Portugal's migration experience: Redefined boundaries and uneasy transformations

Mediterranean Quarterly

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 112-139

  Royo, Sebastián ^a,b,c  

^a SUFFOLK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Suffolk University Madrid Campus ^*  (Spain)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOGRAPHIC HISTORY; EMIGRATION; POPULATION MIGRATION;

EURASIA; EUROPE; PORTUGAL; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 30544447842     PISSN: 10474552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10474552-16-4-112     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Raul M. C. Branco, "Portuguese Immigration: An Approach to the Mortality Patterns," paper presented at the European Population Conference, Helsinki, 7-9 June 2000, 2-4.
2. The INE published the statistics for official Portuguese emigration from 1941 to 1988. However, the abolition of the emigrant passport in November 1988 in order to adopt a uniform model of passport and follow EC rules changed the legal landscape, and the INE ceased to be able to produce this data. To overcome this shortcoming, the INE created a working group charged with international migration. The new methodology for obtaining statistical data on emigration is now based on survey of a sample of families, the Survey of Departing Migratory Movements. See INE, "Statistical Information on Emigration: Methods and Results," working paper no. 8, Statistical Commission and Economic Commission for Europe, presented at the Conference of European Statisticians, ECE Work Sessions on Migration Statistics, Geneva, 25-27 March 1998.
3. Maria Ioannis B. Baganha, "Portuguese Emigration, after WWII," in Modern Portugal, ed. António Costa Pinto (Palo Alto, Calif: SPOSS, 1998), 191. Baganha's publications are a major source for this paper.
4. Ibid., 192.
5. See also J. C. Ferreira de Almeida, "A Emigração Portuguesa para a França: Alguns Aspectos Quantitativos," Análise Social 2, nos. 7-8 (1964): 599-622;
6. and M. L. Marinho Antunes, "Migrações, Mobilidade Social e Identidade Cultural: Factos e Hipóteses Sobre o Caso Portugués," Análise Social 19, no. 65 (1981): 17-37.
7. António Costa Pinto and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, "From Africa to Europe: Portugal and European Integration," in Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union, ed. António Costa Pinto and Nuno Severiano Teixeira (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 10-1;
8. José da Silva Lopes, "Introduction," in Portugal and EC Membership Evaluated, ed. José da Silva Lopes (New York: St. Martin's, 1993), 1-4.
9. João Ferreira do Amaral, "Portugal and the Free Movement of Labour," in Portugal and EC Membership Evaluated, 240-1.
10. Baganha, "Portuguese Emigration after WWII," 190-1.
11. Ferreira do Amaral, 241.
12. Baganha, "Portuguese Emigration after WWII," 196-7.
13. Ibid., 201-3.
14. See M. Fonseca, M. J. Caldeira, and A. Esteves, "New Forms of Migration into the European South: Challenges for Citizenship and Governance - the Portuguese Case," International Journal of Population Geography 8, no. 2 (2002): 135-52;
15. Sedas A. Nunes, "Portugal: Sociedada Dualista em Evolução," Análise Social 2, nos. 7-8 (1964): 407-62;
16. Carlos Almeida and António Barreto, Capitalismo e Emigração em Portugal (Lisbon: Prelo, 1976);
17. Joel Serrão, A Emigração Portuguesa: Sondagem Histórica (Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1977);
18. Eduardo S. Ferreira, Origens e Formas do Emigracão (Lisbon: Iniciativas Editoriais, 1976);
19. Thomas Bruneau et al., Portugal in Development: Emigration, Industrialization, The European Community (Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press, 1984).
20. Pedro Lains, "The Portuguese Economy in the Twentieth Century," in Contemporary Portugal, ed. António Costa Pinto (New York: Social Science Monographs-CUP, 2003).
21. See "Portugal: Human Resources and Income Distribution," at www.country-studies.com/portugal/ human-resources-and-income-distribution.html.
22. See José P. Barosa and Pedro T. Pereira, "Economic Integration and Labour Flows: The European Single Act and its Consequences," FE-UNL working paper no. 123, 1988, 8.
23. See Maria Ioannis B. Baganha, "From Closed to Open Doors: Portuguese Emigration under the Corporatist Regime," e-JPH (Brown University) 1, no. 1 (2003).
24. Baganha, "Portuguese Emigration after WWII," 197-8;
25. Baganha, "From Closed to Open Doors," 6-7.
26. F. L. Machado, "Contornos e Especificidades da Immigração em Portugal," Sociologia: Problemas e Práticas, no. 16 (1994): 111-34.
27. António Rarreto, "Social Change in Portugal," in Contemporary Portugal, 160.
28. Remittances are the monies that migrants return to their country of origin. Since labor is considered an export, remittances are that part of the payment for exported labor services that returns to the country of origin.
29. Baganha, "From Closed to Open Doors," 6.
30. This analysis draws from ibid., 7-8.
31. According to ibid., with the economic structure of the 1960s and 1970s, the proportion of scientific and technical workers should have been roughly twice of that of Portugal.
32. These workers did not have incentives to leave the country because they had similar standards of living and wages as their European counterparts. See Xavier Pintado, "Nives e Estructuras de Salaries Comparados: Os Salarios Portugueses e os Europeos," Análise Social 5, no. 17 (1967): 57-89.
33. Eduardo S. Ferreira, Origens e Formas da Emigração (Lisbon: Iniciativas Editoriais, 1976);
34. Manuela Silva et al., Retorno, Emigração e Desenvolvimiento Regional em Portugal (Lisbon: Instituto de Estudos para o Desemvolvimento, 1982).
35. From Baganha, "From Closed to Open Doors," 7-8.
36. Lains, 131.
37. Barreto, "Social Change in Portugal," 164-5.
38. See also S. L. Engerman and J. C. das Neves, "The Bricks of an Empire 1415-1999: 585 Years of Portuguese Emigration," Journal of European Economic History 26, no. 3 (1997): 471-510;
39. M. do C. Esteves, Portugal: Pais de Imigração (Lisbon: IEDP, 1991);
40. R. King and K. Rybaczuk, eds., "Southern Europe and the International Division of Labour: From Emigration to Immigration," in The New Geography of European Migration, ed. R. King (Condón: Belhaven, 1993), 175-206.
41. Branco, 3.
42. J. A. L. Filo, "Inmigrantes Caboverdianos en Portugal," Albor 154, no. 607 (1996): 151-70;
43. L. Franca et al., A Comunidades Cabo Verdina em Portugal (Lisbon: IED, 1992).
44. Martin Eaton, "International Population Mobility, Immigration, and Labour Market Change in Portugal," in Contemporary Portugal, ed. Stephen Syrett (Burlington: Ashgate, 2002). He includes an extensive bibliography of this subject from which this article draws.
45. See also R. King, "Post-Oil Crisis, Post Communism: New Geographies of International Migration," in The New Europe: Economy, Society and Environment, ed. D. Pinder (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1998), 281-304;
46. and R. King and R. Black, Southern Europe and the New Immigrations (Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 1997).
47. David Corkill and Martin Eaton, "Multicultural Insertion in a Small Economy: Portugal's Immigration Communities," South European Society and Politics 3, no. 3 (1998): 149-68.
48. F. Miguelez-Lobo, "Irregular Work in Portugal," in Commission of the European Communities, Underground Economy and Irregular Forms of Employment (Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1990);
49. Maria Ioannis B. Baganha, "Immigrant Involvement in the Informal Economy: The Portuguese Case," Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 24, no. 2 (1998): 367-85;
50. Martin Eaton, "Foreign Residents and Illegal Immigrants: Os Negros em Portugal," Ethnic and Racial Studies 16, no. 3 (1998): 284-90;
51. Martin Eaton, "Foreign Residents and Illegal Immigrants in Portugal," International Journal of Intercultural Relations 22, no. 1 (1998): 49-66.
52. See Valentim Alexandre, "The Colonial Empire," in Contemporary Portugal, 41-59.
53. Barreto, "Social Change in Portugal," 170.
54. See Ana Guillén et al., "Redesigning the Spanish and Portuguese Welfare States: The Impact of Accession into the European Union," in Spain and Portugal in the European Union: The First Fifteen Years, ed. Sebastián Royo and Paul Manuel (London: Frank Cass, 2003), 231-68.
55. Branco, 4.
56. This section draws from Sebastián Royo, "From Authoritarianism to the European Union: The Europeanization of Portugal," Mediterranean Quarterly 15, no. 3 (2004).
57. See also David Corkill, The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Europeanization (London: Routledge, 1999).
58. Silva Lopes, 2-3.
59. José Maria Brandão de Brito, "The Portuguese Economy: From Salazarism to the European Community," in Contemporary Portugal, 109-11.
60. Sebastián Royo, "The 2004 Enlargement: Iberian Lessons for Post-Communist Europe," in Spain and Portugal in the European Union: The First Fifteen Years, 291-2.
61. Barreto, "Social Change in Portugal," 173-7.
62. See also António Barreto, ed., A Situação Social em Portugal, 1990-1995 (Lisbon: ICS, 1996).
63. Eaton, "International Population Mobility," 122-5.
64. See also R. Rowland, "La Migración a Grandes Distancias y sus Contextos: Portugal y Brasil," in Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos 7, no. 21 (1998): 225-74.
65. J. M. Malheiros, Imigrantes no Região de Lisboa: Os Anos da Mudança (Lisbon: Ed. Colobri, 1996);
66. and J. M. Malheiros "Immigration, Clandestine Work, and Labour Market Strategies: The Construction Sector in the Metropolitan Region of Lisbon," South European Society and Politics 3, no. 3 (1999): 169-85.
67. A. M. Williams, R. King, and T. Warnes, "A Place in the Sun: International Retirement Migration from Northern to Southern Europe," European Urban and Regional Studies 4, no. 2 (1997): 115-34;
68. A. M. Williams and G. Patterson, "An Empire Lost but a Province Gained: A Cohort Analysis of British International Retirement in the Algarve," International Journal of Population Geography 4, no. 2 (1998): 135-55.
69. Eaton, "International Population Mobility," 118-20.
70. See also, M. L. Fonseca and C. Cavaco, "Portugal in the 1980s and 1990s: Economic Restructuring and Population Mobility," in People, Jobs and Mobility in the New Europe, ed. H. H. Blotevogel and A. J. Fielding (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1997);
71. J. Peixoto, "Recent Trends in Regional Migration and Urban Dynamics in Portugal," in Population Migration in the European Union, ed. P. Rees et al. (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1996), 261-74.
72. David Corkill, "Multiple National Identities, Immigration, and Racism in Spain and Portugal," in Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe, ed. B. Jenkins and S. A. Sofos (London: Routledge, 1996), 155-71.
73. Barreto, "Social Change in Portugal," 177-82.
74. Ioannis B. Baganha and João Peixoto, "Trends in the '90s: The Portuguese Migratory Experience," paper presented at the Cost A2 workshop "Immigration in Southern Europe," Coimbra, 1994.
75. Fears of uncontrolled migration were not substantiated after 1986 (or even after the seven-year transition period). On the contrary, as a consequence of improved economic conditions in Iberia, one of the key results of EU access was that by 1995 there were 100,000 fewer Spaniards and 110,000 Portuguese living in other EU member states than before enlargement. Furthermore, the reverse process took place when thousands of Europeans (particularly from Germany and Britain) migrated to Portugal and Spain. Such concerns are likely to be unfounded again with the new member states. The European Commission estimates that 70,000 to 150,000 workers (out of a population of 350 million people) could migrate from Eastern Europe to the current EU states per year. This is hardly a large number. The continuing existence of language, cultural, and structural barriers will most likely continue hindering labor mobility in an enlarged Europe. In addition, the rapid economic growth of Eastern European countries (particularly compared to some of the sclerotic EU members, like Germany) is likely to have the same effect than it had on migration patterns in Spain and Portugal after 1986. See Royo, "The 2004 Enlargement," 306.