Origin of Recent alkaline lavas by lithospheric thinning beneath the northern Canadian Cordillera

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 1073-1095

  Abraham, Anne Claude ^a,b   Francis, Don ^a   Polvé, Mireille ^b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b Environmental Research Observatory (ORE) HYBAM Centre IRD d'Ile de France   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASALT; GARNETS; ISOTOPES; LEAD; MOLTEN MATERIALS; OLIVINE; ROCKS; STRONTIUM; TECTONICS; TRACE ELEMENTS;

ALKALINE LAVAS; HYPERSTHENE-NORMATIVE OLIVINE; LITHOSPHERIC THINNING; MANTLE PERIDOTITE; OLIVINE NEPHELINITE; TECTONIC BELT;

GEOLOGY;

ALKALI BASALT; CRUSTAL THINNING; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; PETROGENESIS;

CANADA; CANADIAN CORDILLERA; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 30744472628     PISSN: 00084077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/e04-092     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Abraham, A.-C., Francis, D., and Polvé, M. 2001. Recent alkaline basalts as probes of the lithospheric mantle roots of the northern Canadian Cordillera. Chemical Geology, 175: 361-386.
2. Adam, J. 1990. The geochemistry and experimental petrology of sodic alkaline basalts from Oatlands, Tasmania. Journal of Petrology, 31: 1201-1223.
3. Albarede, F., and Tamagnan, V. 1988. Modelling the recent geochemical evolution of the Piton de la Fournaise Volcano, Reunion Island, 1931-1986. Journal of Petrology, 29: 997-1030.
4. 2O. American Mineralogist, 60: 1069-1085.
5. Amundsen, H.E.F., Griffin, W.L., and O'Reilly, S.Y. 1987. The lower crust and upper mantle beneath northwestern Spitsbergen: evidence from xenoliths and geophysics. Tectonophysics, 139: 169-185.
6. Arndt, N.T., and Christensen, U. 1992. The role of lithospheric mantle in continental flood volcanism; thermal and geochemical constraints. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97: 10 967-10 981.
7. Baker, B.H. 1987. Outline of the petrology of the Kenya Rift alkaline province. In Alkaline igneous rocks. Edited by J.G. Fitton and B.G.J. Upton. Geological Society(of London), Special Publication 30, pp. 293-311.
8. Barsikov, V.L., Kogarko, L.N., Polyakov, A.I., Ignatenko, K.I., and Zinoveyev, A.I. 1979. Differentiation of basaltoid melts and formation of the volcanic rock series of the South Atlantic islands. Geochemistry International, 16: 1-12.
9. Beard, B.L., and Johnson, C.M. 1997. Hafnium isotope evidence for the origin of Cenozoic basaltic lavas from the southwestern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102: 20 149-20 178.
10. Beccaluva, L., Siena, F., Coltorti, M., Di Grande, A., Lo Giudice, A., Macciotta, G., Tassinari, R., and Vaccaro, C. 1998. Nephelinitic to tholeiitic magma generation in a transtensional tectonic setting: an integrated model for the Iblean volcanism, Sicily. Journal of Petrology, 39: 1547-1576.
11. Bender, J.F., Langmuir, C.H., and Hanson, G.N. 1984. Petrogenesis of basalt glasses from the Tamayo region, East Pacific Rise. Journal of Petrology, 25: 213-254.
12. Ben Othman, D.B., Tilton, G.R., and Menzies, M.A. 1990. Pb, Nd, and Sr isotopic investigations of kaersutite and clinopyroxene from ultramafic nodules and their host basalts: the nature of the subcontinental mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54: 3449-3460.
13. Blanchard, D.P., Rhodes, J.M., Dungan, M.A., Rodgers, K.V., Donaldson, C.H., Brannon, J.C., Jacobs, J.W., and Gibson, E.K. 1976. The chemistry and petrology of basalts from Leg 37 of the Deep-Sea Drilling Project. Journal of Geophysical Research, 81: 4231-4246.
14. Bryan, W.B., Thompson, G., and Ludden, J.N. 1981. Compositional variation in normal MORB from 22 degrees - 25 degrees N; Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Kane fracture zone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86: 11 815-11 836.
15. Carignan, J., Ludden, J., and Francis, D. 1994. Isotopic constraints on the mantle sources for Quaternary continental alkaline magmas in the northern Canadian Cordillera. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128: 271-286.
16. Cebria, J.M., and Lopez Ruiz, J. 1995. Alkali basalts and leucitites in an extensional intracontinental plate setting; the late Cenozoic Calatrava volcanic province (central Spain). Lithos, 35: 27-46.
17. Chaffey, D.J., Cliff, R.A., and Wilson, B.M. 1989. Characterization of the St. Helena magma source. In Magnetism in the ocean basins. Edited by A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry. Geological Society (of London), Special Publication 42, pp. 257-276.
18. Chen, C.Y., and Frey, F.A. 1985. Trace element and isotopic geochemistry of lavas from Haleakala Volcano, East Maui, Hawaii; implications for the origin of Hawaiian basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90: 8743-8768.
19. Clague, D.A., and Beeson, M.H. 1980. Trace element geochemistry of the East Molokai Volcanic Series, Hawaii. American Journal of Science, 280A: 820-844.
20. Clague, D.A., and Dalrymple, G.B. 1988. Age and petrology of alkalic postshield and rejuvenated-stage lava from Kauai, Hawaii. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 99: 202-218.
21. Clague, D.A., and Frey, F.A. 1982. Petrology and trace element geochemistry of the Honolulu Volcanics, Oahu; implications for the oceanic mantle below Hawaii. Journal of Petrology, 23: 447-504.
22. Class, C., and Goldstein, S.L. 1997. Plume-lithosphere interactions in the ocean basins: constraints from the source mineralogy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 150: 245-260.
23. Class, C., Altherr, R., Volker, F., Eberz, G., and McCulloch, M.T. 1994. Geochemistry of Pliocene to Quaternary alkali basalts from the Huri Hills, northern Kenya. Chemical Geology, 113: 1-22.
24. Class, C., Goldstein, S.L., Altherr, R., and Bachèlery, P. 1998. The process of plume-lithosphere interactions in the ocean basins - the case of Grande Comore. Journal of Petrology 39: 881-903.
25. Cook, F.A., Clowes, R.M., Snyder, D.B., van der Velden, A.J., Hall, K.W., Erdmer, P., and Evenchick, C.A. 2001. LITHOPROBE seismic reflection profiling of the northern Canadian Cordillera: first results of SNORCLE profiles 2 and 3. In Lithoprobe SNORCLE Transect and Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, Sidney, B.C., 25-27 February 2001. Lithoprobe Report 79, pp. 1145-1200.
26. Cousens, B.L., and Bevier, M.L. 1995. Discerning asthenospheric, lithospheric, and crustal influences on the geochemistry of Quaternary basalts from Iskut-Unuk rivers area, northwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32: 1451-1461.
27. Cousens, B.L., Chase, R.L., and Schilling, J.G. 1984. Basalt geochemistry of the Explorer Ridge area, northeast Pacific Ocean. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 21: 157-170.
28. Cousens, B.L., Allan, J.F., Leybourne, M.I., Chase, R.L., and Van Wagoner, N. 1995. Mixing of magmas from enriched and depleted mantle sources in the northeast Pacific; West Valley segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 120: 337-357.
29. Dalpé, C. 1997. Trace element partitioning between amphibole and basaltic melt. Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, Montréal, Que.
30. Devey, C.W., Garbe-Schönberg, C.D., Stoffers, P., Chauvel, C., and Mertz, D.F. 1994. Geochemical effects of dynamic melting beneath ridges; reconciling major and trace element variations in Kolbeinsey (and global) mid-ocean ridge basalt. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99: 9077-9095.
31. D'Orazio, M., Agostini, S., Mazzarini, F., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Haller, M.J., and Lahsen, A. 2000. The Pali Aike Volcanic Field, Patagonia: slab-window magmatism near the tip of South America. Tectonophysics, 321: 407-427.
32. Edwards, B.R., and Russell, J.K. 1999. Northern Cordilleran volcanic province; a northern Basin and Range? Geology, 27: 243-246.
33. Edwards, B.R., and Russell, J.K. 2000. Distribution, nature, and origin of Neogene-Quaternary magmatism in the northern Cordilleran volcanic province, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112: 1280-1295.
34. Eiché, G., Francis, D., and Ludden, J. 1987. Primary alkaline magmas in the Quaternary Alligator Lake volcanic complex, Yukon, Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 95: 191-201.
35. Ewart, A., Baxter, K., and Ross, J.A. 1980. The petrology and petrogenesis of the Tertiary anorogenic mafic lavas of southern and central Queensland, Australia; possible implications for crustal thickening. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 75: 129-152.
36. Feigenson, M.D. 1984. Geochemistry of Kauai volcanics and a mixing model for the origin of Hawaiian alkali basalts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 87: 109-119.
37. Feigenson, M.D., Hofmann, A.W., and Spera, F.J. 1983. Case studies on the origin of basalt; II. The transition from tholeiitic to alkalic volcanism on Kohala Volcano, Hawaii. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 84: 390-405.
38. Fisk, M.R., Upton, B.G.J., Ford, C.E., and White, W.M. 1988. Geochemical and experimental study of the genesis of magmas of Reunion Island, Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93: 4933-4950.
39. Fitton, J.G. 1987. The Cameroon Line, West Africa; a comparison between oceanic and continental alkaline volcanism. In Alkaline igneous rocks. Edited by J.G. Fitton and B.G.J. Upton. Geological Society (of London), Special Publication 30, pp. 273-291.
40. Fitton, J.G., James, D., and Leeman, W.P. 1991. Basic magmatism associated with late Cenozoic extension in the western United States: compositional variations in space and time. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96: 13 693-13 711.
41. Fodor, R.V., Frey, F.A., Bauer, G.R., and Clague, D.A. 1992. Ages, rare-earth element enrichment, and petrogenesis of tholeiitic and alkalic basalts from Kahoolawe Island, Hawaii. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 110: 442-462.
42. Foley, S.F., Jackson, S.E., Fryer, B.J., Greenough, J.D., and Jenner, G.A. 1996. Trace element partition coefficients for clinopyroxene and phlogopite in an alkaline lamprophyre from Newfoundland by LAM-ICP-MS. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60: 629-638.
43. Foley, S.F., Musselwhite, D.S., and Van der Laan, S.R. 1999. Melt compositions from ultramafic vein assemblages in the lithospheric mantle; a comparison of cratonic and non-cratonic settings. In Proceedings of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference, Cape Town, April 1998. Edited by J.J. Gurney, J.L. Gurney, M.D. Pascoe, and S.H. Richardson. Red Roof Design, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 238-246.
44. Francis, D. 1976a. The origin of amphibole in lherzolite xenoliths from Nunivak Island, Alaska. Journal of Petrology, 17: 357-378.
45. Francis, D. 1976b. Amphibole pyroxenite xenoliths: cumulate or replacement phenomena from the upper mantle, Nunivak Island, Alaska. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58: 51-61.
46. Francis, D. 1987. Mantle-melt interaction recorded in spinel lherzolite xenoliths from the Alligator Lake volcanic complex, Yukon, Canada. Journal of Petrology, 28: 569-597.
47. Francis, D., and Ludden, J. 1990. The mantle source for olivine nephelinite, basanite, and alkaline olivine basalt at Fort Selkirk, Yukon, Canada. Journal of Petrology, 31: 371-400.
48. Francis, D., and Ludden, J. 1995. The signature of amphibole in mafic alkaline lavas, a study in the northern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Petrology, 36: 1171-1191.
49. Frey, F.A., and Clague, D.A. 1983. Geochemistry of diverse basalt types from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii; petrogenetic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 66: 337-355.
50. Frey, F.A., and Prinz, M. 1978. Ultramafic inclusions from San Carlos, Arizona: petrologic and geochemical data bearing on their petrogenesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 38: 129-176.
51. Frey, F.A., Green, D.H., and Roy, S.D. 1978. Integrated models of basalt petrogenesis; a study of quartz tholeiites to olivine melilitites from Southeastern Australia utilizing geochemical and experimental petrological data. Journal of Petrology, 19: 463-513.
52. Frey, F.A., Wise, W.S., Garcia, M.O., West, H., Kwon, S.-T., and Kennedy, A. 1990. Evolution of Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii: petrologic and geochemical constraints on postshield volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95: 1271-1300.
53. Frey, F.A., Garcia, M.O., Wise, W.S., Kennedy, A., Gurriet, P., and Albarede, F. 1991. The evolution of Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii; petrogenesis of tholeiitic and alkalic basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96: 14 347-14 375.
54. Gallagher, K., and Hawkesworth, C. 1992. Dehydration melting and the generation of continental flood basalts. Nature (London), 358: 57-59.
55. Garcia, M.O., Frey, F.A., and Grooms, D.G. 1986. Petrology of volcanic rocks from Kaula Island, Hawaii; implications for the origin of Hawaiian phonolites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 94: 461-471.
56. Ghiorso, M.S., and Sack, R.O. 1995. Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes: IV. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 119: 197-212.
57. Gorring, M.L., and Kay, S.M. 2001. Mantle processes and sources of Neogene slab window magmas from southern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Petrology, 42: 1067-1094.
58. Green, D.H. 1973. Experimental melting studies on a model upper mantle composition at high pressure under water-saturated and water-undersaturated conditions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19: 37-53.
59. Halliday, A.N., Lee, D.C., Tommasini, S., Davies, G.R., Paslick, C.R., Fitton, J.G., and James, D.E. 1995. Incompatible trace elements in OIB and MORB and source enrichment in the sub-oceanic mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 133: 379-395.
60. Hamilton, T.S. 1981. Late Cenozoic alkaline volcanics of the Level Mountain Range, northwestern British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
61. Harry, D.L., and Leeman, W.P. 1995. Partial melting of melt metasomatized subcontinental mantle and the magma source potential of the lower lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100: 10 255-10 269.
62. Hart, S., and Dunn, T. 1993. Experimental cpx/melt partitioning of 24 trace elements. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 113: 1-8.
63. Harte, B., Hunter, R.H., and Kinny, P.D. 1993. Melt geometry, movement and crystallization, in relation to mantle dykes, veins and metasomatism. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (of London), Series A, 342: 1-21.
64. Hauri, E.H., Wagner, T.P., and Grove, T.L. 1994. Experimental and natural partitioning of Th, U, Pb and other trace elements between garnet, clinopyroxene and basaltic melts. Chemical Geology, 117: 149-166.
65. 2 in alkali-basalt magma generation. Geophysical Research Letters, 24: 2837-2840.
66. 2O on the genesis of basaltic magmas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 133: 463-473.
67. Hirose, K., and Kushiro, K. 1993. Partial melting of dry peridotites at high pressure: determination of compositions of melts segregated from peridotite using aggregates of diamond. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 114: 477-489.
68. Hirschmann, M.M., Ghiorso, M.S., and Stolper, E.M. 1999. Calculation of peridotite partial melting from thermodynamic models of minerals and melts. II. Isobaric variation in melts near the solidus and owing to variable source composition. Journal of Petrology, 40: 297-313.
69. Hoernle, K., and Schmincke, H.U. 1993. The petrology of the tholeiites through melilite nephelinites on Gran Canaria, Canary Islands: crystal fractionation, accumulation, and depths of melting. Journal of Petrology, 34: 573-597.
70. Hoernle, K., Tilton, G., and Schmincke, H.U. 1991. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic evolution of Gran Canaria; evidence for shallow enriched mantle beneath the Canary Islands. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 106: 44-63.
71. Hyndman, R.D., and Lewis, T.J. 1999. Geophysical consequences of the Cordillera-Craton thermal transition in southwestern Canada. Tectonophysics, 306: 397-422.
72. Hyndman, R.D., Lewis, T.J., and Flueck, P. 2000. The thermal regime of the SNORCLE Lithoprobe transect and tectonic consequences. In Lithoprobe SNORCLE Transect and Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, Calgary, Alta., 25-27 February 2000. Lithoprobe Report 72, pp. 81-84.
73. Ionov, D.A., and Hofmann, A.W. 1995. Nb-Ta-rich mantle amphiboles and micas: implications for subduction-related metasomatism trace element fractionations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 131: 341-356.
74. Ionov, D.A., Griffin, W.L., and O'Reilly, S.Y. 1997. Volatile-bearing minerals and lithophile trace elements in the upper mantle. Chemical Geology, 141: 153-184.
75. Jakobsson, S.P., Jonsson, J., and Shido, F. 1978. Petrology of the western Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. Journal of Petrology, 19: 669-705.
76. Johnson, K.T.M. 1998. Experimental determination of partition coefficients for rare earth and high-field-strength elements between clinopyroxene, garnet, and basaltic melt at high pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 133: 60-68.
77. Jung, S., and Hoernes, S. 2000. The major- and trace-element and isotope (Sr, Nd, O) geochemistry of Cenozoic alkaline rift-type volcanic rocks from the Rhön area (central Germany): petrology, mantle source characteristics and implications for asthenosphere-lithosphere interactions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 99: 27-53.
78. Jung, S., and Masberg, P. 1998. Major- and trace-element systematics and isotope geochemistry of Cenozoic mafic volcanic rocks from the Vogelsberg (central Germany); constraints on the origin of continental alkaline and tholeiitic basalts and their mantle sources. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 86: 151-177.
79. Kelemen, P.B., Shimizu, N., and Dunn, T. 1993. Relative depletion of niobium in some arc magmas and the continental crust: partitioning of K, Nb, La and Ce during melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 120: 111-134.
80. Kempton, P.D., Fitton, J.G., Hawkesworth, C.J., and Ormerod, D.S. 1991. Isotopic and trace element constraints on the composition and evolution of the lithosphere beneath the southwestern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96: 13 713-13 735.
81. Klein, E.M., and Langmuir, C.H. 1987. Global correlations of ocean ridges basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92: 8089-8115.
82. Kushiro, I. 1996. Partial melting of a fertile mantle peridotite at high pressures; an experimental study using aggregates of diamond. In Earth processes: reading the isotopic code. Edited by A. Basu and S. Hart. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 95, pp. 109-122.
83. LaTourrette, T., Hervig, R.L., and Holloway, J.R. 1995. Trace element partitioning between amphibole, phlogopite, and basanite melt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 135: 13-30.
84. Ledo, J., Jones, A.G., and Ferguson, I.J. 2002. Electromagnetic images of a strike-slip fault: the Tintina fault - northern Canadian. Geophysical Research Letters, 29: 1225, doi: 10.1029/2001GL013408,2002.
85. Le Roex, A.P., Erlank, A.J., and Needham, H.D. 1981. Geochemical and mineralogical evidence of the occurrence of at least three distinct magma types in the "FAMOUS" region. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 77: 24-34.
86. Lewis, T.J., Hyndman, R.D., and Fluck, P. 2003. Heat flow, heat generation, and crustal temperatures in the northern Canadian Cordillera: thermal controls on tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108: doi: 10.1029/2002JB002090.
87. Lorand, J.-P., Vétil, J.-Y., and Fabriès, J. 1990. Fe-Ti oxide assemblages of the Lherz and Freychinède amphibole-rich veins (French Pyrenees). In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Orogenic Lherzolites and Mantle Processes, Montpellier, France, September 1990. Terra Cognita Abstracts, 2: 34.
88. Lum, C.C.L., Leeman, W.P., Foland, K.A., Kargel, J.A., and Fitton, J.G. 1989. Isotopic variations in continental basaltic lavas as indicators of mantle heterogeneity: examples from the western U.S. Cordillera. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94: 7871-7884.
89. Maaloe, S., James, D., Smedley, P., Petersen, S., and Garmann, L.B. 1992. The Koloa volcanic suite of Kauai, Hawaii. Journal of Petrology, 33: 761-784.
90. McDonough, W.F. 1990. Constraints on the composition of the continental lithospheric mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 101: 1-18.
91. McDonough, W.F., McCullogh, M.T., and Sun, S.S. 1985. Isotopic and geochemical systematics in Tertiary-Recent basalts from southeastern Australia and implications for the evolution of the sub-continental lithosphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49: 2051-2067.
92. McKenzie, D., and Bickle, M.J. 1988. The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. Journal of Petrology, 29: 625-679.
93. Menzies, M.A., Rogers, N., Tindle, A., and Hawkesworth, C.J. 1987. Metasomatic and enrichment processes in lithospheric peridotites, an effect of asthenosphere-lithosphere interaction. In Mantle metasomatism. Edited by M.A. Menzies and C.J. Hawkesworth. Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 313-361.
94. Merrill, R.B., and Wyllie, P.J. 1975. Kaersutite and kaersutite eclogite from Kakanui, New Zealand - water-excess and water-deficient melting to 30 kilobars. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86: 555-570.
95. Millhollen, G.L., and Wyllie, P.J. 1974. Melting relations of brown-hornblende mylonite from Saint Paul's Rocks under water-saturated and water-undersaturated conditions to 30 kilobars. Journal of Geology, 82: 589-606.
96. Monger, J.W.H., Price, R.A., and Tempelman-Kluit, D.J. 1982. Tectonic accretion and the origin of the two major metamorphic and plutonic belts in the Canadian Cordillera. Geology, 10: 70-75.
97. Olafsson, M., and Eggler, D.H. 1983. Phase relations of amphibole, amphibole-carbonate, and phlogopite-carbonate peridotite: petrologic constraints on the asthenosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64: 305-315.
98. O'Neill, H.S.C. 1981. The transition between spinel lherzolite and garnet lherzolite, and its use as a geobarometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 77: 185-194.
99. O'Reilly, S.Y., and Griffin, W.L. 1985. A xenolith-derived geotherm for southeastern Australia and its geophysical implications. Tectonophysics, 111: 41-63.
100. O'Reilly, S.Y., and Griffin, W.L. 2000. Apatite in the mantle: implications for metasomatic processes and high heat production in Phanerozoic mantle. Lithos, 53: 217-232.
101. O'Reilly, S.Y., and Zhang, M. 1995. Geochemical characteristics of lava-field basalts from eastern Australia and inferred sources: connections with the subcontinental lithospheric mantle? Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 121: 148-170.
102. O'Reilly, S.Y., Griffin, W.L., and Ryan, C.G. 1991. Residence of trace elements in metasomatized spinel lherzolite xenoliths: a proton-microprobe study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 109: 98-113.
103. Ottonello, G., Ernst, W.G., and Joron, J.-L. 1984. Rare earth and 3d transition element geochemistry of peridotitic rocks; I. Peridotites from the Western Alps. Journal of Petrology, 25: 343-372.
104. Peslier, A.H. 1999. Pétrologie et géochimie isotopique de xénolites mantelliques de la Cordillère Canadienne. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
105. Plank, T., and Langmuir, C.H. 1988. An evaluation of the global variations in the major element chemistry of arc basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90: 349-370.
106. Poudjom-Djomani, Y.H., O'Reilly, S.Y., Griffin, W.L., and Morgan, P. 2001. The density structure of subcontinental lithosphere through time. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 184: 605-621.
107. Price, R.C., Gray, C.M., and Frey, F.A. 1997. Strontium isotopic and trace element heterogeneity in the plains basalts of the Newer Volcanic Province, Victoria, Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61: 171-192.
108. Reiners, P.W., and Nelson, B.K. 1998. Temporal-compositional-isotopic trends in rejuvenated-stage magmas of Kauai, Hawaii, and implications for mantle melting processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62: 2347-2368.
109. Ringwood, A.E. 1975. Composition and petrology of the Earth's mantle. McGraw-Hill, New York.
110. Roeder, P.L., and Emslie, R.F. 1970. Olivine-liquid equilibrium. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 29: 275-289.
111. Rogers, N., Macdonald, R., Fitton, J.G., Rhiannon, G., Smith, M., and Barreiro, B. 2000. Two mantle plumes beneath the East African Rift system; Sr, Nd and Pb isotope evidence from Kenya Rift basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 176: 387-400.
112. Schmincke, H.U. 1982. Volcanic and chemical evolution of the Canary Islands. In Geology of the northwest African continental margin. Edited by U. von Rad, K. Hinz, M. Sarnthein, and E. Seibold. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 273-306.
113. Shaw, D.M. 1970. Trace element fractionation during anatexis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 34: 237-243.
114. Shi, L., Francis, D., Ludden, J., Frederiksen, A., and Bostock, M. 1998. Xenolith evidence for lithospheric melting above anomalously hot mantle under the northern Canadian Cordillera. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 131: 38-53.
115. Song, Y., Frey, F.A., and Zhi, X. 1990. Isotopic characteristics of Hannuoba basalts, eastern China: implications for their petrogenesis and the composition of the subcontinental mantle. Chemical Geology, 88: 35-52.
116. Souther, J.G. 1992. The late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 420.
117. Späth, A., Le Roex, A.P., and Duncan, R.A. 1996. The geochemistry of lavas from the Comores Archipelago, western Indian Ocean; petrogenesis and mantle source region characteristics. Journal of Petrology, 37: 961-991.
118. Späth, A., Le Roex, A.P., and Opiyo-Akech, N. 2001. Plume-lithosphere interaction and the origin of continental rift-related alkaline volcanism - the Chyulu Hills volcanic province, southern Kenya. Journal of Petrology, 42: 765-787.
119. Strong, D.F. 1972. The petrology of the lavas of Grande Comore. Journal of Petrology, 13: 181-217.
120. Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the ocean basins. Edited by A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry. Geological Society (of London), Special Publication 42, pp. 313-345.
121. Thorkelson, D.J., and Taylor, R.P. 1989. Cordilleran slab windows. Geology, 17: 833-836.
122. Vaselli, O., Downes, H., Thirwall, M., Dobosi, G., Coradossi, N., Seghedi, I., Szakacs, A., and Vannucci, R. 1995. Ultramafic xenoliths in Plio-Pleistocene alkali basalts from the Eastern Transylvanian Basin: depleted mantle enriched by vein metasomatism. Journal of Petrology, 36: 23-53.
123. Wilson, M., and Downes, H. 1991. Tertiary-Quaternary extension-related alkaline magmatism in Western and Central Europe. Journal of Petrology, 32: 811-849.
124. Wilson, M., Downes, H., and Cebria, J.M. 1995. Contrasting fractionation trends in coexisting continental alkaline magmas series; Cantal, Massif Central, France. Journal of Petrology, 36: 1729-1753.
125. Witt-Eickschen, G., and Harte, B. 1994. Distribution of trace elements between amphibole and clinopyroxene from mantle peridotites of the Eifel (western Germany): an ion-microprobe study. Chemical Geology, 117: 235-250.
126. Witt-Eickschen, G., Kaminsky, W., Kramm, U., and Harte, B. 1998. The nature of young vein metasomatism in the lithosphere of the West Eifel (Germany): geochemical and isotopic constraints from composite mantle xenoliths from the Meerfelder Maar. Journal of Petrology, 39: 155-185.
127. Xu, X., O'Reilly, S.Y., Zhou, X., and Griffin, W.L. 1996. A xenolith-derived geotherm and the crust-mantle boundary at Qilin, southeastern China. Lithos, 38: 41-62.
128. Xu, X., Huang, Y., Xia, L., and Xia, Z. 1997. Phlogopite-amphibole-pyroxenite xenoliths in Langao, Shaanxi Province, China: evidence for mantle metasomatism. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 16: 318-328.
129. Xu, Y., Mercier, J.C., and Lin, C. 1997. Amphibole-bearing peridotite xenoliths from Nushan, Anhui Province: evidence for melt percolation process in the upper mantle and lithospheric uplift. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 16: 213-229.
130. Zack, T., and Brumm, R. 1998. Ilmenite/liquid partition coefficients of 26 trace elements determined through ilmenite/clinopyroxene partitioning in garnet pyroxenites. In Extended Abstract of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference, Cape Town, April 1998. Edited by J.J. Gurney, J.L. Gurney, M.D. Pascoe, and S.H. Richardson. Red Roof Design, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 986-988.
131. Zhang, M., Stephenson, P.J., O'Reilly, S.Y., McCullogh, M.T., and Norman, M. 2001. Petrogenesis and geodynamic implications of Late Cenozoic basalts in North Queensland, Australia: trace-element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope evidence. Journal of Petrology, 42: 685-719.
132. Zhi, X., Song, Y., Frey, F.A., Feng, J., and Zhai, M. 1990. Geochemistry of Hannuoba basalts, eastern China: constraints on the origin of continental alkalic and tholeiitic basalt. Chemical Geology, 88: 1-33.
133. Zindler, A., Hart, S.R., Frey, F.A., and Jakobsson, S.P. 1979. Nd and Sr isotope ratios and rare earth element abundances in Reykjanes Peninsula basalts; evidence for mantle heterogeneity beneath Iceland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 45: 249-262.
134. Zou, H., Zindler, A., Xu, X., and Qi., Q. 2000. Major, trace element, and Nd, Sr and Pb isotope studies of Cenozoic basalts in SE China; mantle sources, regional variations, and tectonic significance. Chemical Geology, 171: 33-47.