Freedom on the March in the Middle East - And transatlantic relations on a new course?

Mediterranean Quarterly

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 42-64

  Calabrese, John ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; POLITICAL REFORM;

ASIA; EURASIA; MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 30444452059     PISSN: 10474552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10474552-16-4-42     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. For purposes of this essay, the terms Middle East, wider Middle East, and broader Middle East are used interchangeably and, unless indicated otherwise, refer to the countries making up the Maghreb, Mashrek, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Peninsula.
2. William Clinton, "Confronting the Challenges of a Broader World," address to the UN General Assembly, 27 September 1993.
3. See remarks by Ambassador Robert H. Pelletreau, assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs, before the Foundation for Democratization and Political Liberalization in the Middle East, 20 October 1995, at dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bureaus/nea/ 951020PelletreauReform.html.
4. Amy Hawthorne, "Do We Want Democracy in the Middle East?" at www.afsa.org/fsj/feb01/hawthorne01.cfm.
5. See Ian Manners, "Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms," Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no. 2 (2002): 235-58.
6. Available online at europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/humang_rights/ doc/hr_dec1_91.htm.
7. European Commission, "The Inclusion of Respect for Democratic Principles and Human Rights in Agreements between the Community and Third Countries," Brussels, 23 May 1995, 216.
8. The ten non-EU partners in the EMP are Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey. Cyprus and Malta were among the non-EU partners but are now EU member-states.
9. See Mona Yacoubian, Promoting Middle East Democracy: European Initiatives (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2004), at usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr127.pdf.
10. Available online at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/print/ 20020601_3.html.
11. Available online at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/print/ 20020624_3.html.
12. Available online at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/print/ 20020912_1.html.
13. Available online at europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf.
14. Available online at ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf
15. Available online at www.securityconference.de/konferenzen/ rede.php?menu_2004=&menu_konferenzen=&sprache=en&id=123&.
16. The London-based Arabic daily Al-Hayat obtained a copy of the proposal and published the document in its entirety on 13 February 2005. The English translation was later published by Al-Hayat on its website, http://english.daralhayat.com.
17. Ibid.
18. Marina Ottaway and Thomas Carothers, "The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start," Carnegie Policy Brief no. 29 (March 2004), at www.ceip.org/files/pdf/Policybrief29.pdf The authors argue that the GMEI is "hollow at the core," deficient in that it serves up standard fare of democracy promotion programs that the United States and European countries have been administering for over a decade.
19. Quoted in the Guardian, 10 June 2004.
20. See the text of the US-EU Declaration Supporting Peace, Progress, and Reform in the Broader Middle East and the Mediterranean, Dromoland Castle, Shannon, Ireland, 26 June 2004, at dublin.usembassy.gov/ireland/ stability_mast.html.
21. Available at www.eurunion.org/partner/summit/Summit0406/ 2004SumMideast.pdf
22. Quoted in Ahto Lobjakas, "Middle East: EU Modifies US Plan on Promoting Regional Democracy," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 7 June 2004, at www.rferl.org..
23. See www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/01/20050120-1.html.
24. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, remarks at the Institut des Etudes Politiques de Paris, 8 February 2005. Available at state.gove/ secretary/rm/2005/41973.htm.
25. Speech in Brussels, quoted in European Report, no. 2939 (23 February 2005).
26. US Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs R. Nicholas Burns, "A Transatlantic Agenda for the Year Ahead," speech delivered at the Royal Institute for International Affairs, London, 6 April 2005.
27. "EU Vows to Focus on Human Rights, Trade, and Education in the Middle East," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 12 April 2005.
28. See the European Commission communication at europe.eu.int/comm/ external_relations/euromed/barcelon_10/docs/10th_com_en.pdf
29. Remarks at the EP plenary session in Strasbourg, 31 March 2004.
30. Quoted in European Report, 7 April 2004.
31. See remarks at the National Press Club, quoted in Washington Post, 14 June 2005.
32. Al-Hayat, 23 February 2004.
33. Available at www.freep.com/voices/columnists/ezak8_20040908.htm.
34. Separate frameworks for dealing with the non-Mediterranean countries were put in place in the form of the EU-GCC Dialogue, the Comprehensive Dialogue with Iran, and the Cooperation Agreement with Yemen.
35. Richard Youngs, "Transatlantic Cooperation on Middle East Reform: A European Misjudgement?" London, Foreign Policy Center, November 2004, 115, at fpc.org.uk/fsblob/352.pdf.
36. UN Development Programme Regional Bureau for Arab States, Arab Human Development Report 2004: Towards Freedom in the Arab World (New York: UN, 2004).
37. See Volker Perthes, "Arab Reforms in Context of Wider EU External Relations to Middle East: Past and Future Strategies," presentation at the "Conference on Arab Reforms and the Challenges for EU Policies," Helsinki, 16 September 2004, at www.upi-fiia.fi/ tilaisuudet/arab09_2004perthes.htm.