Able and willing? Assessing the EU's capacity for military action

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 509-527

  Biscop, Sven ^a  

^a Royal Institute for International Relations   (Belgium)

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EID: 30644471443     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2004040     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. S. Biscop, 'The European Security Strategy - Implementing a Distinctive Approach to Security' (2004) 82 Sécurité et Stratégie, 51pp. < www.irri-kiib.be/papers/Artikel%20V&S%20ESS.pdf>.
2. See for example A. Moravcsik, 'Striking a New Transatlantic Bargain' (2003) 82/4 Foreign Affairs, pp. 74-89.
3. R. Kagan, Paradise & Power. America and Europe in the New World Order (revised and expanded edition, Atlantic Books, London, 2003), p. 53.
4. R. Coolsaet, België en zijn buitenlandse politiek 1830-2000 (Van Halewyck, Leuven, 2001), pp. 529-530.
5. IISS, The Military Balance 2003/2004 (International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 2003).
6. G. Lindstrom, 'The Headline Goal' , August 2004. WEU Assembly, Document A/1842, 'European Defence: Pooling and Strengthening National and European Capabilities', 3 December 2003.
7. A WEU audit conducted in 1999 had already arrived at similar conclusions. WEU Council of Ministers, 'Audit of Assets and Capabilities for European Crisis Management Operations', 22-23 November 1999.
8. B. Schmitt, 'European Capabilities Action Plan (ECAP)' , August 2004.
9. J. Lindley-French and F. Algieri, A European Defence Strategy (Bertelsmann Foundation, Gütersloh, 2004), p. 27.
10. This figure does not include permanent foreign bases such as those held by the British and French armed forces. B. Giegerich and W. Wallace, 'Not Such a Soft Power: The External Deployment of European Forces' (2004) 46/2 Survival, pp. 163-182.
11. Council, 'Declaration on EU Military Capabilities', 19-20 May 2003.
12. J. Howorth in Royal Defence College - Royal Institute for International Relations, Able and Willing? Does Europe Have the Means to Stage a Military Operation if it wants to? Proceedings, 16 March 2004, pp. 17-33.
13. C.M. Schweiss, 'Sharing Hegemony. The Future of Transatlantic Security' (2003) 38/3 Cooperation and Conflict, pp. 223-224.
14. T. van den Doel, De militaire ambities van de Europese Unie: retoriek of werkelijkheid? (Clingendael Institute, The Hague, 2004), pp. 35-37.
15. J. Pilegaard (ed.), The Politics of European Security (Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, 2004), p. 28.
16. V. Desportes, 'Quelle doctrine pour quelles forces ?' (2004) 60/7 Défense nationale, pp. 104-116.
17. J. Lindley-French and F. Algieri, note 13 above, p. 43.
18. A. De Neve and R. Mathieu, 'La défense européenne et la RMA: convergences possibles ou disparités inéluctables' (2004) 84 Sécurité et Stratégie, 325pp.
19. st Century (Centre for Transatlantic Relations, Washington DC, 2004), p. 87.
20. C.L. Barry, 'Coordinating with NATO' in H. Binnendijk (ed.), Transforming America's Military (National Defense University Press, Washington DC, 2002), pp. 231-258.
21. 'Protocol on Permanent Structured Cooperation established by Articles I-40(6) and III-213 of the Constitution', CIG 86/04 ADD 1 (subsequently renumbered as I-41(6) and III-312).
22. European Convention, 'Final Report of Working Group VIII - Defence', CONV 461/02, 16 December 2002.
23. European Council, 'European Defence: NATO/EU Consultation, Planning and Operations', 17-18 June 2004.
24. J. Lindley-French and F. Algieri, note 13 above, pp. 40-42.
25. st Century (Centre for Transatlantic Relations, Washington DC, 2004), p. 140.
26. Or: 'nothing ventured, nothing gained'. Advisory Council on International Affairs (AIV), Military Cooperation in Europe. Possibilities and Limitations (AIV, The Hague, 2004), p. 9.