The wavy line and the dotted wavy line pottery in the prehistory of the Central Nile and the Sahara-Sahel Belt

African Archaeological Review

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 25-58

  Mohammed Ali, Abbas S ^a   Khabir, Abdel Rahim M ^a  

^a KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Khartoum; Mesolithic; Neolithic; Nilo Sahara; Pottery; Wavy line

Indexed keywords

EID: 31044443681     PISSN: 02630338     EISSN: 15729842     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1022882305448     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Abdul Magid, A. (1988). The National and Socio-Economic Context of Plant Domestication in the African Savanna. An Archaeoethnobotanical Case Study From the Central Sudan, PhD thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
2. Abdul Magid, A. (1991). Atbara research project: Field seasons of 1985-87,98,90. Nyame Akuma 35: 36-43.
3. Abdul Magid, A. (1992). Radiocarbon dates from Mesolithic sites in the Atbara region, Sudan. Nyame Akuma 37: 17-27.
4. Abdul Magid, A. (1995). The lithic material. In Haaland, R., and Abdul Magid, A. (eds.), Aqualithic Sites along the Rivers Nile and Atbara, Sudan, Alma Mater, Bergen, Norway, pp. 52-83.
5. Abdul Magid, A. (1998). Archaeological excavations on the west bank of the river Nile in the Khartoum area. Nyame Akuma 18: 42-45.
6. Adamson, D. A., Clark, J. D., and Williams, M. A. (1974). Barbed bone points from the Central Sudan and the age of the "Early Khartoum" tradition. Nature 299: 120-123.
7. Addison, F. (1949). Jebel Moya, Oxford University Press, London.
8. Arkell, A. J. (1947). Early Khartoum. Antiquity 21: 172-181.
9. Arkell, A. J. (1949). Early Khartoum, Oxford University Press, London.
10. Arkell, A. J. (1953). Shaheinab, Oxford University Press, London.
11. Arkell, A. J. (1959). Preliminary report on the archaeological results of the British Ennedi expedition. Kush 7: 15-26.
12. Arkell, A. J. (1964). Wanyanga, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
13. Arkell, A. J. (1972). Dotted wavy line pottery in African prehistory. Antiquity 46: 221-222.
14. Arkell, A. J. (1975). The Prehistory of the Nile Valley, Handbuch der Orientalisk, Leiden, Brill.
15. Arnold, A. E. (1985). Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Bailloud, G. (1969). L'evaluation des styles ceramiques en Ennedi (Republique du Tchad). In Actes du Premier Colloque International d'Archéologie Africaine, Fort Lamy, République du Tchad, 11-16 décembre 1966, Etudes et documents tchadiens, Mémoires 1, Institut National Tchadien pour les Sciences Humaines, Fort Lamy, pp. 31-45.
17. Banks. K. M. (1980). Ceramics of the Western Desert. In Wendorf, F., and Schild, R. (eds.), Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, Academic Press, New York, pp. 299-315.
18. Banks, K. M. (1984a). Early ceramic-bearing occupations in the Egyptian Western Desert. In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewic, M. (eds.), Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in Northeast Africa, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland, pp. 149-161.
19. Banks, K. M. (1984b). Report on site E-79-2. In Wendorf, F., Schild, R., and Close, A. E. (eds.), Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 95-121.
20. Barich, B. E. (1987). The Wadi Ti-n-Torha facies. In Barich, B. E. (ed.), Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara. The Excavations in the Tadrart Acacus, 1978-1983, British Archaeological Reports International Series 368, Oxford, pp. 97-112.
21. Barich, B. E. (1992). Holocene communities of western and central Sahara: A reappraisal. In Klees, F., and Kuper, R. (eds.), New Light on the Northeast African Past, Africa Praehistorica 5, Heinrich-Barth Institut, Köln, Germany.
22. Barich, B. E., Belluomini, G., Bonadonna, F., Alessia. M., and Manfra, L. (1984). Ecological and cultural relevance of the recent new radiocarbon dates from Libyan Sahara. In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.), Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland, pp. 411-417.
23. Barthelme, J. (1977). Holocene sites northeast of lake Turkana. A preliminary report. Azania 12:33-41.
24. Barthelme, J. (1985). Fisher-Hunters and Neolithic Pastoralists in East Turkana, Kenya, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
25. Butzer, K. W., and Hansen, C. L. (1968). Desert and River in Nubia, The University of Wisconsin Press, Milwaukee.
26. Buursink, J. (1971). Soils of the Central Sudan, Grafish Bedriif Schotanus & Jens, Utrecht, Netherlands.
27. Camps, G. F. (1969). Amékni, Néolithique Ancien du Hoggar, Mémoires du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Préhistoriques et Ethnographiques 10, Arts et Métiers Graphiques, Paris.
28. Camps, G. F. (1982). Beginnings of pastoralism and cultivation in north-west Africa and the Sahara: Origins of the Berbers. In Clark, J. D. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 548-623.
29. Camps-Fabrer, H. (1966). Sur quelques techniques décoratives de la céramique impressionnée saharienne. Paper given at the XVIIIéme Congrès Préhistorique de France, Ajaccio, pp. 143-154.
30. Caneva, I. (ed.) (1983a). Pottery Using Gatherers and Hunters at Saggai (Sudan): Preconditions for Food Production, Origini XII, Rome.
31. Caneva, I. (1983b). Radiocarbon dates from Saggai-1: An essay of classification. In Caneva, I. (ed.), Pottery Using Gatherers and Hunters at Saggai. (Sudan): Preconditions for Food Production, Origini XII, Rome, pp. 149-153.
32. Caneva, I. (1983c). "Wavy Line" pottery from Saggai I: An essay of classification. In Caneva, I. (ed.), Pottery Using Gatherers and Hunters at Saggai. (Sudan): Preconditions for Food Production, Origini XII, Rome, pp. 155-189.
33. Caneva, I. (1984). Early Neolithic settlement and later cemetery at Geili (Central Sudan). In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.), Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland, pp. 353-360.
34. Caneva, I. (1987a). Pottery decoration in prehistoric Sahara and Upper Nile: A new perspective study. In Barich, B. E. (ed.), Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara. The Excavations in the Tadrart Acacus, 1978-1983, British Archaeological Reports International Series 368, Oxford, pp. 231-245.
35. Caneva, I. (1987b). Recent research in Central Sudan. Nyame Akuma 29: 52-55.
36. Caneva, I. (ed.) (1988a). El-Geili. The History of a Middle Nile Environment 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1500, British Archaeological Reports International Series 424, Oxford.
37. Caneva, I. (1988b). Prehistoric settlements along the Nile between Kabbashi and Geili. In Caneva, I. (ed.), El-Geili. The History of a Middle Nile Environment 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1500, British Archaeological Reports International Series 424, Oxford, pp. 321-344.
38. Caneva, I. (1991). Jebel Moya revisited: A settlement of the 5th millennium B.C. in the middle Nile Basin. Antiquity 65: 262-268.
39. Caneva, I., and Marks, A. E. (1990). More on the Shaqadud pottery: Evidence for Sahara-Nilotic connections during the 6th-4th millennium B.C. Archeologie Du Nil Moyen 4: 11-36.
40. Caneva, I., and Zarratini, A. (1983). Microlithism and functionality in the Saggai-1 industry. In Caneva, I. (ed.), Pottery Using Gatherers and Hunters at Saggai (Sudan): Preconditions for Food Production, Origini XII, Rome, pp. 209-233.
41. Caneva, I., Garcea, E., Gautier, A., and Van Neer, W. (1993). Pre-pastoral cultures along the Central Sudanese Nile. Quaternaria NovaIII: 177-252.
42. Chlodnicki, M. (1984). Pottery from the Neolithic settlement at Kadero (Central Sudan). In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.), Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland, pp. 337-342.
43. Clark, J. D. (1973). Expedition to the Central Sudan, The University of California, Berkeley. Nyame Akuma 3: 55-64.
44. Clark, J. D. (1980). Human populations and cultural adaptations in the Sahara and the Nile during prehistoric times. In Williams, M. A. J., and Faure, H. (eds.), The Sahara and the Nile, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherland, pp. 527-582.
45. Clark, J. D. (1989). Shabona: An early Khartoum settlement on the White Nile. In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland, pp. 387-410.
46. Close, A. E. (1984). Report on site E-80-1. In Wendorf, F., Schild, R., and Close, A. E. (eds.), Cattle-keepers of the Eastern Sahara. The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 251-297.
47. Close, A. E. (1987). The lithic sequence from Wadi Ti-n-Torha (Tadrart Acacus). In Barich, B. E. (ed.), Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara. The Excavations in the Tadrart Acacus, 1978-1983, British Archaeological Reports International Series 368, Oxford, pp. 63-85.
48. Close, A. E. (1992). Holocene occupations of the Eastern Sahara. In Klees, F., and Kuper, R. (eds.), New Light on Northeast African Past, Africa Prehistorica 5, Heinrich-Barth-Institute, Köln, Germany, pp. 157-183.
49. Connor, D. R. (1984). Report on Site E-79-8. In Wendorf, F., Schild, R., and Close, A. E. (eds.), Cattle-keepers of the Eastern Sahara. The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 217-250.
50. De Paepe, P. (1991). Appendix A: Ceramics from Shaqadud studies by physical methods. In Marks, A. E., and Mohammed, A. S. (eds.), The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 261-266.
51. Elamin, Y. M., and Khabir, A. M. (1987). Neolithic pottery from survey sites around Shaqadud Cave, Western Butana, Sudan. Archeologie du Nil Moyen 2: 175-184.
52. Elamin, Y. M., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (in preparation). A Neolithic site, Um Marreh, and the Khartoum Mesolithic-Neolithic transition.
53. Fattovich, R., Marks, A., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (1984). The archaeology of the Eastern Sahel, Sudan: Preliminary results. African Archaeological Review 2: 173-188.
54. Flight, G. (1973). A survey of recent results in the radiocarbon chronology of Northern and Western Africa. Journal of African History 10(4): 531-554.
55. Francaviglia, V., and Palmieri, A. M. (1983). Petrological analysis of the 'Early Khartoum' pottery: A preliminary report. In Caneva, I. (ed.), Pottery Using Gatherers and Hunters at Saggai (Sudan): Preconditions for Food Production, Origini XII, Rome, pp. 191-205.
56. Francaviglia, V., and Palmieri, A. M. (1988). Ceramic fabrics and source locations in the Khartoum Province. In Caneva, I. (ed.), El Geili: The History of a Middle. Nile Environment 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1500, British Archaeological Reports International Series 424, Oxford, pp. 345-358.
57. Gabriel, B. (1981). Die Ostliche Zentralsahara im Holozan klima, landshaft und kulturen (mit besonderer berucksichtigung dr Neolithischen). In Roubet, C., Hugot, H., and Souville, G. (eds.), Préhistoire Africaine. Mélanges Offerts au Doyen Lionel Balout, Recherche sur les Grandes Civilisations 6, A.D.P.F, Paris, pp. 195-211.
58. Haaland, R. (1984). Continuity and discontinuity. How to account for two thousand years gap in the cultural history of the Khartoum Nile Environment. Norwegian Archaeological Review 17(1): 39-51.
59. Haaland, R. (1987). Socio-Economic Differentiation in the Neolithic Sudan, British Archaeological Reports International Series 350, Oxford.
60. Haaland, R. (1989). The late Neolithic cultural-historical sequence in the Central Sudan. In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland, pp. 359-367.
61. Haaland, R. (1992). Fish, pots and grain: Early and Mid-Holocene adaptations in the Central Sudan. African Archaeological Review 10: 43-69.
62. Haaland, R. (1995). Pottery material.: A discussion of the emergence and consequence of pottery production. In Haaland, R., and Abdul Magid, A. (eds.), Aqualithic Sites along the Rivers Nile and Atbara, Sudan, Alma Mater, Bergen, Norway, pp. 84-122.
63. Haaland, R., and Abdul Magid, A. (1991). Atbara research project: The field seasons of 1985, 1987 and 1990. Nyame Akuma 35: 36-43.
64. Haaland, R., and Abdul Magid, A. (1992). Radiocarbon dates from Mesolithic sites in the Atbara region, Sudan. Nyame Akuma 37: 17-27.
65. Haaland, R., and Abdul Magid, A. (eds.) (1995a). Aqualithic Sites along the Rivers Nile and Atbara, Sudan, Alma Mater, Bergen, Norway.
66. Haaland, R., and Abdul Magid, A. (eds.) (1995b). Radiocarbon dates. In Haaland, R., and Abdul Magid, A. (eds.), Aqualithic Sites Along the Rivers Nile and Atbara, Sudan, Alma Mater, Bergen, Norway, pp. 47-51.
67. Haas, H., and Haynes, C. (1980). Discussion of radiocarbon dates from the Western Desert. In Wendorf, F., and Schild, R. (eds.), The Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, Academic Press, New York, pp. 373-378.
68. Hassan, F. A. (1986). Desert environment and origins of agriculture in Egypt. Norwegian Archaeological Review 19(2): 63-76.
69. Hays, T. R. (1971). The Sudanese Neolithic: A Critical Analysis, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.
70. Hays, T. R. (1974). Wavy Line pottery: An element of Nilotic diffusion. South African Archaeological Bulletin 29: 27-32.
71. Hays, T. R. (1975). Neolithic settlement of the Sahara as its relates to the Nile Valley. In Wendorf, F., and Marks, A. E. (eds.), Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 193-204.
72. Hays, T. R., and Hassan, R A. (1974). Mineralogical analysis of Sudanese Neolithic ceramics. Archaeometry 16(1): 71-79.
73. Hugot, H. J. (1963). Recherches Préhistoriques dans l'Ahaggar Nord-Occidental 1950-57, Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques Préhistoriques et Ethnographiques 1, Paris.
74. Keding, B. (1998). The Yellow Nile: New data on settlement and the environment in the Sudanese Eastern Sahara. Sudan and Nubia 2: 2-12.
75. Khabir, A. M. (1981). Neolithic Ceramics in the Sudan, With Special Reference to Sarurab-2, Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Khartoum, Khartoum.
76. Khabir, A. M. (1985). A Neolithic site in the Sarurab area. Nyame Akuma 26: 40.
77. Khabir, A. M. (1987a). New radiocarbon dates for Sarurab 2 and the age of the Early Khartoum tradition. Current Anthropology 28: 377-380.
78. Khabir, A. M. (1987b). Petrographic and X-ray analysis of Neolithic pottery from Sarurab. Nyame Akuma 28: 45-46.
79. Khabir, A. M. (1991a). The firing index of Neolithic pottery from the Central Sudan. Nyame Akuma 35: 33-35.
80. Khabir, A. M. (1991b). A qualitative change in the texture of temper of Neolithic ceramics from the Central Nile Valley. Sahara 4: 145-148.
81. Kobusiewicz, M. (1984). Report on site E-79-4: The archaeology of el-Ghorab Playa. In Wendorf, F., Schild, R., and Close, A. E. (eds.), Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara. The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 135-164.
82. Kroeber, A. J. (1944). Peruvian Archaeology in 1942, Viking Fund Publications in Archaeology 4, The Viking Fund, New York.
83. Krzyzaniak, L. (1974). Kadero: First season, 1972. Etudes et Travaux VIII: 361-366.
84. Krzyzaniak, L. (1984). The Neolithic habitation at Kadero. In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.), Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in North East Africa, Polish Academy of Science, Poznan, Poland, pp. 309-316.
85. Krzyzaniak, L. (1990). Main aspects of the later prehistoric developments in the Sudan as seen from the point of view of the research on the Neolithic. In Bonnet, C. (ed.), Seventh International Conference for Nubian Studies, University of Geneva, Geneva, pp. 1-17.
86. Kuper, R. (1989). The eastern Sahara from North to South: Data and dates from the B.O.S. project. In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Polish Academy of Science, Poznan, Poland, pp. 197-203.
87. Marks, A. E. (1991a). Shaqadud and the 1981/83 excavations. In Marks, A. E., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (eds.), The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 33-63.
88. Marks, A. E. (1991b). The stone artifacts from Shaqadud midden. In Marks, A. E., and Mohammed- Ali, A. S. (eds.), The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 95-122.
89. Marks, A. E. (1991c). The stone artifacts from Shaqadud cave. In Marks, A. E., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (eds.), The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 173-191.
90. Marks, A. E., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (eds.) (1991a). The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
91. Marks, A. E., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (1991b). The place of Shaqadud in the late prehistory of the Central Nile Valley. In Marks, A. E., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (eds.), The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 237-259.
92. Marks, A. E., Shiner, J. L., and Hays, T. R. (1968). Survey and excavations in the Dongola Reach, Sudan. Current Anthropology 3: 319-323.
93. Marks, A. E., Mohammed-Ali, A. S., Peters, J., and Robinson, R. (1985). The prehistory of the Central Nile Valley as seen from its eastern hinterland: Excavations at Shaqadud Cave, Sudan. Journal of Field Archaeology 12: 261-278.
94. Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (1973). A Re-Assessment of the Neolithic Period in the Sudan, Unpublished MA Dissertation, University of Calgary, Canada.
95. Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (1982). The Neolithic Period in the Sudan, c.6000-2500 B.C., British Archaeological Reports International Series 139, Oxford.
96. Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (1984). Sarurab 1: A Neolithic site in Khartoum Province, Sudan. Current Anthropology 25: 117-119.
97. Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (1987). The Neolithic of Eastern Sudan and its implications for the Central Nile. In Hagg, T. (ed.), Nubian Culture: Past and Present, Historie ock Antikvitets Akademien, Stockholm, pp. 75-86.
98. Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (1991a). The Mesolithic and Neolithic ceramics from Shaqadud Midden. In Marks, A. E., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (eds.), The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 65-93.
99. Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (1991b). Two sites above Shaqadud Canyon: S21 and S17. In Marks, A. E., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (eds.), The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 267-276.
100. Mohammed-Ali, A. S., and Jaeger, S. E. (1989). The early ceramics of the Eastern Butana (Sudan). In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland, pp. 473-479.
101. Mohammed-Ali, A. S., and Marks, A. E. (1984). The prehistory of Shaqadud in the Western Butana, Central Sudan: A preliminary report. Norwegian Archaeological. Review 17 (1): 53-59.
102. Nordstrom, H. (1972). A qualitative analysis of the Early and Middle Nubian pottery. In Nordstrom, H. (ed.), Neolithic and A-Group Sites, Scandinavian University Books, Stockholm, pp. 33-96.
103. Palmieri, A. M. (1987). Chemical analysis of the Acacus pottery: A preliminary essay. In Barich, B. E. (ed.), Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara. The Excavations in the Tadrart Acacus, 1978-1983, British Archaeological Reports International. Series 368, Oxford, pp. 221- 229.
104. Phillipson, D. W. (1977a). The Later Prehistory of Eastern and Southern Africa, Africana, New York.
105. Renfrew, A. C. (1969). Trade and cultural process in European prehistory. Current Anthropology 10(3): 157-163.
106. Richter, J. (1989). Neolithic sites in the Wadi Howar (Western Sudan). In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.), The Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland, pp. 431-442.
107. Robertson, R. (1991). The late Neolithic ceramics from Shaqadud Cave. In Marks, A. E., and Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (eds.), The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 123-172.
108. Roset, J. P. (1987). Paleoclimatic and cultural conditions of Neolithic development in the early Holocene of northern Niger (Aïr and Ténéré). In Close, A. E. (ed.), Prehistory of Arid North Africa, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 211-234.
109. Schuck, W. (1993). An archaeological survey of the Selima Sandsheet, Sudan. In Krzyzaniak, L., Kobusiewicz, M., and Alexander, J. (eds.), Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northeast Africa Until the Second Millennium B. C., Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland, pp. 237-248.
110. Shiner, J. (1968). The Khartoum Variant industry. In Wendorf, R (ed.), The Prehistory of Nubia, Vol. 2, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp. 768-790.
111. Shiner, J. (ed.) (1971). The Prehistory and Geology of Northern Sudan, Part 1, Report to the National Science Foundation, Washington.
112. Smith, A. B. (1980). The Neolithic Tradition in the Sahara. In Williams, M. A. J., and Faure, H. (eds.), The Sahara and the Nile, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 451-465.
113. Sutton, J. E. A. (1974). The aquatic civilization of Middle Africa. Journal of African History 15: 527-554.
114. Vail, J. R. (1982). Geology of the Central Sudan. In Williams, M. A. J., and Adamson, D. A. (eds.), A Land Between Two Niles. Quaternary Geology and. Biology of the Central Sudan, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 51-63.
115. Wendorf, F., and Schild, R. (1980). Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, Academic Press, New York.
116. Wendorf, F., Schild, R., and Close, A. E. (eds.) (1984). Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern. Sahara. The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
117. Whiteman, A. J. (1971). The Geology of the Sudan Republic, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
118. Wieckowska, H. (1984). Report on Site E-79-1. In Wendorf, F., Schild, R., and Close, A. E. (eds.), Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara. The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp.73-94.
119. Willey, G. R. (1945). Horizon, style and pottery traditions in Peruvian archaeology. American. Antiquity II(I): 49-56.
120. Willey, G. R., and Phillips, P. (1958). Methods and Theory in American Archaeology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
121. Williams, D. R (1982). Appendix 8: Petrological analysis of Neolithic pottery from Sarurab and Umm Barou. In Mohammed-Ali, A. S. (ed.), The Neolithic Period in the Sudan, c.6000-2500 B.C, British Archaeological Reports International Series 139, Oxford, pp. 174-176.
122. Zarratini, A. (1983). Ground stone implements from Saggai-1. In Caneva, I. (ed.), Pottery Using Gatherers and Hunters at Saggai (Sudan): P reconditions for Food Production, Origini XII, Rome, pp. 234-241.
123. Zedeno, M. N., and Wendorf, F. (1993). Ceramics and Nomads: The Development of Ceramic Production in the Eastern Sahara and Egypt, Unpublished Report on file, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.