The United States and Iraq: Making sense of the oil factor

Middle East Policy

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 48-57

  Claes, Dag Harald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 31144459698     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4967.2005.00223.x     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (London: Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 394.
2. U.S. Senate, Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations by the Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations (1975).
3. Graham Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown, 197).
4. Morris A. Adelman, The Economics of Petroleum Supply (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993) p. 220.
5. Regarding the present situation Adelman claims that the "amount of oil available to the market over the next 25 to 50 years is for all intents and purposes infinite," The Economist, April 30, 2005.
6. Morris A. Adelman, "Modelling World Oil Supply," The Energy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-33.
7. Dermot Gately, "OPEC's Incentives for Faster Output Growth," The Energy Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2 2004, pp. 75-97.
8. Remarks at the National Small Business Week Conference, Washington Hilton Hotel, April 27, 2005.
9. BP Statistical Review of Energy, 1980 and 2005.
10. Peter R. Odell, 1994, "World Oil Resources, Reserves and Production," Energy Journal Vol. 15 (Special Issue on The Changing World Petroleum Market), pp.89-114.
11. "America in the year 2001 faces the most serious energy shortage since the oil embargoes of the 1970s", National Energy Policy, Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, (U.S. Government Printing Office, May 2001).
12. This report has caught a lot of attention after the outbreak of the Iraqi war. Critics have claimed that the report proves the oil motive behind the war. However, the Cheney report conforms to a pattern of the long row of U.S. National Energy Plans calling for more energy efficiency, increased support of national oil and natural gas production, encouragement of diversity of foreign supplies and new technologies. For instance, the Clinton administration published such a report in April 1998. See A. F. Alhajji "U.S. Energy Policy and the Invasion of Iraq: Does Oil Matter? The Journal of Energy and Development Vol. 29, No. 2, 2004, p. 213.
13. For a more detailed account of these changes, see Fereidun Fesharaki and Hossein Razavi. Spot Oil, Netbacks and Petroleum Futures (Report 1063, Economist Intelligence Unit, 1986),
14. and Robert Mabro Netback Pricing and the Oil Price Collapse of 1986 (Working paper WPM 10, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 1987).
15. Frank A. Verrasto et al., "Securing U.S. Energy in a Changing World," Middle East Policy, Vol. XI, No. 4, Winter 2004, p. 2.
16. Robert Mabro, "The International Oil Price Regime: Origins, Rationale and Assessment," The Journal of Energy Literature, Vol. XI, No. 1, June 2005, pp. 11.
17. According to McKinsey's Achmed al-Shahrabani, BBC News, July 16, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/ business/3071159.stm.
18. Youssef M. Ibrahim, USA Today, 2004-10-05.
19. For a breakdown see Phyllis Bennis et al. "A Failed 'Transition': The Mounting Costs of the Iraq War," Report by the Institute for Policy Studies and Foreign Policy In Focus, September 2004.
20. Nicolas Sarkis, "The Causes of the New Oil Crisis," Le Monde Diplomatique, translated by Mark Jensen, July 15, 2004.
21. Anthony Cordesman, "War with Iraq: A Cost-Benefit Analysis" Middle East Policy Vol. IX, No. 4, 2002, pp. 1-24.
22. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. (New York: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1991).
23. These criteria are 1) a competitive, multiparty political system, 2) universal adult suffrage for all citizens (with exceptions for restrictions that states may legitimately place on citizens as sanctions for criminal offenses), 3) regularly contested elections conducted in conditions of ballot secrecy, reasonable ballot security, and in the absence of massive voter fraud that yields results that are unrepresentative of the public will, 4) significant public access of major political parties to the electorate through the media and through generally open political campaigning. See http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2004/methodology.htm.
24. Huntington, Samuel P., "A Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs, 72, Summer 2003, pp. 22-49.
25. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2005.
26. Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2005, www.freedomhouse.org/research/survey2005.htm.
27. Freedom House, Democracy's Century - A Survey of Global Political Change in the 20th Century, December 1999.
28. Yetiv, Steve A. Crude Awakenings: Global Oil Security and American Foreign Policy (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2004)
29. The data-set on Militarized by the Interstate Disputes, International Consortium of Political Science Research (ICPSR data-file 9044).
30. Jimmy Carter: State of the Union Address, January 23, 1980, http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/speeches/su80jec.phtml