Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: Bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 193, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 336-345

  Bradshaw, Catriona S ^a,b,d   Tabrizi, Sepehr N ^b,c   Read, Timothy R H ^a   Garland, Suzanne M ^b,c   Hopkins, Carol A ^a   Moss, Lorna M ^a   Fairley, Christopher K ^a,b  

^a ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c ROYAL WOMEN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d MELBOURNE SEXUAL HEALTH CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS; ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EXPOSURE; GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; NONSPECIFIC URETHRITIS; ORAL SEXUAL CONTACT; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALITY; SMEAR; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; UREAPLASMA; UREAPLASMA PARVUM; UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM; URINALYSIS; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS IDENTIFICATION;

EID: 31044454940     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/499434     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Horner PJ, Thomas B, Gilroy CB, Egger M, Taylor-Robinson D. Do all men attending departments of genitourinary medicine need to be screened for non-gonococcal urethritis? Int J STD AIDS 2002; 13: 667-73.
2. Horner P, Thomas B, Gilroy CB, Egger M, Taylor-Robinson D. Role of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in acute and chronic nongonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:995-1003.
3. Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma genitalium-an up-date. Int J STD AIDS 2002; 13:145-51.
4. Schwartz MA, Hooton TM. Etiology of nongonococcal nonchlamydial urethritis. Dermatol Clin 1998; 16:727-33, xi.
5. Lefevre JC, Lepargneur JP, Bauriaud R, Bertrand MA, Blanc C. Clinical and microbiologic features of urethritis in men in Toulouse, France. Sex Transm Dis 1991; 18:76-9.
6. Uuskula A, Raukas E. Atypical genital herpes: report of five cases. Scand J Infect Dis 2004; 36:37-9.
7. Srugo I, Steinberg J, Madeb R, et al. Agents of non-gonococcal urethritis in males attending an Israeli clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Isr Med Assoc J 2003; 5:24-7.
8. Holmes KK, Handsfield HH, Wang SP, et al. Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. N Engl J Med 1975; 292:1199-205.
9. Bradshaw CS, Denham IM, Fairley CK. Characteristics of adenovirus associated urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78:445-7.
10. Azariah S, Reid M. Adenovirus and non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11:548-50.
11. Harnett GB, Phillips PA, Gollow MM. Association of genital adenovirus infection with urethritis in men. Med J Aust 1984; 141:337-8.
12. Swenson PD, Lowens MS, Celum CL, Hierholzer JC. Adenovirus types 2, 8, and 37 associated with genital infections in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2728-31.
13. Landis SJ, Stewart IO, Chernesky MA, et al. Value of the gram-stained urethral smear in the management of men with urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 1988; 15:78-84.
14. Janier M, Lassau F, Casin I, et al. Male urethritis with and without discharge: a clinical and microbiological study. Sex Transm Dis 1995; 22: 244-52.
15. Haddow LJ, Bunn A, Copas AJ, et al. Polymorph count for predicting non-gonococcal urethral infection: a model using Chlamydia trachomatis diagnosed by ligase chain reaction. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80: 198-200.
16. Desai K, Robson HG. Comparison of the Gram-stained urethral smear and first-voided urine sediment in the diagnosis of nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 1982; 9:21-5.
17. Tabrizi SN, Chen S, Cohenford MA, et al. Evaluation of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in clinical samples tested positive in the Roche Cobas Amplicor assay. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80:68-71.
18. Yoshida T, Deguchi T, Ito M, Maeda S, Tamaki M, Ishiko H. Quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-pass urine of men with urethritis and asymptomatic men by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1451-5.
19. Sullivan EA, Abel M, Tabrizi S, et al. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among antenatal women in Vanuatu, 1999-2000. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:362-6.
20. Yoshida T, Maeda S, Deguchi T, Miyazawa T, Ishiko H. Rapid detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum organisms in genitourinary samples by PCR-microtiter plate hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 1850-5.
21. Zariffard MR, Saifuddin M, Sha BE, Spear GT. Detection of bacterial vaginosis-related organisms by real-time PCR for Lactobacilli, Gardnerella vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2002; 34:277-81.
22. Powell KF, Anderson NE, Frith RW, Croxson MC. Non-invasive diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. Lancet 1990; 335:357-8.
23. Allard A, Albinsson B, Wadell G. Rapid typing of human adenoviruses by a general PCR combined with restriction endonuclease analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:498-505.
24. Handsfield HH, Lipman TO, Harnisch JP, Tronca E, Holmes KK. Asymptomatic gonorrhea in men: diagnosis, natural course, prevalence and significance. N Engl J Med 1974; 290:117-23.
25. Arnberg N, Mei Y, Wadell G. Fiber genes of adenoviruses with tropism for the eye and the genital tract. Virology 1997; 227:239-44.
26. Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, Yeo AC, Tullo AB. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41:1818-22.
27. Schaap GJ, de Jong JC, van Bijsterveld OP, Beekhuis WH. A new intermediate adenovirus type causing conjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1979; 97:2336-8.
28. Laverty CR, Russell P, Black J, Kappagoda N, Booth N. Adenovirus infection of the cervix. Acta Cytol 1977; 21:114-7.
29. De long JC, Wigand R, Wadell G, et al. Adenovirus 37: identification and characterization of a medically important new adenovirus type of subgroup D. J Med Virol 1981; 7:105-18.
30. Stanescu D, Copelovici Y, Teleguta L, et al. Investigations on the role of some viral, chlamydian, rickettsian and mycoplasmic agents in several gynecological diseases. Virologie 1989; 40:71-7.
31. Pisani S, Gallinelli C, Seganti L, et al. Detection of viral and bacterial infections in women with normal and abnormal colposcopy. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1999; 20:69-73.
32. Grulich AE, de Visser RO, Smith AM, Rissel CE, Richters J. Sex in Australia: homosexual experience and recent homosexual encounters. Aust N Z J Public Health 2003; 27:155-63.
33. Tran T, Druce JD, Catton MC, Kelly H, Birch CJ. Changing epidemiology of genital herpes simplex virus infection in Melbourne, Australia, between 1980 and 2003. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80:277-9.
34. Roberts CM, Pfister JR, Spear SJ. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes infection in college students. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:797-800.
35. Lafferty WE, Hughes JP, Handsfield HH. Sexually transmitted diseases in men who have sex with men: acquisition of gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis by fellatio and implications for STD/HIV prevention. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24:272-8.
36. Hernandez-Aguado I, Alvarez-Dardet C, Gili M, Perea EJ, Camacho F. Oral sex as a risk factor for Chlamydia-negative Ureaplasma-negative nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 1988; 15:100-2.
37. McGowan I, Radcliffe KW, Bingham JS, Dencer C, Ridgway GL. Non-gonococcal urethritis in men practising "safe" sex. Genitourin Med 1991; 67:70-1.
38. Schwartz MA, Lafferty WE, Hughes JP, Handsfield HH. Risk factors for urethritis in heterosexual men: the role of fellatio and other sexual practices. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24:449-55.
39. Noble RC. Colonisation of the urethra with Streptococcus pneumoniae: a case report. Genitourin Med 1985; 61:345-6.
40. Conde-Glez CJ, Calderon E. Urogenital infection due to meningococcus in men and women. Sex Transm Dis 1991; 18:72-5.
41. Hagman M, Forslin L, Moi H, Danielsson D. Neisseria meningitidis in specimens from urogenital sites: is increased awareness necessary? Sex Transm Dis 1991; 18:228-32.
42. Maini M, French P, Prince M, Bingham JS. Urethritis due to Neisseria meningitidis in a London genitourinary medicine clinic population. Int J STD AIDS 1992; 3:423-5.
43. Wilson AP, Wolff J, Atia W. Acute urethritis due to Neisseria meningitidis group A acquired by orogenital contact: case report. Genitourin Med 1989; 65:122-3.
44. Sturm AW. Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in nongonococcal urethritis. J Infect Dis 1986; 153:165-7.
45. Taylor-Robinson D. The role of mycoplasmas in non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Yale J Biol Med 1983; 56:537-43.
46. Taylor-Robinson D, Purcell RH, London WT, Sly DL. Urethral infection of chimpanzees by Ureaplasma urealyticum. J Med Microbiol 1978; 11: 197-201.
47. Povlsen K, Bjornelius E, Lidbrink P, Lind I. Relationship of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 to nongonococcal urethritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21:97-101.
48. Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Miyazawa T, et al. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) with nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31:192-5.
49. McCormack WM, Lee YH, Zinner SH. Sexual experience and urethral colonization with genital mycoplasmas: a study in normal men. Ann Intern Med 1973; 78:696-8.
50. Brunner H, Weidner W, Schiefer HG. Quantitative studies on the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in non-gonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis. Yale J Biol Med 1983; 56:545-50.
51. Bowie WR. Etiology and treatment of nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 1978; 5:27-33.
52. Cracea E, Constantinescu S, Lazar M. Serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated from patients with nongonococcal urethritis and gonorrhea and from asymptomatic urethral carriers. Sex Transm Dis 1985; 12:219-23.
53. Piot P. Distribution of eight serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum in cases of non-gonococcal urethritis and of gonorrhoea, and in healthy persons. Br J Vener Dis 1976; 52:266-8.
54. Bowie WR, Wang SP, Alexander ER, et al. Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis: evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. J Clin Invest 1977; 59:735-42.
55. 2-producing lactobacilli, and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16(Suppl 4):S273-81.
56. Iser P, Read TR, Tabrizi SN, et al. Symptoms of non-gonococcal urethritis in heterosexual men-a case control study. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81:163-5.
57. Keane FE, Thomas BJ, Whitaker L, Renton A, Taylor-Robinson D. An association between non-gonococcal urethritis and bacterial vaginosis and the implications for patients and their sexual partners. Genitourin Med 1997; 73:373-7.