Rape as genocide: Bangladesh, the former yugoslavia, and Rwanda

New Political Science

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 89-102

  Sharlach, Lisa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 30544434715     PISSN: 07393148     EISSN: 14699931     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713687893     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Portions of this article appear in modified form in a paper presented at the 1999 meeting of the Association of Genocide Scholars and in Sexual Violence as a Political Weapon: The State and Rape (Lynne Rienner, forthcoming). The Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and the University of California, Davis Pro Femina Research Consortium funded this research, and Drs. Donald Rothchild, Miroslav Nincic, Nayda Terkildsen, Jeannette Money, and Scott Gartner directed it. I am grateful to Lesley Mandros Bell, Matthew Hoddie, and Howard Sharlach for their feedback.
2. Article II, sections b and c, of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, December 9, 1948.
3. Card, Claudia. 1991. "Rape as a Terrorist Institution," ”. In Violence, Terrorism, and Justice, Edited by: Frey, R. G., and Morris, Christopher W., 303Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Nowrojee. “ Shattered Lives ”. 49–59.
5. Staub, Ervin. 1989. The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence, 7–8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Chalk, Frank. 1994. "Redefining Genocide," ”. In Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions, Edited by: Andreopoulos, George. 48–53. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
7. Fein, Helen. 1994. "Genocide, Terror, Life Integrity, and War Crimes: The Case for Discrimination," ”. In Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions, Edited by: Andreopoulos, George. 96–98. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
8. 1999. "Genocide and Gender The Uses of Women and Group Destiny,". Journal of Genocide Research, 1 (1): 43–63. Fein explores the use of rape as genocide in
9. Fein. "Genocide, Terror, Life Integrity, and War Crimes,". 97
10. MacKinnon, Katherine A., 1994. "Rape, Genocide, and Women's Human Rights,". Harvard Women's Law Journal, 17: 8–9.
11. Fisher, Siobhan K., 1996. "Occupation of the Womb: Forced Impregnation as Genocide,". Duke Law Journal, 46: 125
12. Carpenter, Robyn. 1999. "Surfacing Children: Limitations of Genocidal Rape Discourse,". paper presented to the Association of Genocide Scholars Conference. June13-151999. For an examination of whether rape constitutes genocide against the children conceived by such rape, see
13. Copelon, Rhonda. 1994. "Women and War Crimes,". Sf. John's Law Review, 69 (1-2): 67–68.
14. Rummel, R. J., 1994. Death by Government, 316New Brunswick, NJ and London: Transaction.
15. Jahan, Rounaq. 1997. "Genocide in Bangladesh," ”. In Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views, Edited by: Totten, Samuel, Parsons, William S., and Charny, Israel W., 291New York and London: Garland.
16. Jahan. "Genocide in Bangladesh,". 299
17. Rummel. Death by Government 331–335.
18. Observer, The. 1972. April 18, 1971, in Fazlul Quader Quaderi, Bangladesh Genocide and the World Press, 61Dacca, Bangladesh: Begum Dilafroz Quaderi.
19. Butalia, Urvashi. 1997. "A Question of Silence: Partition, Women, and the State," ”. In Gender and Catastrophe, Edited by: Lentin, Ronit. 264London and New York: Zed Books.
20. Malik, Amita. 1972. The Year of the Vulture, 152New Delhi: Orient Longman.
21. 1971. Newsweek, June 28 reprinted in Quaderi, Bangladesh Genocide and the World Press, p. 158.
22. Malik. The Year of the Vulture 140–154.
23. 1971. Newsweek, June 28, in Quaderi, Bangladesh Genocide and the World Press, p. 158.
24. Malik. The Year of the Vulture 154
25. Rozario, Santi. 1997. "Disasters and Bangladeshi Women," ”. In Gender and Catastrophe, Edited by: Lentin, Ronit. 264London and New York: Zed Books.
26. MacKinnon. "Rape, Genocide, and Women's Human Rights,". 10
27. Burg, Steven L., 1997. "Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina?" ”. In Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views, Edited by: Totten, Samuel, Parsons, William S., and Charny, Israel W., 428–430. New York and London: Garland.
28. Bunch, Charlotte, and Reilly, Niamh. 1994. Demanding Accountability: The Global Campaign and Vienna Tribunal for Women's Human Rights, 36New York: Center for Women's Global Leadership and the United Nations Development Fund for Women.
29. 1993. Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Rape and Sexual Abuse by Armed Forces, 5New York: Amnesty International. Serb captors also inflicted sexual torture upon Croatian or Muslim males (JLM Commission 1994, pp. 5, 8).
30. Stiglmayer, Alexandra. 1993. "The Rapes in Bosnia-Herzegovina," ”. In Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Edited by: Stiglmayer, Alexandra. 118Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
31. Drakulic, Slavenka. 1994. "The Rape of Women in Bosnia," ”. In Women and Violence: Realities and Responses Worldwide, Edited by: Davies, Miranda. 181London: Zed Books.
32. Stiglmayer. "The Rapes in Bosnia-Herzegovina,". 134–135. JLM Commission of Experts' Final Report (S/1994/674), Parts I and U United Nations Security Council, May 27, 1994, at:. Also
33. Stiglmayer. "The Rapes in Bosnia-Herzegovina,". 148154
34. 1995. Human Rights Watch Women's Rights Project, Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women's Human Rights, 11New York: Human Rights Watch.
35. Amnesty International. Bosnia-Herzegovina 4; JLM Commission of Experts' Final Report, I.G.1.
36. Pelka, Fred. 1995. "Voices from the War Zone,". reprinted from The Humanist, March/April
37. CNN, The Balkan Tragedy. 1995. "Serbs Deny Committing Atrocities,". July 18, at http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/Bosnia/updates/july95/7-18/index2.html;
38. Bumiller, Elizabeth. 1999. "Deny Rape or Be Hated: Kosovo Victims' Choice,". New York Times, June 22: A1
39. Stiglmayer, In. "The Rapes in Bosnia-Herzegovina,". 163
40. AFP, Paris. 1997. "Bosnia-Herzegovina: UN Demands Airtime on Bosnian-Serb TV to Refute 'Lies',". August 13 1997, FBIS Transcribed Text Document Number FBIS-EEU-97-225.
41. Eileen O'Connor, CNN Interactive. 1999. "Mental Trauma of Kosovo Rape Victims Difficult to Treat,". April 17
42. Bumiller. "Deny Rape or Be Hated,". A1
43. Williams, Carol J., 1999. "Kosovo Rape Victims Face Society's Harsh Judgment,". The Sacramento Bee, May 30: A18
44. Bickers, Amy. 1999. "Kosovo/Sex Crimes,". Transcript of Voice of America Broadcast No. 2-250174, June 3
45. Bumiller. "Deny Rape or Be Hated,". A13
46. Layika, Felicite Umutanguha. 1995. "War Crimes Against Women in Rwanda," ”. In Without Reservation: The Beijing Tribunal on Accountability for Women's Human Rights, Edited by: Reilly, Niamh. 38New Brunswick The Center for Women's Global Leadership.
47. Royte, Elizabeth. 1997. "The Outcasts,". The New York Times Magazine, January 19: 38
48. Bonnet, Catherine. 1995. "Le viol des femmes survivantes du génocide au Rwanda," ”. In Rwanda, un génocide du XXe siècle, Edited by: Verdier, R., Decaux, E., and Chrétien, J.-P., 19Paris: Editions L'Harmattan.
49. Nowrojee. Shattered Lives 41
50. Layika. "War Crimes Against Women in Rwanda,". 39
51. Layika. "War Crimes Against Women in Rwanda,". 40
52. Nowrojee. Shattered Lives 35
53. Rights, African. 1998. "Resisting Genocide: Bisesero, April-June 1994,". Online summary at:.
54. Nowrojee. Shattered Lives 35
55. UNHCHR. "Fundamental Freedoms,". 18 Interview of Chantai Kayitesi, AVEGA, Kigali, Rwanda, November 10, 1998;
56. Stearns, Scott. 1998. "Rwanda/AIDS,". May 11 At least 20% of Rwandan women between 25 and 29 carry the HIV virus., Transcript of Voice of America Broadcast 2-232008
57. Layika. "War Crimes Against Women in Rwanda,". 40; interview of staff member, Rwandan Women's Net, Kigali, Rwanda, November 11, 1998.
58. Bonnet. "Le viol des femmes survivantes du génocide au Rwanda,". 2
59. Berkeley, Bill. 1998. "Judgment Day,". Washington Post Magazine, October 11: 10–15.
60. UNHCHR. Fundamental Freedoms 33 This law includes a mandatory death penalty, limited rights of appeal, and retroactive provisions. See
61. Nowrojee. Shattered Lives 35–37.
62. UNHCHR. Fundamental Freedoms 32–33.
63. Royte. "The Outcasts,". 37–39.; State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
64. 1993. "War Crimes Agains Women,". March
65. 1993. "Rape as War Crime,". April