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Volumn 603, Issue , 2006, Pages 217-225

Divided nations: The paradox of national protection

Author keywords

Displaced people; Humanitarian crises; State responsibility; United Nations

Indexed keywords


EID: 30444453651     PISSN: 00027162     EISSN: 15523349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002716205283019     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (17)

References (33)
  • 1
    • 0006041583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: United Nations Secretariat
    • United Nations, The Millennium Declaration (New York: United Nations Secretariat, 2000).
    • (2000) The Millennium Declaration
  • 2
    • 30444458962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In 1994, Roberta Cohen and I cofounded and codirected The Brookings Project on Internal Displacement to assist my mandate with research and outreach activities, including collaboration with regional organizations and nongovernmental organizations. When I left Brookings in 2002 to join the City University of New York Graduate Center and then to the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) the Project changed names to reflect the Brookings collaboration with these institutions. In 2004, when Professor Walter Kalin of Bern University in Switzerland, the Project became Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement.
  • 3
    • 0008849482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting internally displaced women and children
    • Norwegian Refugee Council, Worldwide Internal Displacement
    • See Roberta Cohen, "Protecting Internally Displaced Women and Children," in Norwegian Refugee Council, Rights Have No Borders, Worldwide Internal Displacement, 63-74 (1998).
    • (1998) Rights Have No Borders , pp. 63-74
    • Cohen, R.1
  • 4
    • 0003505076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement, (Washington DC: Brookings Institution)
    • For a detailed overview of the crisis of internal displacement, see Roberta Cohen and Francis M. Deng, Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement, and The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1998).
    • (1998) The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced
    • Cohen, R.1    Deng, F.M.2
  • 9
    • 0004192725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initially, the working definition of the United Nations described internally displaced persons as "persons who have been forced to flee their homes suddenly or unexpectedly in large numbers, as a result of armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights or natural or manmade disasters, and who are within the territory of their country." Analytical Report of the Secretary General on Internally Displaced Persons, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1992.23 (1992). For a preliminary discussion of definitional issues on the basis of this definition see Report of the Representative of the Secretary General on Internally Displaced Persons, U.N. ESCOR, 51 Sess., Agenda item 11(d) 116-27, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1995/50 (1995). Further points for consideration and the rational for refining the definition appear in Cohen and Deng, Masses in Flight, p. 10. The present definition in The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, Principle 2, is: a persons or group of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence in particular as a result of, or to avoid the effects of, armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who have not crossed internationally-recognized State border."
    • Masses in Flight , pp. 10
    • Cohen1    Deng2
  • 12
    • 0004091012 scopus 로고
    • Washington DC: Brookings Institution, See, in particular, the chapters by Ted Gurr, Donald Rothchild, Otieno Odhiambo, I. William Zartman, Crawford Young, and Stephen John Stedman
    • and Francis M. Deng and I. William Zartman, eds., Conflict Resolution in Africa (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1991). See, in particular, the chapters by Ted Gurr, Donald Rothchild, Otieno Odhiambo, I. William Zartman, Crawford Young, and Stephen John Stedman.
    • (1991) Conflict Resolution in Africa
    • Deng, F.M.1    Zartman, I.W.2
  • 14
    • 0004055941 scopus 로고
    • Washington DC: The Brookings Institution
    • For the initial development of the concept in the Brookings Africa Program which I founded and directed from 1998 until 2001, see Francis M. Deng et al., Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 1991)
    • (1991) Sovereignty As Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa
    • Deng, F.M.1
  • 19
    • 30444444639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • When internally displaced persons were first counted in 1982, it was estimated that there were 1.2 million IDPs. By 1992, when the issue was considered by the Commission on Human Rights, the numbers had increased to between 20 and 24 million. With the end of the Cold War, super power rivalry ended and Western governments geopolitical advantage in accepting refugees began to wane, which led to the desire to find solutions that would keep potential refugees within their own borders. Today, the number of IDPs in estimated at 24 million in about 50 countries. Norwegian Refugee Council, Global IDP Project, 2004.
  • 21
    • 30444438848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • were finalized in January, For a comprehensive review of how the Guiding Principles were developed
    • The Guiding Principles were finalized in January, 1998. For a comprehensive review of how the Guiding Principles were developed
    • (1998) The Guiding Principles
  • 25
    • 0005432654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington DC: American Society of International Law and the Brookings Project on Internal Displacement
    • For a study of the sources of the law that guided the development of The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Annotations (Washington DC: American Society of International Law and the Brookings Project on Internal Displacement, 2000).
    • (2000) The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Annotations
  • 27
    • 0004305227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brookings Project on Internal Displacement and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
    • see Susan Forbes Martin, The Handbook for Applying the Guiding Principles, Brookings Project on Internal Displacement and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 2000, available at http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900SID/LGEL5CTJBU?
    • (2000) The Handbook for Applying the Guiding Principles
    • Martin, S.F.1
  • 28
    • 30444440844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-Agency Standing Committee Policy Paper Series No.1, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA. For reports on how NGOs around the world have made use of the
    • OpenDocument, and Manual on Field Practice in Internal Displacement, Inter-Agency Standing Committee Policy Paper Series No.1, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA. For reports on how NGOs around the world have made use of the
    • Manual on Field Practice in Internal Displacement
  • 32
    • 0008838502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Inter-Agency Standing Committee policy paper, Protection of Internally Displaced Persons, 1999, at http:/vww.idpproject.org; and at the same website, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee
    • (1999) Protection of Internally Displaced Persons


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