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Volumn 7, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 303-347

The unborn child and the UN Convention on Children's Rights: The Dutch perspective as a guideline

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EID: 30744445959     PISSN: 09275568     EISSN: 15718182     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/15718189920494426     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (6)

References (187)
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    • Suggestions are given by the Dutch NGO Coalition for Children's Rights: Children's rights as a mirror of Dutch society; NGO report on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in the Netherlands, DCI Amsterdam, March 1997. A review of this report can be found in: Het Tijdschrift voor de Rechten van het Kind 7, 1997, nr. 2, pp. 12-14.
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    • This Act came into force on December 21 1994
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    • A. Alen/W. Pas, "The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child's Self-executing Character", in: E. Verhellen (ed.): Monitoring Children's Rights, Kluwer Law International, The Hague 1996, pp. 165-186.
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    • same text was published in, in: E. Verhellen ed.:, Mys & Breesch Uitgeverij, Gent, loose-leaf edition, Deel 1, 1.1.
    • The same text was published in Dutch: "De directe werking van het VN-Verdrag inzake de rechten van het kind", in: E. Verhellen (ed.): Kinderrechtengids, Mys & Breesch Uitgeverij, Gent 1993, loose-leaf edition, Deel 1, 1.1., pp. 1-25.
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    • Het internationale recht inzake de rechten van de mens
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    • P. van Dijk, "Het internationale recht inzake de rechten van de mens", in: Rechten van de mens in Mondiaal en Europees perspectief, Ars Aequi Libri, Rechten van de mens 1, 4th revised edition, Nijmegen 1991, pp. 36-39.
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    • See also D. H. M. Meuwissen, "Grondrechten", Het Spectrum BV, Utrecht/Antwerpen, 1984, pp. 129-139.
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    • The relevance of the convention in Holland
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    • Supreme court april 15
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    • See also the decision of the Supreme Court of April 22, 1994, In this case one had directly appealed to articles 9 and 12 of the Convention. Advocate-General Moltmaker concluded to dismiss the appeal, since articles 6 and 8 ECHR or any other convention's provision, including articles 9 and 12 of the Convention, in his opinion hold no obligation to hear minors below the age of 12 years, especially when in no way appeared that the child expressed a wish to be heard. The Supreme Court agreed with this conclusion. In an earlier phase the Court of Justice on April 26, 1993 remarked, in response to the alleged violation of the Convention, that the Convention at that point in time still had not entered into force for the Netherlands
    • See also the decision of the Supreme Court of April 22 1994, NJ 1994, 523. In this case one had directly appealed to articles 9 and 12 of the Convention. Advocate-General Moltmaker concluded to dismiss the appeal, since articles 6 and 8 ECHR or any other convention's provision, including articles 9 and 12 of the Convention, in his opinion hold no obligation to hear minors below the age of 12 years, especially when in no way appeared that the child expressed a wish to be heard. The Supreme Court agreed with this conclusion. In an earlier phase the Court of Justice (on April 26, 1993) remarked, in response to the alleged violation of the Convention, that the Convention at that point in time still had not entered into force for the Netherlands.
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    • De informele eigen rechtsingang nader beschouwd
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    • see. art. 4(1) ACHR.
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    • Deel 1, Rechten van mensen in de gezondheidszorg, Samsom Tjeenk Willink, Alphen a/d Rijn, 3rd edition
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    • The netherlands
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    • See also Supreme Court May 29, According to the Supreme Court, the viability of an unborn child is a fiction. How long a child stays alive after birth is not important to the application of art. 82a, nor is when the reasonable expectancy based on medical science subsequently might appear incorrect. What matters is that the offender of art. 82a could have or ought to have the reasonable expectancy that the unborn child was viable when he committed his crime
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    • A review of this report offers, Gevers suggests to establish a board with the task of reviewing cases of late termination of pregnancy and advising the public authorities on whether in a particular instance prosecution would be appropriate
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    • De foetus, een toekomstige patiënt?
    • Cf. W. Hammerstein-Schoonderwoerd, "De foetus, een toekomstige patiënt?" NJB 62, 1987, nr. 38, pp. 1221/1222.
    • (1987) NJB , vol.62 , Issue.38
    • Hammerstein-Schoonderwoerd, W.1
  • 84
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    • De rechtspositie van de ongeboren vrucht, i: Juridische betekenis van de geboorte
    • H. J. J. Leenen, "De rechtspositie van de ongeboren vrucht, I: Juridische betekenis van de geboorte", MC 32, 1977, nr. 37, pp. 1155-1157;
    • (1977) MC , vol.32 , Issue.37 , pp. 1155-1157
    • Leenen, H.J.J.1
  • 89
    • 84856865211 scopus 로고
    • idem in, nr. 7
    • idem in FJR 7, 1985, nr. 7 pp. 194-203.
    • (1985) FJR , vol.7 , pp. 194-203
  • 91
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    • Baas in eigen buik en de grondrechten
    • M. C. L. L. De Bruijn-Lückers, "Baas in eigen buik en de grondrechten", NJCM-Bulletin 11, 1986, nr. 7, pp. 599-612;
    • (1986) NJCM-bulletin , vol.11 , Issue.7 , pp. 599-612
    • De Bruijn-Lu, M.C.L.L.1
  • 93
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    • De foetus, een toekomstig patiënt?
    • R. M. Schoonenberg, "De foetus, een toekomstig patiënt?", NJB 63, 1988, nr. 22, p. 798.
    • (1988) NJB , vol.63 , Issue.22 , pp. 798
    • Schoonenberg, R.M.1
  • 96
    • 84856910012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Een recht van het ongeboren kind op adequate prenatale zorg en medische behandeling?
    • idem:, in:, ed.:, o.c., especially p. 36. The author also refers to older literature. Struyken belongs to this category, as he holds the view that family law relations exist between the mother and the unborn child already from the moment of conception
    • idem: "Een recht van het ongeboren kind op adequate prenatale zorg en medische behandeling?" in: M. de Lange et al. (ed.): Kinderen en recht, o.c., pp. 29-38, especially p. 36. The author also refers to older literature. Struyken belongs to this category, as he holds the view that family law relations exist between the mother and the unborn child already from the moment of conception.
    • Kinderen en Recht , pp. 29-38
    • De Lange, M.1
  • 97
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    • De rechtsbetrekking tussen de moeder en het nog ongeboren kind
    • See his article "De rechtsbetrekking tussen de moeder en het nog ongeboren kind", HPS 1983, nr. 34, pp. 41/42.
    • (1983) HPS , Issue.34
  • 101
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    • respons to M. L. C. C. De Bruijn-Lückers at, pp. 2119-2120
    • H. D. C. Roscam Abbing in NTvG 132, 1988, nr. 46, p. 2121 in respons to M. L. C. C. De Bruijn-Lückers at pp. 2119-2120
    • (1988) Abbing in NTvG , vol.132 , Issue.46 , pp. 2121
    • Roscam, H.D.C.1
  • 102
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    • Medisch handelen bij het begin van leven; Enkele juridische kanttekeningen
    • reacting on
    • reacting on Roscam Abbing, "Medisch handelen bij het begin van leven; enkele juridische kanttekeningen", NTvG 132, 1988, nr. 33, pp. 1540-1544.
    • (1988) NTvG , vol.132 , Issue.33 , pp. 1540-1544
    • Abbing, R.1
  • 104
  • 105
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    • Dwang op zwangere vrouw ten behoeve van de ongeboren vrucht toelaatbaar?
    • L. E. Kalkman-Bogerd, "Dwang op zwangere vrouw ten behoeve van de ongeboren vrucht toelaatbaar?", TvGR 14, 1990, nr. 8, pp. 507/508.
    • (1990) TvGR , vol.14 , Issue.8
    • Kalkman-Bogerd, L.E.1
  • 107
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    • H. D. C. Roscam Abbing in NTvG 132, 1988, nr. 33, p. 1540;
    • (1988) NTvG , vol.132 , Issue.33 , pp. 1540
    • Roscam Abbing, H.D.C.1
  • 109
    • 77957203178 scopus 로고
    • I. D. de Beaufort published several books and articles about the moral duties of a pregnant woman towards her unborn child
    • Cf. W. Hammerstein-Schoonderwoerd in NJB 62, 1987, o.c., pp. 1221/1222. I. D. de Beaufort published several books and articles about the moral duties of a pregnant woman towards her unborn child.
    • (1987) NJB , vol.62
    • Hammerstein-Schoonderwoerd, W.1
  • 110
    • 12944266423 scopus 로고
    • De morele positie van de ongeborene
    • I. D. de Beaufort & H. M. Dupuis:, Van Gorcum, Assen/Maastricht
    • See I. D. de Beaufort/H. M. Dupuis, "De morele positie van de ongeborene", in: I. D. de Beaufort & H. M. Dupuis: Handboek Gezondheidsethiek, Van Gorcum, Assen/Maastricht 1988, pp. 375-394;
    • (1988) Handboek Gezondheidsethiek , pp. 375-394
    • De Beaufort, I.D.1    Dupuis, H.M.2
  • 113
    • 84856843001 scopus 로고
    • Gouda Quint BV, Arnhem, Strange though is the fact that the author did not deal with the ATP; an Act that already came into force in 1984
    • Cf. also H. D. Demeersseman, De autonomie van het materiële strafrecht, Gouda Quint BV, Arnhem 1985, pp. 15-18. Strange though is the fact that the author did not deal with the ATP; an Act that already came into force in 1984.
    • (1985) De Autonomie van Het Materiële Strafrecht , pp. 15-18
    • Demeersseman, H.D.1
  • 114
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    • According to the Dutch Supreme Court the ATP constitutes no violation of art. 2 ECHR. The legal protection offered by art. 2 ECHR at least does not keep states parties from passing statutory regulations which legalize abortion under certain circumstances
    • According to the Dutch Supreme Court the ATP constitutes no violation of art. 2 ECHR. The legal protection offered by art. 2 ECHR at least does not keep states parties from passing statutory regulations which legalize abortion under certain circumstances; Supreme Court June 16, 1995, NJ 1997, 131.
    • (1995) NJ , vol.16 , pp. 131
    • June, S.C.1
  • 116
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    • The drafting history of treaty provisions on the right to life; B. The drafting history of art. 6 of the international covenant on civil and political rights - Note by the editor
    • B. G. Ramcharan ed.:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, and 197/198, 51
    • B. G. Ramcharan, "The drafting history of treaty provisions on the right to life; B. The drafting history of art. 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Note by the editor", in: B. G. Ramcharan (ed.): The right to life in international law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1985, pp. 48, 51 and 197/198;
    • (1985) The Right to Life in International Law , pp. 48
    • Ramcharan, B.G.1
  • 120
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    • 867/60/Yearbook 4
    • 867/60/Yearbook 4 1961, ECHR 270.
    • (1961) ECHR , pp. 270
  • 121
    • 84856876114 scopus 로고
    • 7045/75, December 10
    • 7045/75, December 10, 1976, D&R 7, p. 87.
    • (1976) D&R , vol.7 , pp. 87
  • 122
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    • See also 11045/84 Knudsen v. Norway
    • See also 11045/84 Knudsen v. Norway, D&R 42, 1985, p. 247.
    • (1985) D&R , vol.42 , pp. 247
  • 123
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    • 6959/75, July 12
    • 6959/75, July 12, 1977, D&R 10, pp. 100-145.
    • (1977) D&R , vol.10 , pp. 100-145
  • 124
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    • 8416/78, May 13
    • 8416/78, May 13, 1980, D&R 19, pp. 244-264.
    • (1980) D&R , vol.19 , pp. 244-264
  • 125
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    • 17004/90, May 19
    • 17004/90, May 19, 1992, D&R vol 73, p. 155.
    • (1992) D&R , vol.73 , pp. 155
  • 126
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    • Judgm. of October 29-A. For a review of this case
    • Judgm. of October 29 1992, ECHR Series A, vol. 246-A. For a review of this case
    • (1992) ECHR Series A , vol.246
  • 127
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    • Abortion: A constitutional problem in european perspective
    • see: C. J. Forder, "Abortion: A constitutional problem in European perspective", Maastricht Journal of European and Comparitive Law, 1, 1994, nr. 1, pp. 57-72.
    • (1994) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparitive Law , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-72
    • Forder, C.J.1
  • 128
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    • see Series A vol. 246-A, para. 37
    • ECHR March 7 1991, see Series A vol. 246-A, para. 37.
    • (1991) ECHR March , vol.7
  • 129
    • 84856893960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECRM Series A vol. 246-A, paras. 53-80.
    • ECRM Series A , vol.246 A , pp. 53-80
  • 130
    • 84856910030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECHR Series A vol. 246-A, 71 para. 66.
    • ECHR Series A , vol.246 A , Issue.71 , pp. 66
  • 131
    • 84856860667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A broad survey in this matter is offered by, in: S. J. Frankowski/G. F. Cole eds.: o.c.
    • A broad survey in this matter is offered by D. Shelton, "International law on the protection of the fetus", in: S. J. Frankowski/G. F. Cole (eds.): o.c., pp. 1-15.
    • International Law on the Protection of the Fetus , pp. 1-15
    • Shelton, D.1
  • 135
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    • Act of september
    • 1992
    • Act of September 24, 1992, Stb. 1992, 585.
    • (1992) Stb , vol.24 , pp. 585
  • 136
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    • Gouda Quint BV, Arnhem
    • Cf. D. Boon, Nederlands dierenrecht, Gouda Quint BV, Arnhem 1983, pp. 83-110;
    • (1983) Nederlands Dierenrecht , pp. 83-110
    • Boon, D.1
  • 137
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    • Over het dier als rechtssubject
    • J. P Loof & P. B. Cliteur eds.:, Stichting NJCM-Boekerij, Leiden, However, this author argues that animals do have rights when they have a legal interest as a legal personality and this interest has an intrinsic value
    • idem: "Over het dier als rechtssubject", in: J. P Loof & P. B. Cliteur (eds.): Mensenrechten, dierenrechten, ecosysteemrechten, Stichting NJCM-Boekerij 32, Leiden 1997, pp. 65-68. However, this author argues that animals do have rights when they have a legal interest as a legal personality and this interest has an intrinsic value.
    • (1997) Mensenrechten, Dierenrechten, Ecosysteemrechten , vol.32 , pp. 65-68
  • 138
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    • this respect, one should also consult, in: J. P Loof & P. B. Cliteur eds.: o.c.
    • In this respect, one should also consult B. Brouwer, "Echte rechten", in: J. P Loof & P. B. Cliteur (eds.): o.c., pp. 78-80
    • Echte Rechten , pp. 78-80
    • Brouwer, B.1
  • 139
    • 84856847692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. P Loof & P. B. Cliteur eds.: o.c.
    • and W. Bruil, "Fundamentele rechten voor dieren", also in: J. P Loof & P. B. Cliteur (eds.): o.c., pp. 87-89.
    • Fundamentele Rechten voor Dieren , pp. 87-89
    • Bruil, W.1
  • 140
    • 84856910029 scopus 로고
    • s-Gravenhage District Court, November 12, 1987
    • 's-Gravenhage District Court, November 12, 1987, TvGR 1987/66.
    • (1987) TvGR , vol.66
  • 141
    • 84856847691 scopus 로고
    • 's Hertogenbosch District Court, December 20
    • 's Hertogenbosch District Court, December 20, 1995, TvGR 1996/45.
    • (1995) TvGR , vol.45
  • 143
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    • continued by A. J. A. van Dorst/J. W. Fokkens/A. J. M. Machielse, 7th edition, Gouda Quint BV., Deventer 1982, loose-leaf edition, Deel 1, note 9 on art. 82a, p. 626c
    • See T. J. Noyon/G. E. Langemeijer/J. Remmelink, Het wetboek van strafrecht (continued by A. J. A. van Dorst/J. W. Fokkens/A. J. M. Machielse), 7th edition, Gouda Quint BV., Deventer 1982, loose-leaf edition, Deel 1, note 9 on art. 82a, p. 626c.
    • Het Wetboek van Strafrecht
    • Noyon, T.J.1    Langemeijer, G.E.2    Remmelink, J.3
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    • The concept and dimensions of the right to life
    • B. G. Ramcharan ed.:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
    • B. G. Ramcharan, "The concept and dimensions of the right to life", in: B. G. Ramcharan (ed.): The right to life in international law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1985, pp. 8-10.
    • (1985) The Right to Life in International Law , pp. 8-10
    • Ramcharan, B.G.1
  • 146
    • 84856910042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. St. J. Macdonald/F. Matscher/H. Petzold eds.: o.c.
    • cf. also T. Opsahl, "The right to life", in: R. St. J. Macdonald/F. Matscher/H. Petzold (eds.): o.c., p. 221.
    • The Right to Life , pp. 221
    • Opsahl, T.1
  • 147
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    • For instance
    • o.c., and 200
    • H. J. J. Leenen for instance in FJR 1985, o.c., pp. 196 and 200.
    • (1985) FJR , pp. 196
    • Leenen, H.J.J.1
  • 148
    • 84856832249 scopus 로고
    • Pres. Haarlem District Court, October 14
    • Pres. Haarlem District Court, October 14, 1966, NJ 1967, 266.
    • (1966) NJ , pp. 266
  • 149
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    • The satisfaction of survival requirements
    • B. G. Ramcharan ed.:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
    • F. Menghistu, "The satisfaction of survival requirements", in: B. G. Ramcharan (ed.): The right to life in international law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1985, pp. 63-83.
    • (1985) The Right to Life in International Law , pp. 63-83
    • Menghistu, F.1
  • 151
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    • idem in, W. van der Burg criticised nidation as a clear standard for pregnancy in connection with art. 2 Book 1 of the Civil Code;
    • idem in FJR 7, 1985, nr. 7, p. 197. W. van der Burg criticised nidation as a clear standard for pregnancy in connection with art. 2 Book 1 of the Civil Code;
    • (1985) FJR , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. 197
  • 152
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    • De juridische 'status' van het embryo: Een op drift geraakte fictie
    • For a response by Leenen and a reply from Van de Burg, see pp. 402-409
    • see his article: "De juridische 'status' van het embryo: een op drift geraakte fictie", TvGR 17, 1994, nr. 7, pp. 386-401. For a response by Leenen and a reply from Van de Burg, see pp. 402-409.
    • (1994) TvGR , vol.17 , Issue.7 , pp. 386-401
  • 153
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    • De juridische status van het embryo: Een stevig aangemeerde leer
    • agrees with Leenen in, Asser-De Boer thinks this to be a much to narrow interpretion of art. 2
    • Th. A. M. te Braake agrees with Leenen in, "De juridische status van het embryo: een stevig aangemeerde leer", TvGR 18, 1995, nr. 2, pp. 80-84. Asser-De Boer thinks this to be a much to narrow interpretion of art. 2
    • (1995) TvGR , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 80-84
    • Te Braake, Th.A.M.1
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    • For moral implications of medical experiments on the unborn child, see, Van Gorcum Assen/Maastricht
    • For moral implications of medical experiments on the unborn child, see I. D. de Beaufort, Ethiek en medische experimenten met mensen, Van Gorcum Assen/Maastricht 1985, pp. 141-164.
    • (1985) Ethiek en Medische Experimenten Met Mensen , pp. 141-164
    • De Beaufort, I.D.1
  • 161
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    • Deel 1, o.c., note 70
    • see his Handboek Gezondheidsrecht, Deel 1, o.c., p. 134, note 70.
    • Handboek Gezondheidsrecht , pp. 134
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    • Act of October 29, and entered into force on January 17, 1994, 1992
    • Act of October 29, 1992, Stb. 1992, 671 and entered into force on January 17, 1994.
    • (1992) Stb , pp. 671
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    • Act of April 6, 1995, Stb. 1995, 240;
    • (1995) Act of April 6 , vol.1995 , pp. 240
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    • The best interest of the child
    • More deeply into the concept of, and 2. All contributions to these special issues have also been published in
    • More deeply into the concept of 'The best interest of the child' go two special issues of The International Journal of Family and the Law 8, 1994: nrs. 1 and 2. All contributions to these special issues have also been published in
    • (1994) Go two Special Issues of the International Journal of Family and the Law , vol.8 , Issue.1
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    • The concept of the 'best interest' in terms of the UN convention on the rights of the child
    • M. Freeman & P. Veerman eds.:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
    • See also J. Wolf, "The Concept of the 'Best interest' in Terms of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child", in: M. Freeman & P. Veerman (eds.): The Ideologies of Children's Rights, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1992, pp. 125-133.
    • (1992) The Ideologies of Children's Rights , pp. 125-133
    • Wolf, J.1
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    • Act of March 7
    • Act of March 7, 1991, Stb. 130.
    • (1991) Stb , pp. 130
  • 174
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    • Geen graf, maar wel een naam; Dode foetussen alsnog in bevolkingsregister
    • February 12, 1998. Maastricht District Court, February 5, case-no. 37052 unpublished
    • "Geen graf, maar wel een naam; Dode foetussen alsnog in bevolkingsregister", Dagblad de Limburger, February 12, 1998. Maastricht District Court, February 5, 1998, case-no. 37052 (unpublished).
    • (1998) Dagblad de Limburger
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    • 22855, R1451
    • Tweede Kamer, Vergaderjaar 1992-1993, 22855 (R1451), nr. 3, p. 16.
    • (1992) Tweede Kamer, Vergaderjaar , Issue.3 , pp. 16
  • 182
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    • en Deel 2, 3rd edition, Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, Houten/Diegem
    • en Deel 2, Gezondheidszorg en recht, 3rd edition, Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, Houten/Diegem 1996, pp. 49-55.
    • (1996) Gezondheidszorg en Recht , pp. 49-55
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    • Implementation of the convention of the rights of the child, The Netherlands, April, 1997. The report is expected to be discussed medio 1999; see
    • Implementation of the convention of the rights of the child, The Netherlands, April, 1997. The report is expected to be discussed medio 1999; see Tijdschrift voor de Rechten van het Kind 7, 1997 nr. 3, p. 26.
    • (1997) Tijdschrift Voor de Rechten van Het Kind , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 26


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