Broadening the concept of security in East and Southeast Asia: The impact of the Asian financial crisis and the September 11 incident

Journal of Contemporary China

Volumn 15, Issue 46, 2006, Pages 89-111

  Cheng, Joseph Y S ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FINANCIAL CRISIS; FOREIGN POLICY; SECURITY THREAT; TERRORISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 31144436354     PISSN: 10670564     EISSN: 14699400     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10670560500331757     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. 'Human security', in David Capie and Paul Evans, The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002), p. 139.
2. 'Introduction', in Andrew T. H. Tan and J. D. Kenneth Boutin, eds, Non-Traditional Security Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Select Publishing for Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 2001), p. 1.
3. 'Comprehensive security', in Capie and Evans, The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon, p. 64.
4. Muthiah Alagappa, 'Comprehensive security: Interpretations in ASEAN countries', Research Paper and Policy Studies No. 26, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, no date given.
5. See Joseph Y. S. Cheng, 'China's ASEAN policy in the 1990s: Pushing for regional multipolarity', Contemporary Southeast Asia 21(2), (August 1999), pp. 176-183.
6. Raymond L. Bryant and Michael J.G. Parnwell, eds, Environmental Change in Southeast Asia: People, Politics and Sustainable Development (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 10-11.
7. Human Development Report 1994 (Oxford: Oxford University Press/UN Development Programme, 1994).
8. See Samuel S. Kim, 'China's international organizational behaviour', in Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh, eds, Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 431.
9. Kanishka Jayasuriya, 'Southeast Asia's embedded mercantilism in crisis: international strategies and domestic coalitions', in Tan and Boutin, eds, Non-Traditional Security Issues in Southeast Asia, pp. 26-53.
10. Ming Pao (a Hong Kong Chinese newspaper), (18 April 1998).
11. The Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence were jointly initiated by China, India and Burma in 1953-1954; they were to apply to relations among countries with different social systems. They are: Respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty; non-interference in domestic affairs; equality and mutual benefit; non-aggression; and peaceful co-existence.
12. Ming Pao, (13 March 2002).
13. See John W. Garver, 'The China-India-US triangle: Strategic relations in the post-Cold War era', NBR Analysis (Seattle: The National Bureau of Asian Research) 13(5), (October 2002), pp. 5-56.
14. Daljit Singh, 'The terrorist threat in Southeast Asia', in Russell Heng Hiang Khng and Denis Hew, eds, Regional Outlook, Southeast Asia 2003-2004 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003), pp. 4-6.
15. See Financial Times (London edn), (10 September 2004).
16. See Kavi Chongkittavorn, 'Thailand-international terrorism and the Muslim South', in Daljit Singh and Chin Kin Wah, eds, Southeast Asian Affairs 2004 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004), pp. 267-268.
17. Brad Glosserman and Vivian Brailey Fritschi, 'ASEAN needs to unite, or fade in China's shadow', South China Morning Post, (11 November 2002)
18. Singh, 'The terrorist threat in Southeast Asia', p. 6.
19. Credit Suisse, First Boston, Goldman Sachs, and Merrill Lynch all cut back their operations in Southeast Asia. See Wayne Arnold, 'In Southeast Asia, a wary optimism', The New York Times, (4 April 2002).
20. Robert W. Hefner, 'Islam and Asian security', in Richard J. Ellings and Aaron L. Friedberg, eds, Strategic Asia 2002-03, Asian Aftershocks (Seattle: The National Bureau of Asian Research, 2002), pp. 351-392.
21. See Thomas J. Christensen, 'China', in Ellings and Friedberg, Strategic Asia 2002-03, Asian Aftershocks, p. 56.
22. Phillip P. Pan and John Pomfret, 'Bin Laden's Chinese connection', Washington Post (10 November 2001);
23. and 'Chinese FM Tang eyes Afghan war, terrorism, ties with US, Japan, Vatican, Italy', La Stampa (Turin), FBIS 11/24/01 (EUP 200011/26000152).
24. 'Unveiling the terrorist nature of "East Tujue" elements', People's Daily (Beijing), (16 November 2001).
25. Simon S. C. Tay and Jesus P. Estanislao, 'The relevance of ASEAN crisis and change', in Simon S. C. Tay, Jesus P. Estanislao and Hadi Soesastro, eds, Reinventing ASEAN (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2001), pp. 14-16.
26. Jusuf Wanandi, 'ASEAN's past and the challenges ahead: Aspects of politics and security', in Tay et al., eds, Reinventing ASEAN, p. 34.
27. South China Morning Post, (5 November 2002).
28. Meng Yan, 'Country seeks trade partners', China Daily (Beijing), (21 May 2002).
29. Daljit Singh, 'Southeast Asia in 2000: Many roads, no destination?', in Daljit Singh and Anthony Smith, eds, Southeast Asian Affairs 2001 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2001), p. 10;
30. and Sunday Morning Post, (13 May 2001).
31. Singh, 'Southeast Asia in 2000', pp. 10-13.
32. Sheldon W. Simon, 'Southeast Asia', in Ellings and Friedberg, eds, Strategic Asia 2002-03, Asian Aftershocks, p. 310.
33. This was cited by Mohammed Jawhar Hassan, 'Terrorism: Southeast Asia's response', PacNet Newsletter (Honolulu: Pacific Forum/CSIS) no. 1, (4 January 2002).
34. On 28 August 2002, officials at the US Embassy in Beijing further announced that they had evidence that the ETIM was plotting a terrorist bombing of the US Embassy in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. On 11 September 2002, the UN announced that, at the request of both the US and China, it was placing the ETIM on a UN list of terrorist organizations, requiring that all UN members freeze the group's financial assets and ban its members from entry. See Kerry Dumbaugh, 'China-US relations', Issue Brief for Congress (Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress), (31 January 2003), p. 3.
35. Li Dongyan, 'Kongbu zhuyi wenti-guojishehui mianlin de zhongda nanti' ['The issue of terrorism - a serious problem facing the international community'], in Li Shenming and Wang Yizhou, eds, Guoji Xingshi Huangpishu [Yellow Book of World Situation ] (Beijing: Social Sciences Documentation Publishing House, 2002), pp. 126-147.
36. See Section 3, ch. 1 'The international situation in 2003', in Office of Policy Research, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, ed., China's Foreign Affairs 2004 (in Chinese) (Beijing: Shijie Chubanshe, 2004), pp. 3-5.
37. See Joseph Y. S. Cheng, 'The evolution of China's foreign policy in the post-Mao era: From anti-hegemony to modernization diplomacy', in Joseph Y. S. Cheng, ed., China: Modernization in the 1980s (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1989), pp. 161-201.
38. See J. Ruggie, 'International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order', in Stephen Krasner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), pp. 195-232;
39. and Jayasuriya, 'Southeast Asia's embedded mercantilism in crisis', pp. 33-36.
40. Table 2.8, Distribution of Income or Consumption, World Development Indicators 2000 (World Bank Group), available at http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2000. No data were available for Brunei, Myanmar and Singapore.
41. See Ooi Giok Ling, 'Governance in plural societies and security-management of inter-ethnic relations in Southeast Asia', in Tan and Boutin, eds, Non-Traditional Security Issues in Southeast Asia, pp. 288-317.
42. Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations (Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1983).
43. Simon, 'Southeast Asia', p. 311.
44. Kumar Ramakrishna, 'Addressing transnational security threats in the Asia-Pacific region', paper presented at the 2002 Pacific Symposium, National Defence University, Washington, DC, 20-21 February 2002, pp. 6 and 8.
45. Vaudine England, 'Time for consensus on tackling threat of terror', Sunday Morning Post, (3 November 2002), p. 9.
46. Peter Kammerer, 'Terrorism faces day of judgment', Sunday Morning Post, (11 May 2003), p. 9.
47. Ibid.
48. This was the view of Dr Chandra Muzaffar, president of the International Movement for a Just World in Kuala Lumpur; see Peter Kammerer, 'Economic aid could iron out extremism', Sunday Morning Post, (3 November 2002), p. 9.
49. In Malaysia, a politically dominant status quo coalition relied on the institution of highly protectionist and regulatory measures, and is a good example of defensive adjustment. In Singapore, attempts were made to modify existing policies to make the economy more competitive without significant changes in the structure and ownership of the domestic economy; it may be considered an example of offensive adjustment. In Thailand, a dominant reform coalition facing severe economic pressure opted for a programme of fundamental economic restructuring. These concepts are developed by Jayasuriya, 'Southeast Asia's embedded mercantilism in crisis', pp. 44-45.