Pulpits and platforms: The role of the church in determining protest among black Americans

Social Forces

Volumn 84, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 1015-1048

  Fitzgerald, Scott T ^a   Spohn, Ryan E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

^b KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 30744473686     PISSN: 00377732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/sof.2006.0014     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Anderson, Christopher. 1996. "Political Action and Social Integration." American Politics Quarterly 24:105-25.
2. Arp, William III, and Keith Boeckelman. 1997. "Religiosity: A Source of Black Environmentalism and Empowerment?" Journal of Black Studies 28:255-67.
3. Baer, Hans A., and Merrill Singer. 1992. African-American Religion in the Twentieth Century: Varieties of Protest and Accommodation. University of Tennessee Press.
4. Baugh, Joyce A. 1991. "African-Americans and the Environment: A Review Essay" Policy Studies Journal 19:182-91.
5. Beyerlein, Kraig, and Mark Chaves. 2003. "The Political Activities of Religious Congregations in the United States." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42:229-46.
6. Billings, Dwight B., and Shaunna L. Scott. 1994. "Religion and Political Legitimation." Annual Review of Sociology 20:173-201.
7. Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba and Kay Lehman Schlozman.1995. "Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation. "American Political Science Review 89:271-94.
8. Brown, R. Khari, and Ronald E. Brown. 2003. "Faith and Works: Church-Based Social Capital Resources and African American Political Activism." Social Forces 82:617-41.
9. Bullard, Robert D. 1993. "Anatomy of Environmental Racism and the Environmental Justice Movement" Pp. 15-40. Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Robert D. Bullard, editor. South End Press.
10. rd edition. Westview Press.
11. Calhoun-Brown, Allison. 1996. "African American Churches and Political Mobilization: The Psychological Impact of Organizational Resources." The Journal of Politics 58:935-53.
12. Chaves, Mark. 1999. "Religious Congregations and Welfare Reform: Who Will Take Advantage of 'Charitable Choice'?" American Sociological Review 64:836-46.
13. _. 2004. Congregations in America. Harvard University Press.
14. Clogg, Clifford C., Eva Petkova and Adamantios Haritou. 1995. "Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Models." American Journal of Sociology 100: 1261-1293.
15. Coleman, James. 1988. "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology 94:S95-S120.
16. Cress, Dan, and David Snow. 1996. "Resources, Benefactors, and the Viability of Homeless SMOs." American Sociological Review 61:1089-109.
17. Dawson, Michael, Ronald Brown and James S. Jackson. 1994. National Black Politics Study, 1993 [Computer File], ICPSR version. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, producers. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1998.
18. Ellison, Christopher G., and Bruce London. 1992. "The Social and Political Participation of Black Americans: Compensatory and Ethnic Community Perspectives Revisited. "Social Forces 70:681-701.
19. Ellison, Christopher G., and Darren E. Sherkat. 1995. "The 'Semi-Involuntary Institution Revisited: Regional Variations in Church Participation among Black Americans." Social Forces 73:1415-37.
20. Fantasia, Rick. 1988. Cultures of Solidarity: Consciousness, Action, and Contemporary American Workers. University of California Press.
21. Fowler, Robert Booth, Allen D. Hertzke and Laura R. Olson. 1999. Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and Strategic Choices. Second Edition. Westview Press.
22. Gallup, George Jr., and Jim Castelli. 1989. The Peoples Religion: American Faith in the 90s. MacMillan.
23. Geschwender, James A. 1964. "Explorations in the Theory of Social Movements and Revolutions" Pp. 6-17. The Black Revolt. James A. Geschwender, editor. Prentice-Hall.
24. Goodwin, Jeff, and James M. Jasper. 2003. Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Culture, and Emotion. Rowman Er Littlefield.
25. Gusfield, Joseph. 1970. Protest, Reform, and Revolt. John Wiley & Sons.
26. Harris, Fredrick. 1999. Something Within. Oxford University Press.
27. Hunt, Larry L., and Janet G. Hunt. 1977. "Black Religion as BOTH Opiate and Inspiration of Civil Rights Militance: Putting Marx's Data to the Test." Social Forces 56:1-14.
28. Jenkins, J. Craig. 1983. "Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements." Annual Review of Sociology 9:527-53.
29. Johnston, Hank. 1991. Tales of Nationalism: Catalonia, 1939-1979. Rutgers University Press.
30. Johnston, Hank, and Bert Klandermans. 1995. "The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements." Pp. 3-24. Social Movements and Culture. Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors. University of Minnesota Press.
31. Kernhauser, William. 1959. The Politics of Mass Society. The Free Press.
32. Lee, Shayne. 2003. "The Church of Faith and Freedom: African-American Baptists and Social Action." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42:31-42.
33. Lincoln, C. Eric, and Lawerence H. Mamiya. 1990. The Black Church in the African American Experience. Duke University Press.
34. Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Sheldon S. Wolin. 1965. The Berkeley Student Revolt. Doubleday.
35. Marx, Gary T. 1967. "Religion: Opiate of Inspiration of Civil Rights Militancy Among Negroes?" American Sociological Review. 32:64-72.
36. McAdam, Doug. 1982, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. University of Chicago Press.
37. _. 1983. "Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Black Insurgency Between 1955 and 1970." American Sociological Review 48:735-54.
38. _. 1986. "Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer." American Journal of Sociology 92:64-90.
39. _. 1996. "The Framing Function of Movement Tactics: Strategic Dramaturgy in the American Civil Rights Movement." Pp. 338-56. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, editors. Cambridge University Press.
40. McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, 1996, "Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes - Towards a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements." Pp. 1-20. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, editors. Cambridge University Press.
41. McAdam, Doug, and Ronelle Paulsen. 1993. "Specifying the Relationship Between Social Ties and Activism." American Journal of Sociology 99:640-67.
42. McCarthy, John D., Jackie Smith and Mayer N. Zald. 1996. "Accessing Public, Media, Electoral, and Governmental Agenda," Pp. 291-311. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Cambridge University Press.
43. McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1977. "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory." American Journal of Sociology 82:1212-41.
44. _. 2002. "The Enduring Vitality of the Resource Mobilization Theory of Social Movements." Pp. 533-65, Handbook of Sociological Theory. Jonathan H. Turner, editor. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
45. McPhail, Clark, 1971. "Civil Disorder Participation: A Critical Examination of Recent Research", American Sociological Review 36:1058-73.
46. McPhail, Clark, and David Miller. 1973. "The Assembling Process: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination." American Sociological Review 38:721-35.
47. McVeigh, Rory, and David Sikkink. 2001, "God, Politics, and Protest: Religious Beliefs and the Legitimation of Contentious Tactics." Social Forces 79:1425-58.
48. McVeigh, Rory, and Christian Smith. 1999. "Who Protests in America: An Analysis of Three Political Alternatives - Inaction, Institutionalized Politics, or Protest," Sociological Forum 14:685-702.
49. Melucci, Alberto, 1989, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. Temple University Press.
50. _. 1996. Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge University Press.
51. Miller, Arthur H., Patricia Gurin, Gerald Gurin and Oksana Malanchuk. 1981, "Group Consciousness and Political Participation." American Journal of Political Science 25:494-511.
52. Mohai, Paul. "Black Environmentalism." Social Science Quarterly 71:745-765.
53. Morris, Aldon. 1981. "Black Southern Student Sit-In Movement: An Analysis of Internal Organization." American Sociological Review 46:744-67.
54. _. 1984. Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. Free Press.
55. Morris, Aldon D., Shirley J. Hatchett and Ronald E. Brown. 1989. "The Civil Rights Movement and Black Political Socialization." Pp. 272-305. Political Learning in Adulthood: Constancy and Change. Robert Sigel, editor. University of Chicago Press.
56. Morris, Aldon D., and Carol Mueller, editors, 1992. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. Yale University Press.
57. Mueller, Carol, 1994. "Conflict Networks and the Origins of Women's Liberation." Pp. 234-63. Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston and Joseph R. Gusfield, editors. New Social Movements From Ideology to Identity. Temple University Press.
58. Musick, Marc, John Wilson and William Bynum. 2000. "Race and Formal Volunteering: The Differential Effects of Class and Religion." Social Forces 78:1539-71.
59. Oliver, Pamela E., and G. Marwell. 1992. "Mobilizing Technologies for Collective Action." Pp. 251-72. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, editors. Yale University Press.
60. Orum, Anthony M. 1972. Black Students in Protest. Washington D.C.: American Sociological Association.
61. Pattillo-McCoy, Mary. 1998. "Church Culture as a Strategy of Action in the Black Community." American Sociological Review 63:767-84.
62. Payne, Charles M. 1995. I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. University of California Press.
63. Piven, Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1977. Poor People's Movements. Pantheon.
64. Polletta, Francesca. 1997. "Culture and Its Discontents: Recent Theorizing on the Cultural Dimensions of Protest." Sociological Inquiry 67:431-50.
65. _. 1999. "Snarls, Quacks, and Quarrels: Culture and Structure in Political Process Theory."Sociological Forum 14(1)63-70.
66. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster.
67. Robnett, Belinda. 1997. How Long? How Long?: African-American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. Oxford University Press.
68. Secret, Phillip E., and Susan Welch. 1982. "Race and Political Protest: A Longitudinal Analysis." Journal of Black Studies 12:351-62.
69. Secret, Phillip E., James B. Johnson and Audrey W. Forrest. 1990. "The Impact of Religiosity on Political Participation and Membership in Voluntary Associations Among Black and White Americans." Journal of Black Studies 21:87-102.
70. Shingles, Richard D. 1981. "Black Consciousness and Political Participation: The Missing Link." The American Political Science Review 75:76-91.
71. Smith, Christian 1996. "Correcting a Curious Neglect, or Bringing Religion Back In." Pp. 1-28. Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social-Movement Activism. Christian Smith, editor. Routledge.
72. Smith, Robert C. 1981. "Black Power and the Transformation from Protest to Policies." Political Science Quarterly 96:431-43.
73. Snow, David A., Louis A. Zurcher and Sheldon EcKland-Olson. 1980. "Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment." American Sociological Review 45:787-801.
74. Snow, David A., Burke E. Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden and Robert D. Benford. 1986. "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation." American Sociological Review 51:464-81.
75. Swidler, Ann. 1986. "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies, "American Sociological Review 51:273-86.
76. _. 1995. "Cultural Power and Social Movements." Pp.25-40. Social Movements and Culture. Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors. University of Minnesota Press.
77. Tate, Katherine. 1991. "Black Political Participation in the 1984 and 1988 Presidential Elections." The American Political Science Review 85:1159-76.
78. Taylor, Verta. 1989. "Social Movement Continuity." American Sociological Review 54:761-75.
79. Taylor, Verta, and Nancy Whittier. 1995. "Analytical Approaches to Social Movement Culture: The Culture of the Women's Movement." Pp. 163-87. Social Movements and Culture. Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors. University of Minnesota Press.
80. Turner, Ralph H., and Lewis Killian. 1957. Collective Behavior. Prentice-Hall.
81. Verba, Sidney, and Norman Nie. 1972. Participation in America. Harper & Row.
82. Verba, Sidney, Kay L. Schlozman and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Harvard University Press.
83. Wald, Kenneth D. 2003. Religion and Politics in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield.
84. Wilcox, Clyde, and Leopoldo Gomez. 1990. "Religion, Group Identification, and Politics Among Black Americans." Sociological Analysis 51:271-86.
85. Williams, Johnny E. 2002. "Linking Beliefs to Collective Action: Politicized Religious Beliefs and the Civil Rights Movement." Sociological Forum 17:203-22.
86. _. 2004. "Vanguards of Hope: The Role of Culture in Mobilizing African-American Women's Social Activism in Arkansas." Sociological Spectrum. 24:129-56.
87. Wiltfang, Gregory L., and Doug McAdam. 1991. "The Costs and Risks of Social Activism: A Study of Sanctuary Movement Activism." Social Forces 69:987-1010.