The limits to democracy posed by oil rentier states: The cases of Algeria, Nigeria and Libya

Democratization

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 135-152

  Sandbakken, Camilla ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (Norway)

Author keywords

Algeria; Democracy's limits; Libya; Nigeria; Oil rentier state

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; NATURAL RESOURCE; POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT;

AFRICA; ALGERIA; LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA; NIGERIA; NORTH AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA;

EID: 30944435629     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340500378464     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Michael Ross, 'Does Oil Hinder Democracy?', World Politics, Vol. 53, No. 3 (2001), p. 329.
2. Hazem Beblawi, 'The Rentier State in the Arab World', in Hazem Beblawi and Giacomo Luciani (eds), The Rentier State (London: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 49-62.
3. Ernest Harsch, 'Accumulators and Democrats: Challenging State Corruption in Africa', in The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1 (1993), pp. 31-48, p. 41.
4. Mick Moore, 'Death without Taxes', in Mark Robinson and Gordon White (eds), The Democratic Developmental State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 85.
5. Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 235.
6. Michael Herb, Does rentierism prevent democracy?, prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (2002). Available at: , accessed 25 May 2004, p. 8.
7. Bratton and van de Walle (note 5), p. 38.
8. Michael Ross, Does Taxation Lead to Representation?(2003). Available at: , accessed 31 May 2004, p. 17.
9. Ted Robert Gurr, Keith Jaggers and Will H. Moore, 'The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power since 1800', in Alex Inkeles (ed.), On Measuring Democracy (London: Transaction Publishers, 1991), pp. 69-104.
10. Ibid., p. 79.
11. Giacomo Luciani, 'The Oil Rent, the Fiscal Crisis of the State and Democratization', in Ghassan Salame (ed.), Democracy Without Democrats? (London: I.B. Tauris, 1994), p. 134.
12. Ross (note 8).
13. Ibid., p. 11.
14. Giacomo Luciani, 'Allocation vs. Production States: A Theoretical Framework', in Beblawi and Luciani (note 2), p. 74.
15. See Leonard Wantchekon, 'Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa', Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 37, No. 7 (2004), pp. 816-41.
16. Ibid., p. 76. See Leonard Wantchekon, 'Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa', Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 37, No. 7 (2004),
17. Ibid., p. 74, adaptation from Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970).
18. Ali Aisaaoui, Algeria. The Political Economy of Oil and Gas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 8-9.
19. Ibid., p. 13. Ali Aisaaoui, Algeria. The Political Economy of Oil and Gas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
20. Monty G. Marshall and Keith Jaggers, 'Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions 1800-2002', Polity IV Project (2002). Available at: , accessed 17 July 2004.
21. Herb (note 6), p. 27.
22. International Monetary Fund, Country Report No. 04/31: Algeria: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix (2004). Available at: , accessed 19 July 2004, p. 55.
23. Mohammad-Mahmoud Mohamedou, 'The Rise and Fall of Democratization in the Maghreb', in Paul J. Magnarella (ed.), Middle East and North Africa: Governance, Democratization, Human Rights (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), p. 218.
24. Luciani (note 14), p. 139;
25. International Monetary Fund, Country Report No. 98/87: Algeria: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix (1998). Available at: , accessed 19 July 2004, p. 54.
26. John Ruedy, Modern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), p. 226;
27. World Bank, World Development Indicators [CD-ROM], (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003).
28. United Nations, National Accounts Statistics Database (2004). Available at: , accessed on 19 July 2004.
29. John Waterbury, 'From Social Contracts to Extraction Contracts', in John P. Entelis (ed.), Islam, Democracy, and the State in North Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), pp. 141-76, p. 147.
30. Øystein Noreng, Oil and Islam (Chichester: John Wiley, 1997), p. 155.
31. World Bank (note 25).
32. Ibid.
33. William B. Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets. Algeria's Transition from Authoritarianism (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), p. 114.
34. William Graf, The Nigerian State (London: James Currey, 1988), p. 219.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. International Monetary Fund, Country Report No. 98/78: Nigeria: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix, (1998). Available at: , accessed 22 July 2004, p. 104.
38. Graf (note 32), p. 219.
39. International Monetary Fund, Country Report No. 03/60: Nigeria: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix, (2003). Available at: , accessed 22 July 2004, p. 126.
40. Marshall and Jaggers (note 20).
41. Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty. Oil Booms and Petro States (London: University of California Press, 1997), p. 200.
42. Tom Forrest, Politics and Economic Development in Nigeria (Oxford: Westview Press, 1993), p. 2.
43. World Bank (note 25).
44. Ibid.
45. Jibrin Ibrahim, 'Obstacles to Democratization. Nigeria', in Paul A. Beckett and Crawford Young (eds), Dilemmas of Democracy in Nigeria, (Woodbridge, NJ: University of Rochester Press, 1997), p. 162.
46. Raphael Chijoke Njoku, 'Deconstructing Abacha: Demilitarization and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria after the Abacha Era', Government and Opposition, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2001), p. 89.
47. World Bank (note 25).
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. David Emelifeonwu, '1993: Crisis and Breakdown of Nigeria's Transition to Democracy', in Beckett and Young (note 42), p. 209.
52. Waterbury (note 27), p. 155.
53. Herb (note 6), p. 27.
54. Dirk Vandewalle, Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 72.
55. Ibid.
56. International Monetary Fund, Country Report No. 03/32,The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2003 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion (2003). Available at: , accessed 22 July 2004, p. 19.
57. J.A. Allan, Libya. The Experience of Oil (London: Croom Helm, 1981), p. 128.
58. Ibid.
59. Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 266.
60. World Bank (note 25).
61. IMF Country Report No. 03/32, p. 19.
62. Herb (note 6), p. 27.
63. Vandewalle (note 51), p. 188.
64. Leonard Wantchekon, Why do Resource Dependent Countries have Authoritarian Governments? (1999). Available at: , accessed 31 May 2004, p. 4.
65. Larry Diamond, Mark F. Plattner and Andreas Schedler, 'Introduction', in Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Self-restraining State (London: Lynne Rienner, 1999), p. 3.
66. Larry Diamond, Anthony Kirk-Greene and Oyeleye Oyediran, 'Introduction: The Politics of Transition Without End', in idem (eds), Transition Without End (London: Lynne Rienner, 1997), pp. 1-27.
67. Ibid., p.13.