Prostate cancer in the elderly

International Urology and Nephrology

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 797-806

  Konstantinos, Hatzimouratidis ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

Aged; Prognostic factors; Prostate cancer; Quality of life; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ABARELIX; AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE; ANTIANDROGEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BICALUTAMIDE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BUSERELIN; CADMIUM; CETRORELIX; CIGARETTE SMOKE; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; ESTRAMUSTINE; FLUTAMIDE; FOSFESTROL; GONADORELIN DERIVATIVE; GOSERELIN; KETOCONAZOLE; LEUPRORELIN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE; MEGESTROL; NILUTAMIDE; PREDNISOLONE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; RADIOISOTOPE; RHENIUM 188; SAMARIUM 153; STRONTIUM 89; TRIPTORELIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; BONE PAIN; BRACHYTHERAPY; BREAST TENDERNESS; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CONTROL; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; COMORBIDITY; COMPUTER ASSISTED RADIOTHERAPY; CRYOTHERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIARRHEA; DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; FOLLOW UP; GLEASON SCORE; GYNECOMASTIA; HIGH INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; LETHARGY; LIVER TOXICITY; MALE; METASTASIS; ORCHIECTOMY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATHOLOGIC FRACTURE; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATE BIOPSY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATECTOMY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

AGED; CRYOTHERAPY; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; NEOPLASM STAGING; ORCHIECTOMY; PROSTATECTOMY; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 31144454388     PISSN: 03011623     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11255-005-0402-2     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T et al. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2002; 52(1): 23-47. 11814064
2. Bray F, Sankila R, Ferlay J et al. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 1995. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38(1): 99-166. 10.1016/ S0959-8049(01)00350-1 11750846 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2Fgt1yitw%3D%3D
3. Black RJ, Bray F, Ferlay J et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in the European Union: Cancer registry data and estimates of national incidence for 1990. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33(7): 1075-1107. 10.1016/ S0959-8049(96)00492-3 9376190 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2Fit1SmtA%3D%3D
4. Underwood W, Jackson J 3rd, Wei JT et al. Racial treatment trends in localized/regional prostate carcinoma: 1992-1999. Cancer 2005; 103(3): 538-545. 10.1002/cncr.20796 15612083 000226480100014
5. Steinberg GD, Carter BS, Beaty TH et al. Family history and the risk of prostate cancer. Prostate 1990; 17(4): 337-347. 2251225 1:STN:280:By6D28jlvVM%3D A1990EP44300008
6. Elghany NA, Schumacher MC, Slattery ML et al. Occupation, cadmium exposure, and prostate cancer. Epidemiology 1990; 1(2): 107-115. 2073496 1:STN:280:By6C2MblsFQ%3D
7. Baquet CR, Horm JW, Gibbs T et al. Socioeconomic factors and cancer incidence among blacks and whites. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83(8): 551-557. 2005640 1:STN:280:By6C2s7jt1Q%3D
8. Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Sacks FM et al. Prospective study of plasma fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(4): 281-286. 8158682 1:STN:280:ByuB3M%2FltlQ%3D
9. Labrie F, Belanger A, Simard J et al. Combination therapy for prostate cancer. Endocrine and biologic basis of its choice as new standard first-line therapy. Cancer 1993; 71(Suppl 3): 1059-1067. 8428328 1:STN:280:ByyC2Mznt1A%3D A1993KM67400025
10. Hudson MA, Bahnson RR, Catalona WJ. Clinical use of prostate specific antigen in patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 1989; 142(4): 1011-1017. 2477559 1:STN:280:By%2BD3M3jslU%3D
11. Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Wolfert RL et al. Evaluation of percentage of free serum prostate-specific antigen to improve specificity of prostate cancer screening. Jama 1995; 1995; 274(15): 1214-1220. 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpslWmsbo%3D
12. Okihara K, Cheli CD, Partin AW et al. Comparative analysis of complexed prostate specific antigen, free prostate specific antigen and their ratio in detecting prostate cancer. J Urol 2002; 167(5): 2017-2023, discussion 2023-2014. 11956430
13. Benson MC, Whang IS, Pantuck A et al. Prostate specific antigen density: a means of distinguishing benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer. J Urol 1992; 147(3 Pt 2): 815-816. 1371554 1:STN:280:By2C28jkt1Y%3D
14. Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Chute CG et al. Serum prostate-specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men. Establishment of age-specific reference ranges. Jama 1993; 270(7): 860-864. 10.1001/ jama.270.7.860 7688054 1:STN:280:ByyA2c7gs1E%3D A1993LR61200033
15. Mettlin C, Murphy GP, Lee F et al. Characteristics of prostate cancers detected in a multimodality early detection program. The Investigators of the American Cancer Society-National Prostate Cancer Detection Project. Cancer 1993; 72(5): 1701-1708. 7688658 1:STN:280:ByyA2M7gvVM%3D A1993LT80700033
16. Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terris MK et al. Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol 1989; 142(1): 71-74, discussion 74-7. 2659827 1:STN:280:BiaB1c%2FgslY%3D
17. Aus G, Bergdahl S, Hugosson J et al. Outcome of laterally directed sextant biopsies of the prostate in screened males aged 50-66 years. Implications for sampling order. Eur Urol 2001; 39(6): 655-660, discussion 661. 10.1159/000052523 11464054 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvhsVeguw%3D%3D
18. Applewhite JC, Matlaga BR, McCullough DL. Results of the 5 region prostate biopsy method: The repeat biopsy population. J Urol 2002; 168(2): 500-503. 12131297
19. Carver BS, Kattan MS, Scardino PT et al. Gleason grade remains an important prognostic predictor in men diagnosed with prostate cancer while on finasteride therapy. BJU Int 2005; 95(4): 509-512. 10.1111/ j.1464-410X.2005.05375.x 15705069 000227283100011
20. Ghani KR, Grigor K, Tulloch DN et al. Trends in reporting Gleason score 1991 to 2001: Changes in the pathologist's practice. Eur Urol 2005; 47(2): 196-201. 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.07.029 15661414
21. Smith JA, Scardino PT Jr, Resnick MI et al. Transrectal ultrasound versus digital rectal examination for the staging of carcinoma of the prostate: Results of a prospective, multi-institutional trial. J Urol 1997; 157(3): 902-906. 9072596
22. May F, Treumann T, Dettmar P et al. Limited value of endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasonography in the staging of clinically localized prostate cancer. BJU Int 2001; 87(1): 66-69. 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.00018.x 11121995 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7isFersQ%3D%3D 000166522700013
23. Casciani E, Polettini E, Bertini L et al. Prostate cancer: Evaluation with endorectal MR imaging and three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiol Med (Torino) 2004; 108(5-6): 530-541.
24. Partin AW, Mangold LA, Lamm DM et al. Contemporary update of prostate cancer staging nomograms (Partin Tables) for the new millennium. Urology 2001; 58(6): 843-848. 10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01441-8 11744442 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnpvV2htg%3D%3D 000172752200002
25. Kemp PM, Maguire GA, Bird NJ. Which patients with prostatic carcinoma require a staging bone scan? Br J Urol. 1997; 79(4): 611-614. 9126094 1:STN:280:ByiB2s7hsVc%3D
26. Wolf JS, Jr, Cher M, Dall'era M et al. The use and accuracy of cross-sectional imaging and fine needle aspiration cytology for detection of pelvic lymph node metastases before radical prostatectomy J Urol 1995; 153(3 Pt 2): 993-999. 7853590
27. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB et al. The combination of preoperative prostate specific antigen and postoperative pathological findings to predict prostate specific antigen outcome in clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1998; 160 (6 Pt 1): 2096-2101. 9817331 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2Fjt1ansQ%3D%3D
28. Chodak GW, Thisted RA, Gerber GS et al. Results of conservative management of clinically localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1994; 330(4): 242-248. 10.1056/NEJM199401273300403 8272085 1:STN:280:ByuD1Mjjs10%3D
29. Steinberg GD, Bales GT Brendler CB. An analysis of watchful waiting for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1998; 159(5): 1431-1436. 10.1097/00005392-199805000-00003 9554328 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3ht12qsg%3D%3D
30. Han M, Partin AW, Pound CR et al. Long-term biochemical disease-free and cancer-specific survival following anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. The 15-year Johns Hopkins experience. Urol Clin North Am 2001; 28(3): 555-565. 10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70163-4 11590814 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mrktlaluw%3D%3D
31. Hull GW, Rabbani F, Abbas F et al. Cancer control with radical prostatectomy alone in 1,000 consecutive patients. J Urol 2002; 167(2 Pt 1): 528-534. 11792912
32. Zincke H, Oesterling JE, Blute ML et al. Long-term (15 years) results after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized (stage T2c or lower) prostate cancer. J Urol 1994; 152(5 Pt 2): 1850-1857. 7523733 1:STN:280:ByqD3MfotVA%3D
33. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(19): 1977-1984. 10.1056/NEJMoa043739 15888698 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjvFyrtLw%3D
34. Dillioglugil O, Leibman BD, Leibman NS et al. Risk factors for complications and morbidity after radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol 1997; 157(5): 1760-1767. 9112522 1:STN:280:ByiB28nnvF0%3D
35. Zelefsky MJ, Fuks Z, Hunt M et al. High dose radiation delivered by intensity modulated conformal radiotherapy improves the outcome of localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2001; 166(3): 876-881. 11490237 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvksVShug%3D%3D
36. Zietman AL, Coen JJ, Dallow KC et al. The treatment of prostate cancer by conventional radiation therapy: An analysis of long-term outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 32(2): 287-292. 10.1016/ 0360-3016(95)00123-G 7751173 1:STN:280:ByqB2s%2FksFE%3D
37. Pollack A, Zagars GK. External beam radiotherapy for stage T1/T2 prostate cancer: How does it stack up?. Urology 1998; 51(2): 258-264. 10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00621-3 9495708 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7lsFSqtA%3D%3D 000072055000015
38. Hahn P, Baral E, Cheang M et al. Long-term outcome of radical radiation therapy for prostatic carcinoma: 1967-1987. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 34(1): 41-47. 10.1016/0360-3016(95)02024-1 12118564 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zntlGlsQ%3D%3D
39. Ritter MA, Messing EM, Shanahan TG et al. Prostate-specific antigen as a predictor of radiotherapy response and patterns of failure in localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10(8): 1208-1217. 1378886 1:STN:280:By2A2c7htlA%3D
40. Crook J, Lukka H, Klotz L et al. Systematic overview of the evidence for brachytherapy in clinically localized prostate cancer. Cmaj. 2001; 164(7): 975-981. 11314451 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3itVyktA%3D%3D
41. Beyer DC, Brachman DG. Failure free survival following brachytherapy alone for prostate cancer: Comparison with external beam radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2000; 57(3): 263-267. 10.1016/S0167-8140(00)00286-3 11104883 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7gtFSmtg%3D%3D
42. Blasko JC, Grimm PD, Sylsvester JE et al. The role of external beam radiotherapy with I-125/Pd-103 brachytherapy for prostate carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2000; 57(3): 273-278. 10.1016/S0167-8140(00)00288-7 11104885 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7gtFSmtA%3D%3D
43. Nag S, Beyer D, Friedland J et al. American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) recommendations for transperineal permanent brachytherapy of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999; 44(4): 789-799. 10.1016/ S0360-3016(99)00069-3 10386635 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzhtlajtA%3D%3D
44. Debruyne FM, Denis L, Lunglmayer G et al. Long-term therapy with a depot luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (Zoladex) in patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1988; 140(4): 775-777. 2971119 1:STN:280:BieA3szhvFA%3D
45. Weckermann D, Harzmann R. Hormone therapy in prostate cancer: LHRH antagonists versus LHRH analogues. Eur Urol 2004; 46(3): 279-283, discussion 283-274. 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.05.006 15306097 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnvVWitL0%3D
46. Melton LJ, Alothman KI 3rd, Achenbach SJ et al. Decline in bilateral orchiectomy for prostate cancer in Olmsted county, Minnesota, 1956-2000. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76(12): 1199-1203. 11761500
47. Schroder FH, Collette L, Reijke TMde et al. Prostate cancer treated by anti-androgens: Is sexual function preserved? EORTC Genitourinary Group. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Br J Cancer 2000; 82(2): 283-290. 10646878 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXpt12jtA%3D%3D
48. Schellhammer PF, Sharifi R, Block NL et al. Clinical benefits of bicalutamide compared with flutamide in combined androgen blockade for patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma: Final report of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. Casodex Combination Study Group. Urology 1997; 50(3): 330-336. 10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00279-3 9301693 1:STN:280:ByiH2cjisVY%3D A1997XW20100003
49. Crawford ED, Eisenberger MA, McLeod DG et al. A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1989; 321(7): 419-424. 2503724 1:STN:280:BiaA2cvhtlE%3D
50. Mahler C. Is disease flare a problem? Cancer 1993; 72(12 Suppl): 3799-3802. 8252493 1:STN:280:ByuD2szot1E%3D A1993MM09300005
51. Tyrrell CJ, Kaisary AV, Iversen P et al. A randomised comparison of 'Casodex' (bicalutamide) 150 mg monotherapy versus castration in the treatment of metastatic and locally advanced prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1998; 33(5): 447-456. 10.1159/000019634 9643663 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlsVajtro%3D
52. Kelly WK. Endocrine withdrawal syndrome and its relevance to the management of hormone refractory prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1998: 34 (Suppl 3): 18-23. 9854191
53. Catalona WJ. Management of cancer of the prostate. N Engl J Med 1994; 331(15): 996-1004. 10.1056/NEJM199410133311507 7880240 1:STN:280:ByuA28nksFE%3D
54. Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: An overview of 22 randomised trials with 3283 deaths in 5710 patients. Prostate Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet 1995; 346(8970): 265-269.
55. Harris KA, Reese DM. Treatment options in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: Current and future approaches. Drugs 2001; 61(15): 2177-2192. 11772129 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsVWmsg%3D%3D 000173217400003
56. Ben-Josef E, Porter AT. Radioisotopes in the treatment of bone metastases. Ann Med 1997; 29(1): 31-35. 9073322 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtleks70%3D
57. Liepe K, Runge R, Kotzerke J. The benefit of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in the treatment of metastatic bone pain. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131(1): 60-66. 10.1007/s00432-004-0625-0 15449184 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVWjt7zM
58. Price N. Benefit of extended zoledronate therapy for patients with bone metastases from hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Prostate Cancer 2004: 3(2): 77-79. 15479488
59. Pinski J, Dorff TB. Prostate cancer metastases to bone: Pathophysiology, pain management, and the promise of targeted therapy. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41(6): 932-940. 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.12.026 15808959
60. Weinfurt KP, Li Y, Castel LD et al. The significance of skeletal-related events for the health-related quality of life of patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2005; 16(4): 579-584. 10.1093/ annonc/mdi122 15734776 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M7kvVWmtw%3D%3D
61. Clark JA, Talcott JA. Symptom indexes to assess outcomes of treatment for early prostate cancer. Med Care 2001; 39(10): 1118-1130. 10.1097/ 00005650-200110000-00009 11567174 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MritVSrsg%3D%3D
62. Helgason AR, Adolfsson J, Dickman P et al. Sexual desire, erection, orgasm and ejaculatory functions and their importance to elderly Swedish men: A population-based study. Age Ageing 1996; 25(4): 285-291. 8831873 1:STN:280:BymH38fnslU%3D
63. Litwin MS, Hays RD, Fink A et al. The UCLA Prostate Cancer Index: development, reliability, and validity of a health-related quality of life measure. Med Care 1998; 36(7): 1002-1012. 10.1097/ 00005650-199807000-00007 9674618 1:STN:280:DyaK1czjslektw%3D%3D
64. Aaronson NK, AhMed. zai S, Bergman B et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: A quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85(5): 365-376. 8433390 1:STN:280:ByyC28vivVc%3D
65. Esper P, Mo F, Chodak G et al. Measuring quality of life in men with prostate cancer using the functional assessment of cancer therapy-prostate instrument. Urology 1997; 50(6): 920-928. 10.1016/ S0090-4295(97)00459-7 9426724 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FovVWgsg%3D%3D 000071138400018
66. Stockler MR, Osoba D, Goodwin P et al. Responsiveness to change in health-related quality of life in a randomized clinical trial: A comparison of the Prostate Cancer Specific Quality of Life Instrument (PROSQOLI) with analogous scales from the EORTC QLQ-C30 and a trial specific module. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51(2): 137-145. 10.1016/ S0895-4356(97)00269-2 9474074 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7jsVenuw%3D%3D
67. Helgason AR, Adolfsson J, Dickman P et al. Factors associated with waning sexual function among elderly men and prostate cancer patients. J Urol 1997; 158(1): 155-159. 10.1097/00005392-199707000-00050 9186344 1:STN:280:ByiA38bovVE%3D
68. Talcott JA, Rieker P, Propert KJ et al. Patient-reported impotence and incontinence after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89(15): 1117-1123. 10.1093/jnci/89.15.1117 9262249 1:STN:280:ByiH3cvhs1c%3D
69. Shrader-Bogen CL, Kjellberg JL, McPherson CP et al. Quality of life and treatment outcomes: Prostate carcinoma patients' perspectives after prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Cancer 1997; 79(10): 1977-1986. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970515)79:10<1977::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-R 9149026 1:STN:280:ByiB1M3pslc%3D
70. Roach M, Chinn DM 3rd, Holland J et al. A pilot survey of sexual function and quality of life following 3D conformal radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol. Biol Phys 1996; 35(5): 869-874. 8751394
71. Crook J, Esche B, Futter N. Effect of pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer on bowel, bladder, and sexual function: The patient's perspective. Urology 1996; 47(3): 387-394. 10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80458-0 8633407 1:STN:280:BymB3Mjos1M%3D A1996UA32700019
72. Jonler M, Nielsen OS, Wolf H. Urinary symptoms, potency, and quality of life in patients with localized prostate cancer followed up with deferred treatment. Urology 1998; 52(6): 1055-1062, discussion 1063. 9836554 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2Flt1eksA%3D%3D 000077130400022
73. Curran D, Fossa S, Aaronson N et al. Baseline quality of life of patients with advanced prostate cancer. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group (GUT-CCG). Eur J Cancer 1997; 33(11): 1809-1814. 10.1016/S0959-8049(97)00187-1 9470838 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7jtFKitg%3D%3D
74. Cassileth BR, Soloway MS, Vogelzang NJ et al. Patients' choice of treatment in stage D prostate cancer. Urology 1989; 33(5): 57-62. 10.1016/0090-4295(89)90108-8 2523612 1:STN:280:BiaB38vgtFQ%3D A1989U567900011
75. Moinpour CM, Savage MJ, Troxel A et al. Quality of life in advanced prostate cancer: Results of a randomized therapeutic trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90(20): 1537-1544. 10.1093/jnci/90.20.1537 9790546 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntVKrsbc%3D
76. Herr HW, Kornblith AB, Ofman U. A comparison of the quality of life of patients with metastatic prostate cancer who received or did not receive hormonal therapy. Cancer 1993; 71(Suppl 3): 1143-1150. 8428337 1:STN:280:ByyC2MzntlE%3D A1993KM67400036