(2) The corporate manslaughter proposals: Pragmatism, paradox and peninsularity

Criminal Law Review

Volumn 1996, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 545-553

  Wells, Celia ^a  

^a BOND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 3042993163     PISSN: 0011135X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. L.C. Report 218, Cm. 2370 (1993); L.C. Report 229 (1995); L.C. Consultation Paper 139 (1995).
2. Report, para. 1.28.
3. Law Commission W.P. 44 (1972).
4. L.C. Report 177, A Criminal Code for England and Wales (1989), Draft Criminal Case, clauses 29-30.
5. Report, Pt. IV.
6. Kite and OLL Ltd, Winchester Crown Court, December 8, 1994, unreported.
7. P&O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1991) 93 Cr.App.R. 72 at 83.
8. Acknowledged in the Australian High Court's decision to disapply the privilege against self-incrimination to corporations in Environmental protection Authority v. Caltex refining C. Pty Ltd [1994] A.C.L. Rep. 120, H.C. 1.
9. It has been retained for all federal offences in the United States.
10. Tesco v. Nattrass [1972] A.C. 153.
11. See Colvin, "Corporate Personality and Criminal Liability" (1995) 6 Criminal Law Forum 1 at 8.
12. See Wells, "A Quiet Revolution in Corporate Liability for Crime" (1995) 145 New Law Journal 1326.
13. E.g. British Steel [1995] I.C.R. 586; Tesco Stores Ltd v. Brent LBC [1993] 2 All E.R. 718, Q.B.D., D.C.
14. Above n. 10.
15. [1995] 3 W.L.R. 413.
16. [1982] A.C. 341.
17. A process begun in Seymour [1983] 2 A.C. 493.
18. Adomako [1995] A.C. 171.
19. Discussed by Keating, p.535.
20. Report, Pt. VIII.
21. Clause 4(1) of the Draft Involuntary Homicide Bill.
22. Clause 4(2)(a).
23. Clause 4(2)(b).
24. Clause 5.
25. See test accompanying n. 15 above.
26. See, for example, the corporate culture test in the Australian Criminal Code Act 1995, Pt. 2.5, discussed below.
27. Clause 4(4).
28. Report, para. 8.58.
29. See the section "Definition of the Offence".
30. MV Herald of Free Enterprise: Report of the Court (No. 8074), Department of Transport (1987), para. 10.9, see L.C. Report, paras. 8.45-8.48.
31. P&O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1991) 93 Cr.App.R. 72.
32. [1995] 1 A.C. 171 at 187, per Lord Mackay of Clashfern, L.C.
33. Report, para. 6.52.
34. Stanley and Others, October 10, 1990 (C.C.C.), transcript, p. 17 D-F, quoted in the Report, para. 6.54, emphasis added.
35. Report, para. 6.55 which incidentally paraphrases the Sheen Report's indictment of the company's sloppy management systems.
36. Report, para. 8.50.
37. Hitherto, the individual state or territory's criminal responsibility principles have applied even to federal offences.
38. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth.), s.12.3. Note that the provision for negligence offences is even less corporation friendly.
39. Rose, "1995 Australian Criminal Code Act: Corporate Criminal Provisions" (1995) 6 Criminal Law Forum 129.
40. Report, paras. 8.9-8.34.
41. See, for example, Smith, "An iron fist in the velvet glove: redefining the role of criminal prosecution in creating an effective environmental enforcement system" (1995) 19 Crim.L.J. 12, 14.