lynn Reagan, "The Oregon Improvement Company and Its Land Department" (master's thesis, University of Washington, 1971);
52. Nesbit, "He Built Seattle," 90-165;
53. Ordinance #804, Laws and Ordinances of the City of Seattle (Seattle: City of Seattle, 1887);
54. and Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 26, January 28, February 8, 1887.
55. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 3, January 14, February 8, February 19, December 30, 1888; and January 10 and July 5, 1889.
56. Thomas Burke to Carrie L. Allen, May 1, 1888, Letterpress Copy Books, box 20, Thomas Burke Papers, UWL-SC.
57. Bagley, History of Seattle, 419-28.
58. Reimert T. Ravenholt and Sanford P. Lehman, "History, Epidemiology, and Control of Typhoid fever in Seattle," Medical Times 92 (April 1964): 342-52;
59. and Nancy Moore Rockafellar, "Public Health in Seattle, 1876-1919" (master's thesis, University of Washington, 1986), 9-45.
60. Wilfred J. Airey, "A History of the Constitution and Government of Washington Territory" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1945), 497-521;
61. and Richard C. Berner, Seattle 1900-1920, from Boomtown, Urban Turbulence, to Restoration (Seattle: Charles Press, 1991), 21-32.
62. Laws, Rules and Regulations Governing the Appraisement and Sale of Tidelands of the State of Washington (Olympia, Wash.: State Printer, 1893), Marian Gallagher Law Library, Historical Collections, UWL;
63. First Report of the Harbor Line Commission of the State of Washington (Olympia, Wash.: O. C. White, 1891), box 1, Harbor Line Commission Reports, Washington Department of Natural Resources (hereafter, WDNR), WSA;
64. and Second and Final Report of the Harbor Line Commission of the State of Washington (Olympia, Wash.: O. C. White, 1893), box 1, Harbor Line Commission Reports, WDNR, WSA.
65. For invasion of navigable waters, see Yesler v. Harbor Line Commissioners, 146 U.S. 646;
66. and for rights of upland owners or other tideland developers, see Denny v. Northern Pacific, 19 Wash. 298,
67. and Dearborn v. Moran, 2 Wash. 405.
68. "Harbor Line Commission Minutes," vol. 25, September 10, 1890; vol. 65, July 31, 1890; and September 10, 1890;
69. and "Record of the Proceedings of the Board of Tideland Appraisers for King County," no. 42, July 13, 1894, WDNR, WSA.
70. "Record of the Proceedings of the Board of Tideland Appraisers for King County," no. 42, December 26-29, 1894; January 11, 1895; January 15, 1895, and January 18, 1895 (letterfrom Denny), WDNR, WSA.
71. "Record of the Proceedings of the Board of Tideland Appraisers for King County," no. 42, July 1, 1894; August 9, 1894; August 20, 1894; September 1, 1894; September 6, 1894 (quotation); and January 12, 1895;
72. and T. J. Milner, Great Northern Railway, to Harbor Line Commissioners, September 28, 1891, box 2, Harbor Line Commission, Survey Notes, Correspondence and Reports, WDNR, WSA.
73. J. C. Haines to C. J. Smith, May 16, 1891;
74. and C. J. Smith to C. B. Tedcastle, April 7, 1892, boxes 50/ 8, 51/12, OIC Records, UWL-SC;
75. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 12, 1890;
76. and J. J. Hill to P. P. Shelby, June 21, 1892, box 2/446, Great Northern Railway, President's Subject Files (hereafter, GN-PSF), Minnesota Historical Society (hereafter, MHS).
77. W. P. Clough to J. J. Hill, February 14 and February 26, 1890, GN-PSF;
78. R. S. Jones to J. J. Hill, November 3, 1892, President's Assistant File, James J. Hill Papers, James J. Hill Reference Library, St. Paul, Minnesota;
79. H. W. McNeill to E. J. Smith, April 7 (two letters) and April 27, 1890, box 48/8, 13, OIC Records;
80. Burke to Clough, March 20, April 1, and April 25, 1890;
81. Burke to W. W. Cotton, April 19, 1890, Letterpress Copy Books, box 20, TB Papers, UWL-SC;
82. and Nesbit, "He Built Seattle," 213-26.
83. "Agreement between Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad, Northern Pacific Railroad, and the Seattle and Montana Railroad," September 8, 1894, box 45/3, TB Papers, MSCUA, UWL;
84. and Washington Reports 6 and 7 (1893): 322-25 and 150-73.
85. I borrow my analysis here of the Great Northern's failure from Frank Leonard, "Wise, Swift, and Sure'? The Great Northern Entry into Seattle, 1889-1894," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 92 (Spring 2001): 81-90.
86. Thomson, That Man Thomson, 49-50;
87. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 18, 1893;
88. and Armbruster, Orphan Road, 205-23.
89. Virgil G. Bogue, "Report to Board of Tide Land Appraisers of King County, Washington," January 10, 1895, 22, box 41, Subject Files, Seattle Engineering Department (hereafter, SED), Seattle Municipal Archives at the Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives (hereafter, SMA-PSRA).
90. "Seattle Tide Lands, Report of the Board of Tide Land Appraisers for King County," March 16, 1895, 732-48, box 41, Subject Files, SED, SMA-PSRA;
91. and "Record of the Proceedings of the Board of Tideland Appraisers for King County," no. 42, March 19, 1895 (quotation), WDNR,WSA.
92. L. C. Gilman to L. W, Hill, May 10, 1907, box 52/3938-6, GN-PSF, MHS.
93. C. B. Bussell, Tide Lands: Their Story (Seattle: C. B. Bussell, c. 1903), UWL-SC.
94. Thomas Cooper to W. L. Darling, October 14, 1901;
95. R. H. Thomson to Darling, November 5, 1901;
96. Cooper to Thomson, December 7, 1901;
97. and Thomson to F. M. Muldoon. City Council, Committee on Streets, December 28, 1901, box 23/1030, Northern Pacific-Chief Engineer Subject Files, MHS.
98. Report of the Health Officer of the City of Seattle for 1889, Monthly Report of the Health Officer July 1891, and Monthly Report of the Health Officer December 1891, Municipal and National Government Publications, Seattle Public Library, Main Branch.
99. John Lutz, "Work, Sex, and Death on the Great Thoroughfare: Annual Migrations of 'Canadian Indians' to the American Pacific Northwest," in Parallel Destinies: Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies, ed. John M. Findlay and Ken Coates (Seattle: Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and University of Washington Press, 2002), 80-103;
100. Paige Sylvia Raibmon, "Authentic Indians: Episodes of Encounter from the Late Nineteenth-Century Northwest Coast" (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 2000), 142-239;
101. and Thrush, "'The Crossing-Over Place,'" 76-231.
102. Thomson, "The Seattle Regrades," 11, UWL-SC;
103. and O. A. Piper, "Regrading in Seattle North District," 1, c. 1910, Local Improvement District (hereafter, LID) 4818, Letters, folder 3, SED, Seattle Municipal Archives (hereafter, SMA). U.S. Census, population statistics (Washington, D.C. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1880-1920), inclusive;
104. and Carlos A. Schwantes, The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 192.
105. Rose Simmons, "Old Angeline, the Princess of Seattle," Overland Monthly 20 (November 1892): 506.
106. R. H. Thomson to Rev. William Carnes, February 18, 1905, box 1/bk. 3, acc. 89, pt. I, R. H. Thomson Papers (hereafter, RHT Papers), UWL-SC;
107. and Roger Sale, Seattle: Past and Present (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), 77-78.
108. Gregory Gray Fitzsimons, "The Perils of Public Works Engineering: The Early Development of Utilities in Seattle, Washington, 1890-1912" (master's thesis, University of Washington, 1992), 88-91, 108-10;
109. and Thomson, That Man Thomson, 9-34.
110. Stanley K. Schultz, Constructing Urban Culture: American Cities und City Planning, 1800-1920 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 183-205, quotation on 205.
111. For Progressivism in transnational perspective, see Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1998), 112-208, quotation on 114;
112. Harold L. Platt, Shock Cities: The Environmental Transformation and Reform of Manchester and Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004);
113. and Melosi, The Sanitary City, 90-98.
114. For one example of Thomson's overseas visits, see "Report re: Sewage Disposal," 1907, box 5/8, RHT Papers, acc. 89, pt. II, UWL-SC.
115. Walter Muir Whitehill and Lawrence W. Kennedy, Boston: A Topographical History, 3rd ed. (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2000), 141-73;
116. and Nancy Seasholes, Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003), 21-104, 135-51.
117. Thomson, That Man Thomson, 60.
118. Ibid., 63-70;
119. and Mary McWilliams, Seattle Water Department History, 1854-1954 (Seattle: Water Department, 1954), 53-63.
120. Thomson, "The Seattle Regrades," 3, c. 1930, box 13/5, RHT Papers, acc. 89, pt. I, UWL-SC;
121. and Sophie Frye Bass, When Seattle Was a Village (Portland, Ore.: Binford and Morts, 1947), 126, 134.
122. "The Jackson Street Regrade," c. 1911, LID 1213, Letters, fiche 1, SED, SMA;
123. R. M. Overstreet, "Hydraulic Excavation Methods in Seattle," Engineering Record 65 (May 4, 1912): 480-83;
124. and Vaclav Siml, Energies: An Illustrated Guide to the Biosphere and Civilization (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999), xii-xviii, 19-21, 133-51.
125. Thomson to C. J. Moore, February 15, 1898, box 1/1, RHT Papers, UWL-SC.
126. Janice L. Reiff, "Urbanization and the Social Structure: Seattle, Witshington, 1852-1910" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1981), 126-224;
127. Bagley, History of Seattle, 419-28;
128. and Murray Morgan, Skid Road: An Informal Portrait of Seattle (New York: Viking Press, 1951), 59-66, 79-102, 171-76.
129. John C. Olmsted to Sophia (Fidie) White Olmsted, June 10, 1910, box 21A/ 175, John C. Olmsted Collection, Frances Loeb Library, Harvard University.
130. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 170-215;
131. and Nayan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 17-76.
132. Jason Gilliand uses the economist Joseph Schumpeter's term creative destruction to analyze a similar process in Montreal in the late nineteenth century. See Jason Gilliand, "The Creative Destruction of Montreal: Street Widenings and Urban (Re)Development in the Nineteenth Century," Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine 31 (October 2001): 37-51.
133. Thomson, "The Seattle Regrades," 11.
134. Thomson to C. H. Hagan, July 11, 1901, box 1/bk. 2, acc. 89, pt. I, RHT Papers, UWL-SC;
135. and Einhorn, Property Rules, 144.
136. V. V. Tarbill, "Mountain-Moving in Seattle," Harvard Business Review 8 (July 1930): 484;
137. Thomson to Frederick J. Haskin, April 24, 1908, box 4/book 5, acc. 89, pt. I, RHT Papers, UWL-SC;
138. and Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 3, 1905, January 20, 1907.
139. Thomson to Goodwin Real Estate Company, May 2, 1908, box 2/book 5, acc. 89, pt. I, RHT Papers. UWL-SC.
140. Myra L. Phelps, Public Works in Seattle: A Narrative History of the Engineering Department 1875-1975 (Seattle: Engineering Department, 1975), 28, 33.
141. More accurate statistics for the three largest projects place the estimated volume removed as follows: Denny Hill Regrade no. 1 (1903-1911), 5,437, 128 cubic yards;
142. Jackson Street Regrade (1907-1912), 3,347,883 cubic yards;
143. and Denny Hill Regrade no. 2 (1928-1931), 4,233,000 cubic yards.
144. Overstreet, "Hydraulic Excavation," 481;
145. and "The Jackson Street Regrade," 14-16.
146. "The Jackson Street Regrade," 1, 11- 12.
147. Overstreet, "Hydraulic Excavation," 480-83;
148. and "The Jackson Street Regrade," 1.
149. James Scott, Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998), 2-3, 87-146;
150. and David M. Nye, American Technological Sublime (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994).
151. Arthur H. Dimock, "Preparing the Groundwork for a City: The Regrading of Seattle, Washington," Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 92, paper no. 1669 (1928): 734.
152. George H. Emerson, The Building of a Modern City (Seattle: Metropolitan Building Company, 1907).
153. Seattle Mail and Herald, July 25, 1903.
154. Engineering News 63 (March 31, 1910): 375.
155. Walt Crowley with Paul Dorpat, National Trust Guide: Seattle (New York: John Wiley, 1998), 117-20.
156. James G. Love to Board of Public Works, October 21, 1909, LID 1707, Letters, folder 2, SED, SMA;
157. and Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 8, 1909.
158. Rose, "'Takings' and the Practices of Property: Property as Wealth, Property as 'Propriety,'" in Rose, Property and Persuasion, 49-70.
159. Povine v. Seattle, 59 Wash. 683 (1910);
160. and Coffer v. Erickson, 61 Wash. 559 (1911).
161. Knickerbocker Company v. Seattle, 69 Wash. 336 (1912).
162. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 2, 1910.
163. Brinton v. Lewis-Littlefield Company, 66 Wash. 40 (1911);
164. Sweeney v. Lewis Construction Company, 66 Wash. 490 (1912);
165. Inner-Circle Property Company v. Seattle, 69 Wash. 508 (1912);
166. Turner Investment Company v. Seattle, 70 Wash. 201 (1912);
167. Scandinavian American Bank v. Washington Hotel and Improvement Company, 70 Wash. 223 (1912);
168. In re Twelfth Avenue South, 74 Wash. 132 (1913);
169. and Kelly v. Smith, 101 Wash. 475 (1918).
170. Piper, "Regrading in Seattle North District," 4.
171. Wong Kee Jun v. Seattle, 143 Wash. 505 (1927).
172. The other "Jackson Street Regrade cases" (as defined by the Court in Davis v. Seattle) were Jorguson v. Seattle, 80 Wash. 126 (1914);
173. Farnandis v. Seattle, 95 Wash. 587 (1917);
174. Lochore v. Seattle, 98 Wash. 265 (1917);
175. Blomskog, Erickson, and Cotton v. Seattle, 107 Wash. 471 (1919);
176. Davis v. Seattle, 134 Wash. 1 (1925);
177. Bingaman v. Seattle, 139 Wash. 68 (1926);
178. and Hamm v. Seattle, 140 Wash 427 (1926). Only in Jorguson did the Court find for the city.
179. Read Bain, "Seattle: A Harborwithout a Hinterland," New Republic (December 19, 1928): 131-34.
180. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 6, January 7, and May 11, 1910;
181. and Thrush, "'The Crossing-Over Place,'" 76-188.
182. George F. Cotterill, "What Part Has an Engineer in the Development of a Municipality Such as Seattle?" c. 1928, box 14/6, George F. Cotterill Papers, UWL-SC
183. Tarbill, "Mountain-Moving in Seattle," 485-86;
184. and William Bloch Jr., "Looking Back, on the First Regrades," n.d., Seattle Pamphlet File - Regrading, Pacific Northwest Collections, UWL-SC.
185. (Seattle) Town Crier, January 4, 1930.
186. "Report of City Planning Commission re 6th Ave. et al. Extension and Regrading," E. S. Goodwin, president, City Planning Commission to City Council, June 10, 1925, file no. 100373;
187. and "Report of Planning Commission on Regrade of Yesler Hill," October 10, 1929, file no. 123709, box 160, Seattle City Clerk's Files (hereafter, SCCF), SMA.
188. "Petition of Property Owners for Extension, etc. of 6th Avenue et al.," March 4, 1927, file no. 109469;
189. "Petition of Associated Central Business Properties to Waive Notice to Property Owners for the Regrade of Yesler Hill," A. A. Oles, manager to City Council, April 25, 1930, file no. 126258;
190. and "Report of the City Engineer on Plan for Regrading Yesler Hill," W. D. Barkhuff to City Council, January 16, 1930, file no. 124810, boxes 161, 164, SCCF, SMA.
191. Seattle Times, August 5, 1926.
192. Barkhuff, "The Regrading of Denny Hill," Professional Engineer 14 (April 1929): 5-7.
193. "Unique Regrade Engineering," Scientific American 141 (November 1929): 431.
194. Barkhuff to S. P. Giffis, April 17, 1930, Thomson to Vance Lumber Co., September 5, 1930, and Thomson to L. R. Andrews, assistant engineer, May 21, 1931, LID 4818, Letters, folder 2, SED, SMA;
195. George Nelson and Company to Board of Public Works, September 9, 1930, LID 4818, Letters, folder 1, SED, SMA;
196. Barkhuff to George Nelson and Co., July 17, 1930, J. S. Butler, Army Corps of Engineers, to Thomson, September 6, 1930, and J. R. West, Port of Seattle, to Thomson, January 23, 1931, LID 4818, Letters, folder 2, SED, SMA;
197. and Seattle Times, August 22, 1929.
198. Joseph I. Granger to Board of Park Commissioners, April 26, 1929, box 24/ 8, Don Sherwood Parks Historical Collection-Seattle Parks and Recreations Department (hereafter, DSPHC-SPRD), SMA.
199. Cotterill to Board of Park Commissioners and City Council, May 17, 1928, box 24/8, DSPHC-SPRD, SMA.
200. Seattle Times, August 2, 1927;
201. and Don H. Palmer to Simon Burnett, President, Park Board, February 25, 1930, box 24/8, DSPHC-SPRD, SMA.
202. Seattle Times, September 17, 1929.
203. Howard Droker, Seattle's Unsinkable Houseboats: An Illustrated History (Seattle: Watermark Press, 1977), 63-68;
204. and John Herbert Geoghegan, "The Migratory Worker in Seattle: A Study in Social Disorganization and Exploitation" (master's thesis, University of Washington, 1923). 35-91.
205. Seattle Board of Park Commissioners, "Report of Olmsted Brothers," in First Annual Report, 1884-1904 (Seattle: City of Seattle, 1904), 44.
206. Gordon Beebe, "Ecological Aspects of Substandard Housing in Seattle" (master's thesis, University of Washington, 1939), 44-49.
207. Droker, Seattle's Unsinkable Houseboats, 77-81;
208. and Berner, Seatile, 1921-1940: From Boom to Bust (Seattle: Charles Press, 1992), 289-456.
209. Beebe, "Ecological Aspects," 40-43, 45;
210. and Work Projects Administration, Report on Land Use Zoning Survey, City of Seattle Projects 667, 4110, 5638 (Seattle: City of Seattle, 1938).
211. Donald Francis Roy, "Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle" (master's thesis, University of Washington, 1935), 1, 20-21, 97.
212. Seattle Star, December 30, 1930;
213. and Calvin Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle, Publications in the Social Sciences, no. 14 (Seattle: University of Washington, 1944), 286-87.
214. Jesse Jackson, "The Story of Hooverville, in Seattle" (Seattle, 1935), 3-4, 7-11, UWL-SC.
215. Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle, 286-93.
216. Roy, "Hooverville," 21, 29-37.
217. Seattle Housing Authority, Real Property Survey, 1939-1940 WPA Project 3372, 2 vols. (Seattle: Works Project Administration, 1942), 1:1, 1:5, 2:4;
218. First Annual Report of the Housing Authority of the City of Seattle (1941), box 1/1, Annual Reports Collection, SMA;
219. C. W. Coplen, Housing Authority of the City of Seattle, to City Council and "Real Property Survey," March 5, 1941;
220. Shack Elimination Committee to City Council, April 14, 1941, file no. 168237, SCCF, SMA;
221. and Seattle Times, April 10, 1941.
222. Seattle Times, December 27, 1942.
223. Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle, 136-37.
224. For an outsider's report on the stagnant Seattle real estate market, see L. C. Gilman to W. P. Kenney, president, August 31, 1933, box 294, file no. 7525, GN-PSF, MHS.
225. For a survey of development in the Regrade District since 1945, see Alan Jay Razak, "Redeveloping the Redevelopment: The Denny Regrade," (master's thesis, University of Washington, 1981).
226. For details on the 1962 "Century 21" World's Fair, which was designed, in part, to revive the Regrade District, see John M. Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 214-28.
227. Linda L. Nash, "Finishing Nature: Harmonizing Bodies and Environments in Nineteenth-Century California," Environmental History 8 (January 2003): 25-52.
228. Gottdiener, The Social Production of Urban Space, 123.
229. I take my inspiration here from Robert O. Self's analysis of property, urban space, and social relations in Robert O. Self, American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), 1-20.