Feature-based encoder classification of compressed audio streams

Multimedia Systems

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 108-120

  Böhme, Rainer ^a   Westfeld, Andreas ^a  

^a DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Attacks; Digital forensics; MP3 Encoder classification; Na ve bayes classifier; Steganalysis; Steganography

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; AUDIO SYSTEMS; COMPUTER PROGRAMMING; DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; ENCODING (SYMBOLS); MATHEMATICAL MODELS; STATISTICAL METHODS;

ATTACKS; BAYESIAN MACHINE; DIGITAL FORENSICS; MP3 ENCODER CLASSIFICATION; NAÏVE BAYES CLASSIFIER; STEGANALYSIS; STEGANOGRAPHY;

FEATURE EXTRACTION;

EID: 30744460893     PISSN: 09424962     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00530-005-0195-2     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Fraunhofer Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen (IIS), http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de
2. ISO/IEC 13818-3, Information Technology. Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio: Audio. International Standard (1994)
3. Petitcolas, F.A.P., Anderson, R.J., Kühn, M.G.: Information hiding - a survey. Proc. IEEE 87(7), 1062-1078 (1999)
4. Petitcolas, F.A.P.: MP3Stego, http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/fapp2/ steganography/mp3stego/ (2002)
5. 8hz-mp3, 8Hz Productions, http://www.8hz.com/mp3/ (1998)
6. Westfeld, A.: Detecting low embedding rates. In: Petitcolas, F.A.P. (ed.) Information Hiding. Fifth International Workshop, LNCS 2578, pp. 324-339. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2003)
7. UnderMP3Cover (MP3 stego tool), http://sourceforge.net/projects/ump3c (2004)
8. Stego-Lame, http://sourceforge.net/projects/stego-lame (2002)
9. Böhme, R., Westfeld, A.: Statistical characterisation of MP3 encoders for steganalysis. In: ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop pp. 25-34, Magdeburg, Germany, (2004)
10. Brandenburg, K., Stoll, G.: ISO-MPEG-1 audio: a generic standard for coding of high-quality digital audio. J. Audio Eng. Soc. 42(10), 780-794 (1994)
11. IEC 958, Digital Audio Interface, International Standard (1990)
12. Nilsson, M.: ID3v2 - The Audience is Informed, http://www.id3.org (1998)
13. EncSpot - An MP3 Analyzer. http://www.guerillasoft.nstep.com/EncSpot2 (2002)
14. Fridrich, J.: Feature-based steganalysis for JPEG images and its implications for future design of steganographic schemes. In: Fridrich, J. (ed.) Information Hiding. Sixth International Workshop, LNCS 3200, pp. 67-81. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2004)
15. Lyu, S., Farid, H.: Detecting hidden messages using higher-order statistics and support vector machines. In: Petitcolas, F.A.P. (ed.) Information Hiding. Fifth International Workshop, LNCS 2578, pp. 340-354. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2003)
16. Özer, H., Avcibaş, Î., Sankur, B., Memon, N.D.: Steganalysis of audio based on audio quality metrics. In: Delp, E., Wong, P.W (eds.) Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents V. Proceedings of SPIE 5020, pp. 55-66 (2003)
17. Lindley, D.V.: Bayesian statistics - a review. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math. (1995)
18. Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E.: Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis. Wiley, New York (1973)
19. Langley, P., Iba, W., Thompson, K.: An analysis of Bayesian classifiers. In: Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 223-228. MIT Press (1992)
20. Moddemeijer, R.: On estimation of entropy and mutual information of continuous distributions. Signal Process. 16(3), 233-246 (1989)
21. Huffman, D.: A method for the construction of minimum redundancy codes. Proc. IRE 40, 1098-1101 (1962)
22. Ihaka, R., Gentlemen, R.: R - a language for data analysis and graphics. J. Comput. Graphics Stat. 5(3), 299-314 (1996)
23. The R Project for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org
24. Hipp, M.: MPG123 - Fast MP3 Player for Linux and UNIX Systems. http://www.mpg123.de (2001)
25. Independent JPEG Group, http://www.ijg.org