Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies, 30 years after...

Human Antibodies

Volumn 14, Issue 1-2, 2005, Pages 33-55

  Laffly, Emmanuelle ^a   Sodoyer, Regis ^b  

^a CENTRE DE RECHERCHES   (France)

^b SANOFI PASTEUR   (France)

Author keywords

Engineering; Expression system; Immunotherapy; Phage display; Recombinant antibodies

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ADALIMUMAB; ALEMTUZUMAB; ANTICALIN; AVASTATIN; BASILIXIMAB; CETUXIMAB; DACLIZUMAB; EFALIZUMAB; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; IBRITUMOMAB TIUXETAN; INFLIXIMAB; J 591; LUMILIXIMAB; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY IDEC 114; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY IDEC 151; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY IDEC C9.1; NATALIZUMAB; OKT 3; OMALIZUMAB; PALIVIZUMAB; RADIOISOTOPE; RECOMBINANT ANTIBODY; RITUXIMAB; SINGLE CHAIN FRAGMENT VARIABLE ANTIBODY; TOSITUMOMAB I 131; TRASTUZUMAB; TROMBOVIEW; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ALLERGY; ANTIBODY DIRECTED ENZYME PRODRUG THERAPY; ANTIBODY ENGINEERING; ANTIBODY PRODUCING CELL; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; ASTHMA; B CELL LEUKEMIA; BACTERIOPHAGE; BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSION SYSTEM; BREAST CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL CULTURE; CELL KILLING; CHIMERA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; CROHN DISEASE; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG DESIGN; FUNGUS; GENE TRANSFER; GLYCOSYLATION; GRAFT REJECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LUNG CANCER; LUNG INFECTION; MAMMAL CELL; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; PHAGE DISPLAY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROKARYOTE; PSORIASIS; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SCID MOUSE; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; TRANSGENIC PLANT; TREATMENT INDICATION; TUMOR CELL; VIRUS INFECTION; YEAST;

EID: 30944449218     PISSN: 10932607     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/hab-2005-141-206     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. J. Reichert and A. Pavlou, Monoclonal antibodies market, Nature Rev 3 (2004), 383-384.
2. A. Pavlou and M.J. Belsey, The therapeutic antibodies market to 2008, Eur J Pharm Biopharm 59 (2005), 389-396.
3. G. Helguera and M.L. Penichet, Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins for the therapy of cancer, Methods Mol Med 109 (2005), 347-374.
4. J.S. Dela Cruz, T.H. Huang, M.L. Penichet and S.L. Morrison, Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins: innovative weapons in the war against cancer, Clin Exp Med 4(2) (2004), 57-64.
5. M. Stern and R. Herrmann, Overview of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy: present and promise, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 54 (2005), 11-29.
6. M. Jacquemin and J.M. Saint-Remy, The use of antibodies to coagulation factors for anticoagulant therapy, Curr Med Chem 11 (2004), 2291-2296.
7. A. Nigam and S.L. Kopecky, Therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies in myocardial reperfusion injury, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2 (2002), 367-376.
8. A. Casadevall, E. Dadachova and L.A. Pirofski, Passive antibody therapy for infectious diseases, Nat Rev Microbiol 2(9) (2004), 695-703.
9. Z. Shen, G.A. Stryker, R.L. Mernaugh, L. Yu, H. Yan and X. Zeng, Single-chain fragment variable antibody piezoi-imunosensors, Anal Chem 77 (2005), 797-805.
10. E. Dolk, M. van der Vaart, D.L. Hulsik, G. Vriend, H. de Haard, S. Spinelli, C. Cambillau, L. Frenken and T. Verrips, Isolation of Llama antibody fragments for prevention of dandruff by phage display in shampoo, Appl Environ Microbiol 71 (2005), 442-450.
11. P.M. Drake, D.M. Charlelegue, N.D. Vine, C.J. van Dolleweerd, P. Obregon and J. Ma, Rhizosecretion of a monoclonal antibody protein complex from transgenic tobacco roots, Plant Mol Biol 52 (2003), 233-241.
12. G. Kohler and C. Milstein, Continous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity, Nature 256 (1975), 495-497.
13. R.W. Schroff, K.F. Foon, S.M. Beatty, R.K. Oldham and A.C.J. Morgan, Human anti-murine immunoglobulin responses in patients receiving monoclonal antibody therapy, Cancer Res 45 (1985), 879-885.
14. S.L. Morrison, M.J. Johnson, L.A. Herzenberg and V.T. Oi, Chimeric human antibody molecules mouse antigen-binding domains with human constant region domains, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 (1984), 6851-6855.
15. P.T. Jones, P.H. Dear, J. Foote, M. Neuberger and G. Winter, Replacing the complementary-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse, Nature 321 (1986), 522-525.
16. L. Roque-Navarro, C. Mateo, J. Lombardero, G. Mustelier, A. Fernandez, K. Sosa, S.L. Morrison and R. Perez, Humanization of predicted T-cell epitopes reduces the immunogenicity of chimeric antibodies: new evidence supporting a simple method, Hybrid Hybridomics 22 (2003), 245-257.
17. C. Mateo, J. Lombardero, E. Moreno, G. Bombino, J. Coloma, L. Wims, S.L. Morrison and R. Perez, Removal of amphipathic epitopes from genetically engineered antibodies: production of modified immunoglobulins with reduced immunogenicity, Hybridoma 19 (2000), 463-471.
18. F. Baert, M. Noman, S. Vermeire, G. Van Assche, G DH, A. Carbonez and P. Rutgeerts, Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohn's disease, N Engl J Med 348(7) (2003), 601-608.
19. P.J. Yazaki, M.A. Sherman, J.E. Shively, D. Ikle, L.E. Williams, J.Y. Wong, D. Colcher, A.M. Wu and A.A. Raubitschek, Humanization of the anti-CEA T84.66 antibody based on crystal structure data, Protein Eng Des Sel 17 (2004), 481-489.
20. L. Riechmann, H. Clark, H. Waldmann and G. Winter, Reshaping human antibodies for therapy, Nature 332 (1988), 323-327.
21. J. Foote and G. Winter, Antibody framework residues affecting the conformation of the hypervariable loops, J Mol Biol 224 (1992), 487-499.
22. P. Tan, D.A. Mitchell, T.N. Buss, M.A. Holmes, C. Anasetti and J. Foote, Superhumanized antibodies: reduction of immunogenic potential by complementarity-determining region grafting with human germline sequences: application to an anti-CD28, J Immunol 169 (2002), 1119-1125.
23. P. Carter, L. Presta, C.M. Gorman, J.B.B. Ridgway, D. Henner, W.L.T. Wong, A.M. Rowland, C. Kotts, M.E. Carver and H.M. Shepard, Humanization of an anti-p185HER2 antibody for human cancer therapy, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 (1992), 4285-4289.
24. I.S. Mian, A.R. Bradwell and A.J. Olson, Structure, function and properties of antibody binding sites, J Mol Biol 217 (1991), 133-151.
25. E. Padlan, Anatomy of the antibody molecule, Mol Immunol 31 (1994), 169-217.
26. E. Padlan, C. Abergel and J.P. Tipper, Identification of specificity-determining residues in antibodies, FASEB J 9 (1995), 133-139.
27. N.R. Gonzales, E. Padlan, R. De Pascalis, P. Schuck, J. Schlom and S.V. Kashmiri, SDR grafting of a murine antibody using multiple human germline templates to minimize its immunogenicity, Mol Immunol 41 (2004), 863-872.
28. M.A. Roguska, J.T. Pedersen, C.A. Keddy, A.H. Henry, S.J. Searle, J.M. Lambert, V.S. Goldmacher, W.A. Blattler, A.R. Rees and B.C. Guild, Humanization of murine monoclonal antibodies through variable domain resurfacing, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (1994), 969-973.
29. E. Padlan, A possible procedure for reducing the immunogenicity of antibody variable domains while preserving their ligand-binding properties, Mol Immunol 28 (1991), 489-498.
30. S. Delagrave, J. Catalan, C. Sweet, G. Drabik, A. Henry, A. Rees, T.P. Monath and F. Guirakhoo, Effect of humanization by variable domain resurfacing on the antiviral activity of a single-chain antibody against respiratory syncitial virus, Protein Eng 12 (1999), 357-362.
31. L.S. Jespers, A. Roberts, S.M. Mahler, G. Winter and H.R. Hoogenboom, Guiding the selection of human antibodies from phage display repertoires to a single epitope of an antigen, Biotechnology (N Y) 12(9) (1994), 899-903.
32. M. Baca, L.G. Presta, S. O'Connor and J.A. Wells, Antibody humanization using monovalent phage display, J Biol Chem 272 (1997), 10678-10684.
33. M.A. Cobleigh, C.L. Vogel, D. Tripathy, N.J. Robert, S. Scholl, L. Fehrenbacher, J.M. Wolter, V. Paton, S. Shak, G. Lieberman et al., Multinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease, J Clin Oncol 17 (1999), 2639-2648.
34. G.L. Ritter, L.S. Cohen, C.J. Williams, E.C. Richards, L.J. Old and S. Welt, Serological analysis of human anti-human antibody responses in colon cancer patients treated with repeated doses of humanized monoclonal antibody A33, Cancer Res 61 (2001), 6851.
35. M. Clark, Antibody humanization: a case of the Empror's new clothes? Immunol (Today) 21 (2000), 397-402.
36. R. Newman, J. Alberts, D. Anderson, K. Carner, C. Heard, F. Norton, R. Raab, M. Reff, S. Shuey and N. Hanna, Primatization of recombinant antibodies for immunotherapy of human dieases: a macaque/human chimeric antibody against human CD4, Biotechnology (N Y) 10 (1992), 1455-1459.
37. A.P. Lewis, K.A. Barber, H.J. Cooper, M.J. Sims, J. Worden and J.S. Crowe, Cloning and sequence analysis of kappa and gamma cynomolgus monkey immunoglobulin cDNAs, Dev Comp Immunol 17 (1993), 549-560.
38. P.J. Bugelski, D.J. Herzyk, S. Rehm, A.G. Harmsen, E.V. Gore, D.M. Williams, B.E. Maleeff, A.M. Bagder, A. Truneh, S.R. O'Brien et al., Preclinical development of keliximab, a primatized anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, in human CD4 transgenic mice: characterization of the model and safety studies, Hum Exp Toxicol 19 (2000), 230-243.
39. J.M. Reichert, Technology evaluation: lumiliximab, Biogen Idee, Curr Opin Mol Ther 6 (2004), 675-683.
40. A. Karpas, A. Dremucheva and B.H. Czepulkowski, A human myeloma cell line suitable for the generation of human monoclonal antibodies, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001), 1799-1804.
41. E. Traggiai, S. Becker, K. Subbarao, L. Kolesnikova, Y. Uematsu, M.R. Gismondi, B.R. Murphy, R. Rappuoli and A. Lanzavecchia, An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus, Nat Med 10 (2004), 871-875.
42. J.P. Goldman, M.P. Blundell, L. Lopes, C. Kinnon, J. Di Santo and A.J. Thrasher, Enhanced human cell engraftment in mice deficient in RAG2 and the common cytokine receptor g chain, Brit J Hematol 103 (1998), 335-342.
43. R. Sawada-Hirai, I. Jiang, F. Wang, S.M. Sun, R. Nedellec, P. Ruther, A. Alvarez, D. Millis, P.R. Morrow and A.S. Kang, Human anti-anthrax protective antigen neutralizing monoclonal antibodies derived from donors vaccinated with anthrax vaccine adsorbed, J Immune Based Ther Vaccines 2 (2004), 5.
44. E. Llan, R. Eren, I. Lubin, O. Nussbaum, Z. Zauberman and S. Dagan, The trimera mouse: a system for generating human monoclonal antibodies and modeling human diseases, Curr Opin Mol Ther 4 (2002), 102-109.
45. C.G. Davis, X.C. Jia, X. Feng and M. Haak-Frendscho, Production of human antibodies from transgenic mice, Methods Mol Biol 248 (2004), 191-200.
46. S.-A. Kellermann and L. Green, Antibody discovery: the use of transgenic mice to generate human monoclonal antibodies for therapeutics, Curr Opin Biotech 13 (2002), 593-597.
47. A. Jakobovits, Production of fully human antibodies by transgenic mice, Curr Opin Biotechnol 6 (1995), 561-566.
48. Y. He, W.J. Honnen, C.P. Krachmarov, M. Burkhart, S.C. Kayman, J. Corvalan and A. Pinter, Efficient isolation of novel human monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity against HIV-1 from transgenic mice expressing human Ig loci, J Immunol 169 (2002), 595-605.
49. E.K. Rowinsky, G.H. Schwartz, J.A. Gollob, J.A. Thompson, N.J. Vogelzang, R. Figlin, R. Bukowski, N. Haas, P. Lockbaum, Y.P. Li et al., Safety, pharmacokinetics, and activity of ABX-EGF, a fully human anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer, J Clin Oncol 22(15) (2004), 3003-3015.
50. K.A. Foon, X.D. Yang, L.M. Weiner, A.S. Belldegrun, R.A. Figlin, J. Crawford, E.K. Rowinsky, J.P. Dutcher, N.J. Vogelzang, J. Gollub et al., Preclinical and clinical evaluations of ABX-EGF, a fully human anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58(3) (2004), 984-990.
51. J. Lund, N. Takahashi, H. Nakagawa, M. Goodall, T. Bentley, S.A. Hindley, R. Tyler and R. Jefferis, Control of IgG/Fc glycosylation: a comparison of oligosaccharides from chimeric human/mouse and mouse subclass immunoglobulin Gs, Mol Immunol 30 (1993), 741-748.
52. U. Galili, E.A. Rachmilewitz, A. Peleg and I. Flechner, A unique human IgG antibody with anti-a-galactosyl specificity, J Exp Med 160 (1984), 1519-1531.
53. A. Wright and S.L. Morrison, Effect of glycosylation on antibody function: implications for genetic engineering, Trends Biotechnol 15 (1997), 26-32.
54. K. Tomizuka, T. Shinohara, H. Yoshida, H. Uejima, H. Ohguma, S. Tanaka, K. Sato, M. Oshimura and I. Ishida, Double trans-chromosomic mice: maintenance of two individual human chromosome fragments containing Ig heavy and kappa loci and expression of fully human antibodies, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 (2000), 722-727.
55. I. Ishida, K. Tomizuka, H. Yoshida, T. Tahara, N. Takahashi, A. Ohguma, S. Tanaka, M. Umehashi, H. Maeda, C. Nozaki et al., Production of human monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in TransChromo animals, Cloning Stem Cells 4 (2002), 91-102.
56. G.A. Huls, I. Hienjen, M. Cuomo, J. Koningsberger, L. Wiegman, E. Boel, A. van der Vuurst de Vries, S. Loyson, W. Helfrich, G. van Berge Henegouwen et al., A recombinant, fully human monoclonal antibody with antitumor activity constructed from phage-displayed antibody fragments, Nat Biotechnol 17 (1999), 276-281.
57. G.P. Smith, Filamentous fusion phage: novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface, Science 228 (1985), 1315-1317.
58. J. McCafferty, A.D. Griffiths, G. Winter and D.J. Chiswell, Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains, Nature 348 (1990), 552-554.
59. J.D. Marks, H.R. Hoogenboom, T.P. Bonnert, J. McCafferty, A.D. Griffiths and G. Winter, By-passing immunization: human antibodies from V-gene libraries displayed on phage, J Mol Biol 222 (1991), 581-597.
60. T.J. Vaughan, A.J. Williams, K. Pritchard, J.K. Osbourn, A.R. Pope, J.C. Earnshaw, J. McCafferty, R.A. Hodits, J. Wilton and K.J. Johnson, Human antibodies with sub-nanomolar affinities isolated from a large non-immunized phage display library, Nat Biotechnol 14 (1996), 309-314.
61. A.S. Perelson and G.F. Oster, Theoretical studies of clonal selection: minimal antibody repertoire size and reliability of self-non-self discrimination, J Theor Biol 81(4) (1979), 645-670.
62. A.D. Griffiths, S.C. Williams, O. Hartley, I.M. Tomlinson, P. Waterhouse, W.L. Crosby, R.E. Kontermann, P.T. Jones, N.M. Low, T.J. Allison et al., Isolation of high affinity human antibodies directly from large synthetic repertoires, EMBO J 13 (1994), 3245-3260.
63. P. Waterhouse, A.D. Griffiths, K.S. Johnson and G. Winter, Combinatorial infection and in vivo recombination: a strategy for making large phage antibody repertoires, Nucleic Acids Res 21 (1993), 2265-2266.
64. F. Geoffroy, R. Sodoyer and L. Aujame, A new phage display system to construct multicombinatorial libraries of very large antibody repertoires, Gene 151 (1994), 109-113.
65. A. Knappik, L. Ge, A. Honegger, P. Pack, M. Fischer, G. Wellnhofer, A. Hoess, J. Wolle, A. Pluckthun and B. Virnekas, Fully synthetic human combinatorial antibody libraries (HuCAL) based on modular consensus frameworks and CDRs randomized with trinucleotides, J Mol Biol 296 (2000), 57-86.
66. R. Carlsson and E. Soderlind, n-CoDeR concept: unique types of antibodies for diagnostic use and therapy, Expert Rev Mol Diagn 1 (2001), 102-108.
67. Z. Ren and L.W. Black, Phage T4 SOC and HOC display of biologically active, full-length proteins on the viral capsid, Gene 215 (1998), 439-444.
68. W.D. Huse, T.J. Stinchcombe, S.M. Glaser, L. Starr, M. MacLean, K.E. Hellstrom, I. Hellstrom and D.E. Yelton, Application of a filamentous phage pVIII fusion protein system suitable for efficient production, screening and mutagenesis of F(ab) antibody fragments, J Immunol 149 (1992), 3914-3920.
69. C. Gao, S. Mao, G. Kaufmann, P. Wirshing, R.A. Lerner and K.D. Janda, A method for the generation of combinatorial antibody libraries using pIX phage display, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (2002), 12612-12616.
70. L.S. Jespers, J.H. Messens, A. De Keyser, D. Eeckhout, I. Van den, Brande, Y.G. Gansemans, M.J. Lauwereys, G.P. Vlasuk and P.E. Stanssens, Surface expression and ligand-based selection of cDNAs fused to filamentous phage gene VI, Biotechnology (N Y) 13 (1995), 378-382.
71. S.S. Sidhu, Engineering M13 for phage display, Biomol Eng 18 (2001), 57-63.
72. C. Krebber, S. Spada, D. Desplancq and A. Plückthun, Co-selection of cognate antibody-antigen pairs by selectively infective phages, FEBS Lett 377 (1995), 227-231.
73. M. Duenas and C.A. Borrebaeck, Clonal selection and amplification of phage displayed antibodies by linking antigen recognition and phage replication, Biotechnology (N Y) 12 (1994), 999-1002.
74. K. Gramatikoff, O. Georgiev and W. Schaffner, Direct interaction rescue, a novel filamentous phage technique to study protein-protein interactions, Nucleic Acids Res 22 (1994), 5761-5762.
75. S. Jung, K.M. Arndt, K.M. Muller and A. Pluckthun, Selectively infective phage (SIP) technology: scope and limitations, J Immunol Methods 9 (1999), 93-104.
76. C. Krebber, S. Spada, D. Desplancq, A. Krebber, L. Ge and A. Plückthun, Selectively-infective phage (SIP): a mechanistic dissection of a novel in vivo selection for protein-ligand interactions, J Mol Biol 268 (1997), 607-618.
77. C.V. Lee, S.S. Sidhu and G. Fuh, Bivalent antibody phage display mimics natural immunoglobulin, J Immunol Methods 284 (2004), 119-132.
78. P. Samuelson, E. Gunneriusson, P.-A. Nygren and S. Stahl, Display of proteins on bacteria, J Biotechnol 96 (2002), 129-154.
79. F. Cano, H. Plotnicky-Gilquin, T.N. Nguyen, S. Liljeqvist, P. Samuelson, J.Y. Bonnefoy, S. Stahl and A. Robert, Partial protection to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) elicited in mice by intranasal immunization using live staphylococci with surface-displayed RSV-peptides, Vaccine 18 (2000), 2743-2752.
80. C.T. Latteman, J. Maurer, E. Gerland and T.F. Meyer, Autodisplay: functional display of active beta-lactamase on the surface of Escherichia coli by the AIDA-I autotransporter, J Bacteriol 182 (2000), 3726-3733.
81. M. Feldhaus and R. Siegel, Flow cytometric screening of yeast surface display libraries, Methods Mol Biol 263 (2004), 311-332.
82. B.R. Harvey, G. Georgiou, A. Hayhurst, K.J. Jeong, B.L. Iverson and G.K. Rogers, Anchored periplasmic expression, a versatile technology for the isolation of high-affinity antibodies from Escherichia coli-expressed libraries, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (2004), 9193-9198.
83. D.G. Mottershead, K. Alfthan, K. Ojala, K. Takkinen and C. Oker-Blom, Baculoviral display of functional scFv and synthetic IgG-binding domains, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 275 (2000), 84-90.
84. M.A. Groves and J.K. Osbourn, Applications of ribosome display to antibody drug discovery, Expert Opin Biol Ther 5 (2005), 125-135.
85. J. Hanes, L. Jermutus and A. Pluckthun, Selecting and evolving functional proteins in vitro by ribosome display, Adv Protein Chem 328 (2000), 404-430.
86. J. Hanes, C. Schaffitzel, A. Knappik and A. Pluckthun, Picomolar affinity antibodies from a fully synthetic nave library selected and evolved by ribosome display, Nat Biotechnol 18 (2000), 1287-1292.
87. L. Jermutus, A. Honegger, F. Schwesinger, J. Hanes and A. Pluckthun, Tailoring in vitro evolution for protein affinity or stability, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001), 75-80.
88. S.Y. Sawata and K. Taira, Development of an advanced polysome display system dependent on a specific protein-RNA motif interaction, Nucleic Acids Res (2001), Suppl.:99-100.
89. H. Reiersen, I. Lobersli, G.A. Loset, E. Hvattum, B. Simonsen, J.E. Stacy, D. McGregor, K. Fitzgerald, M. Welschof, O.H. Brekke et al., Covalent antibody display- an in vitro antibody DNA library selection system, Nucleic Acids Res 33 (2005), e10.
90. P. Iliades, A.A. Kortt and P.J. Hudson, Triabodies: single chain Fv fragments without a linker form trivalent trimers, FEBS Lett 409 (1997), 437-441.
91. A. Todorovska, R.C. Roovers, O. Dolezal, A.A. Kortt, H.R. Hoogenboom and P.J. Hudson, Design and application of diabodies, triabodies and tetrabodies for cancer targeting, J Immunol Methods 248 (2001), 47-66.
92. U. Brinkmann, Y. Reiter, S.H. Jung, B. Lee and I. Pastan, A recombinant immunotoxin containing a disulfide-stabilized fv fragment, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 (1993), 7538-7542.
93. Y. Reiter, U. Brinkmann, B. Lee and I. Pastan, Engineering antibody Fv fragments for cancer detection and therapy: disulfide-stabilized Fv fragments, Nat Biotechnol 14 (1996), 1239-1245.
94. J.B. Ridgway, L.G. Presta and P. Carter, knobs-into-holes engineering of antibody CH3 domains for heavy chain heterodimerization, Protein Eng 9 (1996), 617-621.
95. K. Petrov, M. Dion, L. Hoffmann, T. Dintinger, A. Defontaine and C. Tellier, Bivalent Fv antibody fragments obtained by substituting the constant domains of Fab fragment with heterotetrameric molybdopterin synthase, J Mol Biol 341 (2004), 1039-1048.
96. A.P. Chapman, P. Antoniw, M. Spitali, S. West, S. Stephen and D.J. King, Therapeutic antibody fragments with prolonged in vivo half-lives, Nat Biotech 17 (1999), 780-783.
97. A.P. Chapman, PEGylated antibodies and antibody fragments for improved therapy: a review, Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54 (2002), 531-545.
98. K. Kitamura, T. Takahashi, K. Takashina, T. Yamaguchi, A. Noguchi, H. Tsurumi, T. Toyokuni and S. Hakomori, Polyethylene glycol modification of the monoclonal antibody A7 enhances its tumor localization, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 17(3) (1990), 1387-1394.
99. M.R. Suresh, A.C. Cuello and C. Milstein, Bispecific monoclonal antibodies from hybrid hybridomas, Methods Enzymol 121 (1986), 210-228.
100. J. de Kruif and T. Logtenberg, Leucine Zipper dimerized bivalent and bispecific scFv antibodies from a semi-synthetic antibody phage display library, J Biol Chem 271 (1996), 7630-7634.
101. S. Hu, L. Shively, A. Raubitschek, M. Sherman, L.E. Williams, J.Y. Wong, J.E. Shively and A.M. Wu, Minibody: a novel engineered anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody fragment (single-chain Fv-CH3) which exhibits rapid, high level targeting of xenografts, Cancer Res 56 (1996), 3055-3061.
102. Z. Xie, N. Guo, M. Yu, M. Hu and B. Shen, A new format of bispecific antibody: highly efficient heterodimerization, expression and tumor cell lysis, J Immunol Methods 296 (2005), 95-101.
103. S.M. Deyev, R. Waibel, E.N. Lebedenko, A.P. Shubiger and A. Pluckthun, Design of multivalent complexes using the barnase *barstar module, Nat Biotechnol 21 (2003), 1486-1492.
104. Y. Reiter and I. Pastan, Recombinant Fv immunotoxins and Fv fragments as novel agents for cancer therapy and diagnosis, TIBTECH 16 (1998), 513-520.
105. G. Xu and H.L. McLeod, Strategies for enzyme/prodrug cancer therapy, Clin Cancer Res 7 (2001), 3314-3324.
106. S.K. Sharma, R.B. Pedley, J. Bhatia, G.M. Boxer, E. El-Emir, U. Qureshi, B. Tolner, H. Lowe, N.P. Michael, N. Minton et al., Sustained tumor regression of human colorectal cancer xenografts using a multifunctional mannosylated fusion protein in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, Clin Cancer Res 11 (2005), 814-825.
107. M.D. Henry, S. Wen, M.D. Silva, S. Chandra, M. Milton and P.J. Worland, A prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted monoclonal antibody- chemotherapeutic conjugate designed for the treatment of prostate cancer, Cancer Res 64 (2004), 7995-8001.
108. F.D. Arditti, A. Rabinkov, T. Miron, Y. Reisner, A. Berrebi, M. Wilchek and D. Mirelman, Apoptotic killing of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor cells by allicin generated in situ using a rituximab-alliinase conjugate, Mol Cancer Ther 4(2) (2005), 325-331.
109. C.L. Law, C. Cerveny, K.A. Gordon, K. Klussman, B.J. Mixan, D.F. Chace, D.L. Meyer, S.O. Doronina, C.B. Siegall, J.A. Francisco et al., Efficient elimination of B-lineage lymphomas by anti-CD20-auristatin conjugates, Clin Cancer Res 10 (2004), 7842-7851.
110. J. Krauss, K.M. Arndt, B.K. Vu, D.L. Newton, S. Seeber and S.M. Rybak, Efficient killing of CD22+ tumor cells by a humanized diabody-RNase fusion protein, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 331 (2005), 595-602.
111. R.J. Francis, S.K. Sharma, C. Springer, A.J. Green, L.D. Hope-Stone, L. Sena, J. Martin, K.L. Adamson, A. Robbins, L. Gumbrell et al., A phase I trial of antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma or other CEA producing tumours, Br J Cancer 87 (2002), 600-607.
112. V.K. Nguyen, C. Su, S. Muyldermans and W. van der Loo, Heavy-chain antibodies in camelidae; a case of evolutionary innovation, Immunogenetics 54 (2002), 39-47.
113. P.J. Hudson and C. Souriau, Engineered antibodies, Nat Med 9 (2003), 129-134.
114. C. Hamers-Casterman, T. Atarhouch, S. Muyldermans, G. Robinson, G. Hamers, E.B. Songa, N. Bendahman and R. Hamers, Naturally occuring antibodies devoid of light chains, Nature 363 (1993), 446-448.
115. L.J. Holt, C. Herring, L.S. Jespers, B.P. Woolven and I.M. Tomlinson, Domain antibodies: proteins for therapy, Trends Biotechnol 21 (2003), 484-490.
116. S.D. Nuttall, U.V. Krishnan, M. Hattarki, R. De Gori, R.A. Irving and P.J. Hudson, Isolation of the new antigen receptor from wobbegong sharks, and use as a scaffold for the display of protein loop libraries, Mol Immunol 38 (2001), 313-326.
117. S.D. Nuttall, U.V. Krishnan, L. Doughty, K. Pearson, M.T. Ryan, N.J. Hoogenraad, M. Hattarki, J.A. Carmichael, R.A. Irving and P.J. Hudson, Isolation and characterization of an IgNAR variable domain specific for the human mitochondrial translocase receptor Tom70, Eur J Biochem 270 (2003), 3543-3554.
118. S.D. Nuttall, K.S. Humberstone, U.V. Krishnan, J.A. Carmichael, L. Doughty, M. Hattarki, A.M. Coley, J.L. Casey, R.F. Anders, M. Foley et al., Selection and affinity maturation of IgNAR variable domains targeting Plasmodium falciparum AMA1, Proteins 55 (2004), 187-197.
119. A. Kohl, H.K. Binz, P. Forrer, M.T. Stumpp, A. Plückthun and M.G. Grütter, Designed to be stable: crystal structure of a consensus ankyrin repeat protein, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 (2003), 1700-1705.
120. H.K. Binz, M.T. Stumpp, P. Forrer, H. Amstutz and A. Pluckthun, Designing repeat proteins: well-expressed, soluble and stable proteins from combinatorial libraries of consensus ankyrin repeat proteins, J Mol Biol 332 (2003), 489-503.
121. P. Amstutz, H.K. Binz, P. Parizek, M.T. Stumpp, A. Kohl, G. Grutter, P. Forrer and A. Pluckthun, Intracellular kinase inhibitors selected from combinatorial libraries of designed ankyrin repeat proteins, J Biol Chem 280 (2005), 24715-24722.
122. S. Schlehuber and A. Skerra, Tuning ligand affinity, specificity, and folding stability of an engineered lipocalin variant - a so-called anticalin - using a molecular random approach, Biophys Chem 96 (2002), 213-228.
123. S. Schlehuber and A. Skerra, Lipocalins in drug discovery: from natural ligand-binding proteins to anticalins, Drug Discov Today 10(1) (2005), 23-33.
124. S. Schlehuber and A. Skerra, Duocalins: engineered ligand-binding proteins with dual specificity derived from the lipocalin fold, Biol Chem 382 (2001), 1335-1342.
125. E. Lunde, V. Lauvrak, I.B. Rasmussen, K.W. Schjetne, K.M. Thompson, T.E. Michaelsen, O.H. Brekke, L.M. Sollid, B. Bogen and I. Sandlie, Troybodies and pepbodies, Biochem Soc Trans 30 (2002), 500-506.
126. M. Popkov, N. Jendreyko, D.B. McGavern, C. Rader and C.F.I. Barbas, Targeting tumor angiogenesis with adenovirus-delivered anti-Tie2 intrabody, Cancer Res 65 (2005), 972-981.
127. M. Stocks, Intrabodies as drug discovery tools and therapeutics, Curr Opin Chem Biol (2005).
128. A. Auf der Maur, C. Zahnd, F. Fischer, S. Spinelli, A. Honegger, C. Cambillau, D. Escher, A. Pluckthun and A. Barberis, Direct in vivo screening of intrabody libraries constructed on a highly stable single-chain framework, J Biol Chem 277 (2002), 45075-45085.
129. T. Tanaka, M.N. Lobato and T.H. Rabbitts, Single domain intracellular antibodies: a minimal fragment for direct in vivo selection of antigen-specific intrabodies, J Mol Biol 331 (2003), 1109-1120.
130. N. Jendreyko, M. Popkov, C. Rader and C.F. Barbas, 3rd: Phenotypic knockout of VEGF-R2 and Tie-2 with an intradiabody reduces tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(23) (2005), 8293-8298.
131. A. Auf der Maur, K. Tissot and A. Barberis, Antigen-independent selection of intracellular stable antibody frameworks, Methods 34 (2004), 215-224.
132. M. Visintin, M. Quondam and A. Cattaneo, The intracellular antibody capture technology: towards the high-throughput selection of functional intracellular antibodies for target validation, Methods 34(2) (2004), 200-214.
133. J.M. Bakker, W.K. Bleeker and P.W. Parren, Therapeutic antibody gene transfer: an active approach to passive immunity, Mol Ther 10 (2004), 411-416.
134. B.C. Heng and T. Cao, Making cell-permeable antibodies (Transbody) through fusion transduction domains (PTD) with single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies: Potential advantages over antibodies expressed within the intracellular environment (Intrabody), Med Hypotheses 64 (2005), 1105-1108.
135. M. Bendandi, The role of idiotype vaccines in the treatment of human B-cell malignancies, Expert Rev Vaccines 3 (2004), 163-170.
136. M. Bhattacharya-Chatterjee, S.K. Chatterjee and K.A. Foon, Anti-idiotype vaccine against cancer, Immunol Lett 74 (2000), 51-58.
137. B.A. Fields, F.A. Goldbaum, X. Ysern, R.J. Poljak and R.A. Mariuzza, Molecular basis of antigen mimicry by an anti-idiotope, Nature 374 (1995), 739-742.
138. M. Zanetti, Antigenized antibodies, Nature 355 (1992), 476-477.
139. C. Musselli, S. Daverio-Zanetti and M. Zanetti, Antigenized antibodies expressing Vbeta8.2 TCR peptides immunize against rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, J Immune Based Ther Vaccines 2 (2004), 9.
140. E. Lunde, I.B. Rasmussen, J.K. Eidem, T.F. Gregers, K.H. Western, B. Bogen and I. Sandlie, Troy-bodies: antibodies as vector proteins for T cell epitopes, Biomol Eng 18 (2001), 109-116.
141. G.A. Nevinsky, T.G. Kanyshkova and V.N. Buneva, Natural catalytic antibodies (abzymes) in normalcy and pathology, Biochemistry 65 (2000), 1245-1255.
142. S. Paul, Y. Nishiyama, S. Planque, S. Karle, H. Taguchi, C. Hanson and M.E. Weksler, Antibodies as defensive enzymes, Springer Semin Immunopathol 26 (2005), 485-503.
143. S. Lacroix-Desmazes, J. Bayry, S.V. Kaveri, D. Hayon-Sonsino, N. Thorenoor, J. Charpentier, C.E. Luyt, J.P. Mira, V. Nagaraja, M.D. Kazatchkine et al., High levels of catalytic antibodies correlate with favorable outcome in sepsis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (2005), 4109-4113.
144. Y. Mitsuda, K. Tsuruhata, E. Hifumi, M. Takagi and T. Uda, Investigation of active form of catalytic antibody light chain 41S-2-L, Immunol Lett 96 (2005), 63-71.
145. N.A. Larsen, P. de Prada, S.X. Deng, A. Mittal, M. Braskett, X. Zhu, I.A. Wilson and D.W. Landry, Crystallographic and biochemical analysis of cocaine-degrading antibody 15A10, Biochemistry 43 (2004), 8067-8076.
146. P. Homayoun, T. Mandal, D. Landry and H. Komiskey, Controlled release of anti-cocaine catalytic antibody from biodegradable polymer microspheres, J Pharm Pharmacol 55 (2003), 933-938.
147. Y. Xu, N. Yamamoto and K.D. Janda, Catalytic antibodies: hapten design strategies and screening methods, Bioorg Med Chem 12 (2004), 5247-5268.
148. M.M. Meijler, G.F. Kaufmann, L. Qi, J.M. Mee, A.R. Coyle, J.A. Moss, P. Wirshing, M. Matsuhita and K.D. Janda, Fluorescent cocaine probes: a tool for the selection and engineering of therapeutic antibodies, J Am Chem Soc 127 (2005), 2477-2484.
149. L.A. Fernandez, Procaryotic expression of antibodies and affibodies, Curr Opin Biotech 15 (2004), 364-373.
150. C. Chen, B. Snedecor, J.C. Nishihara, J.C. Joly, N. McFarland, D.C. Andersen, J.E. Battersby and K.M. Champion, High-level accumulation of a recombinant antibody fragment in the periplasm of escherichia coli requires a triple-mutant (degP prc spr) host strain, Biotechnol Bioeng 85 (2004), 463-474.
151. R. Levy, R. Weiss, G. Chen, B.L. Iverson and G. Georgiou, Production of correctly folded Fab antibody fragment in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli trxB gor mutants via the coexpression of molecular chaperones, Protein Expr Purif 23(2) (2001), 338-347.
152. L.A. Fernandez, I. Sola, L. Enjuanes and V. de Lorenzo, Specific secretion of active single-chain Fv antibodies into the supernatants of Escherichia coli cultures by use of the hemolysin system, Appl Environ Microbiol 66 (2000), 5024-5029.
153. L.C. Simmons, D. Reilly, L. Klimowski, T.S. Raju, G. Meng, P. Sims, K. Hong, R.L. Shields, L.A. Damico, P. Rancatore et al., Expression of full-length immunoglobulins in Escherichia coli: rapid and efficient production of aglycosylated antibodies, J Immunol Methods 263 (2002), 133-147.
154. M. Wacker, D. Linton, P.G. Hitchen, M. Nita-Lazar, S.M. Haslam, S.J. North, M. Panico, H.R. Morris, A. Dell, B.W. Wren et al., N-linked glycosylation in Campylobacter jejuni and its functional transfer into E. coli, Science 298 (2002), 1790-1793.
155. S-C. Wu, J.C. Yeung, Y. Duan, R. Ye, S.J. Szarka, H.R. Habibi and S-J. Wong, Functional production and characterization of a fibrin-specific single-chain antibody fragment from Bacillus subtilis: Effects of molecular chaperones and a wall-bound protease on antibody fragment production, Appl Environ Microbiol 68 (2002), 3261-3269.
156. C. Krugger, Y. Hu, Q. Pan, H. Marcotte, A. Hultberg, D. Delwar, P.J. Van Dalen, P.H. Pouwels, R.J. Leer, C.G. Kelly et al., In situ delivery of passive immunity by lactobacilly producing single-chain antibodies, Nat Biotech 20 (2002), 702-706.
157. Y. Ueda, K. Tsumoto, K. Watanabe and I. Kumagai, Synthesis and expression of a DNA encoding the Fv domain of an antilysozyme monoclonal antibody, HyHEL10, in Streptomyces lividans, Gene 129 (1993), 129-134.
158. J. Pschorr, B. Bieseler and H.J. Fritz, Production of the immunoglobulin variable domain REiv via a fusion protein synthetized and secreted by Staphylococcus carnosus, Biol Chem Happe Seyler 375 (1994), 271-280.
159. J.Y. Cao, M.F. Liang, Q.L. Meng, X.F. Wang, Y.G. Xu, K.Q. Guo, M.Y. Zhan, S.L. Bi and D.X. Li, [Baculovirus expression of two human recombinant neutralizing IgG monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis A virus], Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 18(1) (2004), 20-23.
160. M. Liang, S. Dubel, D. Li, I. Queitsch, W. Li and E.K. Bautz, Baculovirus expression cassette vectors for rapid production of complete human IgG from phage display selected antibody fragments, J Immunol Methods 247(1-2) (2001), 119-130.
161. M.C. Guttieri and M. Liang, Human antibody production using insect-cell expression systems, Methods Mol Biol 248 (2004), 269-299.
162. J. Grunberg, K. Knogler, R. Waibel and I. Novak-Hofer, High-yield production of recombinant antibody fragments in HEK-293 cells using sodium butyrate, Biotechniques 34 (2003), 968-972.
163. P.L. Ginsberg, S. Bhatia and R.L. McMinn, The road ahead for biologies manufacturing, US Bancorp Piper Jaffray (2001), 1-23.
164. D.T. Molowa and R. Mazanet, The state of biopharmaceutical manufacturing, Biotechnol Annu Rev 9 (2003), 285-302.
165. F.M. Wurm, Production or recombinant protein therapeutics in cultivated mammalian cells, Nat Biotech 22 (2004), 1393-1398.
166. R. Fischer, J. Drossard, N. Emans, U. Commandeur and S. Hellwig, Towards molecular farming in the future: Pichia pastoris-based production of single-chain antibody fragments, Biotechnol Appl Biochem 30 (1999), 117-120.
167. D. Ning, X. Junjian, W. Xunzhang, C. Wenying, Z. Qing, S. Kuanyuan, R. Guirong, R. Xiangrong, L. Qingxin and Y. Zhouyao, Expression, purification, and characterization of humanized anti-HBs Fab fragment, J Biochem 134 (2003), 813-817.
168. A. Sotiriadis, T. Keshavarz and E. Keshavarz-Moore, Factors affecting the production of a single-chain antibody fragment by Aspergillus awamori in a stirred tank reactor, Biotechnol Prog 17 (2001), 618-623.
169. M. Ward, C. Lin, D.C. Victoria, J.A. Fox, D.L. Wong, H.J. Meerman, J.P. Pucci, R.B. Fong, M.H. Heng, N. Tsurushita et al., Characterization of humanized antibodies secreted by Aspergillus niger, Appl Environ Microbiol 70 (2004), 2567-2576.
170. S. Schillberg, R. Fischer and N. Emans, Molecular farming of recombinant antibodies in plant, Cell Mol Life Sci 60 (2003), 433-445.
171. E. Stoger, M. Sack, R. Fischer and P. Christou, Plantibodies: applications, advantages and bottlenecks, Curr Opin Biotech 13 (2002), 161-166.
172. A. Hiatt, R. Cafferkey and K. Bowdish, Production of antibodies in transgenic plants, Nature 342 (1989), 76-78.
173. L. Zeitlin, S.S. Olmsted, T.R. Moench, M.S. Co, B.J. Martinell, V.M. Paradkar, D.R. Russell, C. Queen, R.A. Cone and K.J. Whaley, A humanized monoclonal antibody produced in transgenic plants for immunoprotection of the vagina against genital herpes, Nat Biotechnol 16 (1998), 1361-1364.
174. H. Khoudi, S. Laberge, J-M. Ferullo, R. Bazin, A. Darveau, Y. Castongay, G. Allard, R. Lemiex and L-P. Vezina, Production of a diagnostic monoclonal antibody in perennial alafalfa plants, Biotechnol Bioeng 64 (1999), 135-143.
175. J. Ma, B.Y. Hikmat, K. Wycoff, N.D. Vine, D. Charlelegue, L. Yu, M.B. Hein and T. Lehner, Characterization of a recombinant plant monoclonal secretory antibody and preventive immunotherapy in humans, Nat Med 4 (1998), 601-606.
176. J. Ma, P.M. Drake, D. Charlelegue, P. Obregon and A. Prada, Antibody processing and engineering in plants, and new strategies for vaccine production, Vaccine 23 (2005), 1814-1818.
177. J.W. Larrick, L. Yu, C. Naftzger, S. Jaiswal and K. Wycoff, Production of secretory IgA antibodies in plants, Biomol Eng 18 (2001), 87-94.
178. K. Peeters, C. De Wilde, G. De Jaeger, G. Angenon and A. Depicker, Production of antibodies and antibody fragments in plants, Vaccine 19 (2001), 2756-2761.
179. D.P. Pollock, J.P. Kutzko, E. Birck-Wilson, J.L. Williams, Y. Echelard and H.M. Meade, Transgenic milk as a method for the production of recombinant antibodies, J Immunol Methods 231 (1999), 147-157.
180. J. Limonta, A. Pedraza, A. Rodriguez, F.M. Freyre, A.M. Barral, F.O. Castro, R. Lleonart, C.A. Gracia, J.V. Gavilondo and J. de la Fuente, Production of active anti-CD6 mouse/human chimeric antibodies in the milk of transgenic mice, Immunotechnology 1 (1995), 107-113.
181. M.K. Dick, D. Lacroix, F. Pothier and M.A. Sirard, Making recombinant proteins in animals - different systems, different applications, Trends Biotechnol 21 (2003), 394-399.
182. H.E. Chadd and S.M. Chamow, Therapeutic antibody expression technology, Curr Opin Biotechnol 12(2) (2001), 188-194.
183. H. Merk, W. Stiege, K. Tsumoto, I. Kumagai and V.A. Erdmann, Cell-free expression of two single-chain monoclonal antibodies against lysozyme: effect of domain arrangement on the expression, J Biochem 125 (1999), 328-333.
184. X. Jiang, Y. Ookubo, Y. Fuji, H. Nakano and T. Yamane, Expression of a Fab fragment of catalytic antibody 6D9 in an Escherichia coli in vitro coupled transcription/translation system, FEBS Lett 514 (2002), 290-294.
185. L.A. Ryabova, D. Desplancq, A.S. Spirin and A. Pluckthun, Functional antibody production using cell-free translation: effects of protein disulfide isomerase and chaperones, Nat Biotechnol 15 (1997), 79-84.
186. B.W. Ying, H. Taguchi, H. Ueda and T. Ueda, Chaperone-assisted folding of a single-chain antibody in a reconstitued translation system, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 320 (2004), 1359-1364.
187. M.J. Betenbaugh, N. Tomiya, S. Narang, J.T.A. Hsu and Y.C. Lee, Biosynthesis of human-type N-glycans in heterologous systems, Curr Opin Struct Biol 14 (2004), 601-606.
188. J. Hollister, E. Grabenhorst, M. Nimtz, H. Conradt and D.L. Jarvis, Engineering the protein N-glycosylation pathway in insect cells for production of biantennary complex N-glycans, Biochem 41 (2002), 15093-15104.
189. E. Grabenhorst, P. Schlenke, S. Pohl, M. Nimtz and H.S. Conradt, Genetic engineering of recombinant glycoproteins and the glycosylation pathway in mammalian host cells, Glycoconj J 16 (1999), 81-97.
190. P. Umana, J. Jean-Mairet, R. Moudry, H. Amstutz and J.E. Bailey, Engineered glycoforms of an antineuroblastoam IgG1 with optimized antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxic activity, Nat Biotech 17 (1999), 176-180.
191. A. Bragonzi, G. Distefano, L.D. Buckberry, G. Acerbis, C. Foglieni, D. Lamotte, G. Campi, A. Marc, M.R. Soria, N. Jenkins et al., A new Chinese hamster ovary cell line expressing a2,6-sialyltransferase used as universal host for the production of human-like sialylated recombinant glycoproteins, Biochem Biophys Acta 1474 (2000), 273-282.
192. G-D. Chang, C-J. Chen, C-Y. Lin, H-C. Chen and H. Chen, Improvement of glycosylation in insect cells with mammalian glycosyltransferases, J Biotechnol 102 (2003), 61-71.
193. K. Ko, Y. Tekoah, P.M. Rudd, D.J. Harvey, R.A. Dwek, S. Spitsin, C.A. Hanlon, C. Ruppprecht, B. Dietzschold, M. Golovkin et al., Function and glycosylation of plant-derived antiviral monoclonal antibody, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 (2003), 8013-8018.
194. H. Bakker, M. Bardor, J.W. Molthoff, V. Gomord, I. Elbers, L.H. Stevens, W. Jordi, A. Lommen, L. Faye, P. Lerouge et al., Galactose-extended glycans of antibodies produced by transgenic plants, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001), 2899-2904.
195. S. Wildt and Y.U. Gerngross, The humanization of N-glycosylation pathways in yeast, Nat Rev Microbiol 3 (2005), 119-128.
196. R.K. Bretthauer, Genetic engineering of Pichia pastoris to humanize N-glycosylation of proteins, Trends Biotechnol 21 (2003), 459-462.
197. W. Vervecken, V. Kaigorodov, N. Callewaert, S. Geysens, K. De Vusser and R. Contreras, In vivo synthesis of mammalian-like, hybrid-type N-glycans in Pichia pastoris, Appl Environ Microbiol 70 (2004), 2639-2646.
198. P. Bobrowicz, R.C. Davidson, H. Li, T.I. Potgieter, J.H. Nett, S.R. Hamilton, T.A. Stadheim, R.G. Miele, B. Bobrowics, T. Mitchell et al., Engineering of an artificial glycosylation pathway blocked in core oligosaccharide assembly in the yeast Pichia pastoris: production of complexe humanized glycoproteins with terminal galactose, Glycobiology 14 (2004), 757-766.
199. S.J. White, S.A. Nicklin, T. Sawamura and A.M. Baker, Identification of peptides that target the endothelial cell-specific lox-1 receptor, Hypertension 37 (2001), 449-455.
200. S.E. Hufton, P.T. Moerkerk, E.V. Meulemans, A. de Bruïne, J-W. Arends and H.R. Hoogenboom, Phage display of cDNA repertoires: the pVI display system and its applications for the selection of immunogenic ligands, J Immunol Methods 231 (1999), 39-51.
201. R.P. Guttmann, G.Ar. Day, X. Wang and K.A. Bottiggi, Identification of a novel calpain inhibitor using phage display, Biochem Biphys Res Commun 333 (2005), 1087-1092.
202. A. Holzem, J.M. Nahring and R. Fischer, Rapid identification of a tobacco mosaic virus epitope by using a coat protein gene-fragment-pVIII fusion library, J Gen Virol 82 (2001), 9-15.
203. W.G. Tang, X. Gao, F.Y. Che, R.B. Gan and K.Y. Wang, Potential GM-CSF antagonists selected from apeptide phage display library, Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu lixue Bao 31 (1999), 463-465.
204. K.H. O'Connor, C. Königs, M.J. Rowley, J.A. Irving, L.C. Wijeyewickrema, A. Pustowka, U. Dietrich and I.R. Mackay, Requirement of multiple phage displayed peptide libraries for optimal mapping of a conformational antibody epitope on CCR5, J Immunol Methods 299 (2005), 21-35.
205. S. van Koningsbruggen, H. de Haard, P. de Kieviet, R.W. Dirks, A. van Remoortere, A.J. Groot, B.G. van Engelen, J.T. den Dunnen, C.T. Verrips, R.R. Frants et al., Llama-derived phage display antibodies in the dissection of the human disease oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, J Immunol Methods 279 (2003), 149-161.
206. F. Le Gall, U. Reusch, M. Little and S.M. Kipriyanov, Effect of linker sequences between the antibody variable domains on the formation, stability and biological activity of a bispecific tandem diabody, Protein Eng Des Sel 17 (2004), 357-366.
207. L.S. Shahied, Y. Tang, R.K. Alpaugh, R. Somer, D. Greenspon and L.M. Weiner, Bispecific minibodies targeting HER2/neu and CD16 exhibit improved tumor lysis when placed in a divalent tumor antigen binding format, J Biol Chem 279 (2004), 53907-53914.
208. D. Lu, H. Zhang, H. Koo, J. Tonra, P. Balderes, M. Prewett, E. Corcoran, V. Mangalampalli, R. Bassi, D. Anselma et al., A fully human recombinant IgG-like bispecific antibody to both the epidermal growth factor receptor and the insulin-like growth factor receptor for enhanced antitumor activity, J Biol Chem 280 (2005), 19665-19672.
209. S.M. Kipriyanov, M. Little, H. Kropshofer, F. Breitling, S. Gotter and S. Dubel, Affinity enhancement of a recombinant antibody: formation of complexes with multiple valency by a single-chain Fv fragment-core streptavidin fusion, Protein Eng 9 (1996), 203-211.
210. A.A. Kortt, O. Dolezal, B.E. Power and P.J. Hudson, Dimeric and trimeric antibodies: high avidity scFvs for cancer targeting, Biomol Eng 18 (2001), 95-108.
211. J.S. Huston, D. Levinson, M. Mudgett-Hunter, M-S. Tai, J. Novotny, M.N. Margolies, R.J. Ridge, R.E. Bruccoleri, E. Haber, R. Crea et al., Protein engineering of antibody binding sites: recovery of specific activity in an anti-digoxin single-chain fv analogue produced in Escherichia coli, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 (1988), 5879-5883.
212. J.A. Posey, M.B. Khazaeli, M.A. Bookman, A. Nowrouzi, W.E. Grizzle, J. Thornton, D.E. Carey, J.M. Lorenz, A.P. Sing, C.B. Siegall et al., A phase I trial of the single-chain immunotoxin SGN-10 (BR96 sFv-PE40) in patients with advanced solid tumors, Clin Cancer Res 8 (2002), (3092-3099).
213. R. Schnell, O. Staak, P. Borchmann, G. Schwartz, B. Matthey, H. Hansen, J. Schindler, V. Ghetie, E.S. Vitetta, V. Diehl et al., A phase I study withHodgkin an anti-CD30 ricin A-chain immunotoxin (Ki-4.dgA) in patients with refractory CD30+ Hodgkin's and non Hodgkin's lymphoma, Clin Cancer Res 8 (2002), 1179-1786.
214. W.Y.K. Hwang and J. Foote, Immunogenicity of enginneered antibodies, Methods 36 (2005), 3-10.
215. C.H. Chang, R.M. Sharkey, E.A. Rossi, H. Karacay, W. McBride, H.J. hansen, J.F. Chatal, J. Barbet and D.M. Goldenberg, Molecular advances in pretargeting radioimmunotherapy with bispecific antibodies, Mol Cancer Ther 1 (2002), 553-563.
216. M. Rheinnecker, C. Hardt, L.L. Ilag, P. Kufer, R. Gruber, A. Hoess, A. Lupas, C. Rottenberger, A. Pluckthun and P. Pack, Multivalent antibody fragments with high functional affinity for a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, J Immunol 157 (1996), 2989-2997.