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Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 51-74

Who supports terrorism? Evidence from fourteen Muslim countries

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 31344440531     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10576100500351318     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (110)

References (35)
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    • "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism"
    • See (14 July)
    • See Robert A. Pape, "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism," American Political Science Review 20(32) (14 July 2003), p. 1;
    • (2003) American Political Science Review , vol.20 , Issue.32 , pp. 1
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  • 2
    • 31344431701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Washington: Congressional Research Service RL32058) Available at
    • Audrey Kurth Cronin, Terrorists and Suicide Attacks (Washington: Congressional Research Service RL32058, 2003), p. 5. Available at (http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL32058.pdf);
    • (2003) Terrorists and Suicide Attacks , pp. 5
    • Cronin, A.K.1
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    • 84917063365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Rational Martyrs vs. Hard Targets: Evidence on the Tactical Use of Suicide Attacks"
    • (conference paper, University of Chicago, 26 October) available at
    • Eli Berman and David D. Laitin, "Rational Martyrs vs. Hard Targets: Evidence on the Tactical Use of Suicide Attacks" (conference paper, University of Chicago, 26 October 2004); available at (http://economics.uchicago.edu/download/RatMartyrs6.pdf);
    • (2004)
    • Berman, E.1    Laitin, D.D.2
  • 4
    • 84934564160 scopus 로고
    • "Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-Riding in Cults, Communes, and Other Collectives"
    • see
    • see Laurence R. Iannaccone, "Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-Riding in Cults, Communes, and Other Collectives," Journal of Political Economy (1992), pp. 271-291;
    • (1992) Journal of Political Economy , pp. 271-291
    • Iannaccone, L.R.1
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    • 0001112632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • "Introduction to the Economics of Religion," Journal of Economic Literature XXXVI (1998), pp. 1465-1496;
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    • 31344450538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The Market for Martyrs"
    • (working paper, 2004 Meetings of the American Economic Association, San Diego, CA, December) available at
    • "The Market for Martyrs" (working paper, 2004 Meetings of the American Economic Association, San Diego, CA, December 2003); available at (http://gunston.doit.gmu.edu/liannacc/ERel/S2-Archives/ Iannaccone%20-%20Market%20for%20Martyrs.pdf);
    • (2003)
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    • 31344476383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "An Economist Looks at Suicide Terrorism"
    • (working paper, 20 January) available at
    • Mark Harrison, "An Economist Looks at Suicide Terrorism" (working paper, 20 January 2004); available at (http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/ economics/staff/faculty/harrison/papers/terrorism.pdf);
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    • Harrison, M.1
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    • 31344459170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Some Economic Considerations in the U.S. War on Terrorism"
    • (March)
    • David Gold, "Some Economic Considerations in the U.S. War on Terrorism," The Quarterly Journal III(1) (March 2004), pp. 1-14;
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    • Gold, D.1
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    • "The Investment Problem in Terrorism"
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    • 0042773171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Education, Poverty, Political Violence and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?"
    • NBER Working Paper #9074
    • Alan B. Krueger and Jitka Maleckova., "Education, Poverty, Political Violence and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?" NBER Working Paper #9074 (2002);
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    • 12144282944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The Economics and the Education of Suicide Bombers"
    • (June)
    • Alan B. Krueger and Jitka Maleckova, "The Economics and the Education of Suicide Bombers." The New Republic (June 2002);
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    • Krueger, A.B.1    Maleckova, J.2
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    • 3042788644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Evidence About the Link Between Education, Poverty and Terrorism Among Palestinians"
    • Princeton University Industrial Relations Sections Working Paper #477
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    • 0034340207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Rebellion as a Quasi-Criminal Activity"
    • (December)
    • Paul Collier, "Rebellion as a Quasi-Criminal Activity," Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(6) (December 2000), pp. 838-852;
    • (2000) Journal of Conflict Resolution , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 838-852
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  • 16
    • 31344460239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Comment on Alan Krueger and Jitka Maleckova, 'Education, Poverty, and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?'"
    • The term "demand" here to refer to the public support for terrorism, which in turn is treated as a "good" produced by terrorists and their groups and consumed by the population on whose behalf they claim to act. This is in distinction to other uses of the term "demand," which could refer to groups demand for terrorist labor. For a more thorough discussion of demand-side issues, see (Princeton: Research Program in Development Studies, 8 May) Available at and Iannaccone, "Sacrifice and Stigma." The authors are also cognizant of the debate about defining terrorism as a "good." For instance, some argue that terrorism is a "public good." However, although this debate is very important to understanding terrorism and terrorist groups, this distinction is not germane to the present query
    • The term "demand" here to refer to the public support for terrorism, which in turn is treated as a "good" produced by terrorists and their groups and consumed by the population on whose behalf they claim to act. This is in distinction to other uses of the term "demand," which could refer to groups demand for terrorist labor. For a more thorough discussion of demand-side issues, see Christina Paxson, "Comment on Alan Krueger and Jitka Maleckova, 'Education, Poverty, and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?'" (Princeton: Research Program in Development Studies, 8 May 2002). Available at (http://www.wws.princeton.edu/rpds/da.loads/ paxson_Krueger_comment.pdf) and Iannaccone, "Sacrifice and Stigma." The authors are also cognizant of the debate about defining terrorism as a "good." For instance, some argue that terrorism is a "public good." However, although this debate is very important to understanding terrorism and terrorist groups, this distinction is not germane to the present query.
    • (2002)
    • Paxson, C.1
  • 17
    • 31344452293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Sacrifice and Stigma"
    • For more information about this and related analytical issues, see
    • For more information about this and related analytical issues, see Iannaccone, "Sacrifice and Stigma"
    • Iannaccone, R.L.1
  • 18
    • 31344476383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "An Economist Looks at Suicide Terrorism"
    • and
    • and Harrison, "An Economist Looks at Suicide Terrorism."
    • Harrison, M.1
  • 20
    • 31344438546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Such target audience specification will likely require use of demographic and even psychographic data. See for instance, R. Kim Craigin and Scott Gerwehr who argue that strategic influence campaigns require detailed psychographic and demographic intelligence about the target community. According to these authors, "Demographics include information, for example, on the age, sex, or occupation of potential audiences, whereas psychographic intelligence incorporates additional data on perceptions, interests, and opinions."
  • 22
    • 31344440161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For more information about the methodology of the survey design, sample construction, methods of fielding of the survey, as well as local partners for doing so, see The Pew Global Attitudes Project, In particular see the chapter on "Methodology"
    • For more information about the methodology of the survey design, sample construction, methods of fielding of the survey, as well as local partners for doing so, see The Pew Global Attitudes Project, What the World Thinks. In particular see the chapter on "Methodology."
    • What the World Thinks
  • 23
    • 31344459434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Princeton Survey Research Associates International, (Princeton, NJ Princeton Survey Research Associates International)
    • See Princeton Survey Research Associates International, Questionnaire Pew Global Attitudes Survey - 2002 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Survey Research Associates International, 2002).
    • (2002) Questionnaire Pew Global Attitudes Survey - 2002
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    • "Suicide Terrorism: An Overview"
    • (paper, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism: Countering Suicide Terrorism: An International Conference, Herzliya, Israel)
    • Bohaz Ganor, "Suicide Terrorism: An Overview" (paper, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism: Countering Suicide Terrorism: An International Conference, Herzliya, Israel, 2000);
    • (2000)
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    • "The Most Wanted Palestinian"
    • (30 June) 26-31 42
    • Elizabeth Rubin, "The Most Wanted Palestinian," The New York Times Magazine (30 June 2002), pp. 26-31, 42, 51-55.
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    • "All You Need is Love: How the Terrorists Stopped Terrorism"
    • (December)
    • Bruce Hoffman, "All You Need is Love: How the Terrorists Stopped Terrorism," The Atlantic Monthly (December 2001);
    • (2001) The Atlantic Monthly
    • Hoffman, B.1
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    • "Programmed Terrorists: An Analysis of the Letter Left Behind by the September 11 Hijackers"
    • (13 December) available at
    • Reuven Paz, "Programmed Terrorists: An Analysis of the Letter Left Behind by the September 11 Hijackers," International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism (13 December 2001); available at (http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=419);
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    • "The Open Door: How Militant Islamic Terrorists Entered and Remained in the United States, 1993-2001"
    • Center for Immigration Studies Working Paper 21 (Washington, D.C. Center for Immigration Studies) Available at
    • Steven A. Camarota, "The Open Door: How Militant Islamic Terrorists Entered and Remained in the United States, 1993-2001," Center for Immigration Studies Working Paper 21 (Washington, D.C.: Center for Immigration Studies, 2002). Available at (http://www.cis.org/articles/ 2002/Paper21/terrorism2.html.
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    • "Cross-Regional Trends in Female Terrorism"
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    • See Karla J. Cunningham, "Cross-Regional Trends in Female Terrorism," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 26 (2003), pp. 171-195.
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    • This is a highly debated area in the literature. For example, see (prepared remarks, Eurostat Conference on the Value of Real Exchange Rates, Brussels, Belgium, 20-21 October) available at
    • This is a highly debated area in the literature. For example, see Alan Heston and Robert Summers, PPPs and Price Parities in Benchmark Studies and the Penn World Table: Uses (prepared remarks, Eurostat Conference on the Value of Real Exchange Rates, Brussels, Belgium, 20-21 October 1997); available at (http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/papers/paperev.html).
    • (1997) PPPs and Price Parities in Benchmark Studies and the Penn World Table: Uses
    • Heston, A.1    Summers, R.2
  • 32
    • 0348012635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Penn World Table Version 6.1"
    • See Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP) (October)
    • See Alan Heston, Robert Summers, and Bettina Aten, "Penn World Table Version 6.1," Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP) (October 2002).
    • (2002)
    • Heston, A.1    Summers, R.2    Aten, B.3
  • 35
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    • note
    • The United States Institute of Peace, Research and Studies Program, is currently undertaking an empirical follow-on to this study. This follow-on study, executed by Ethan Bueno de Mesquita under the guidance of C. Christine Fair will augment the Pew dataset used here with other sources of data. This work will be completed in late 2006.


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