Recognising elephants: The problem of the custody threshold

Criminal Law Review

Volumn 1997, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 187-199

  Ashworth, Andrew ^a   Von Hirsch, Andrew ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 3042943062     PISSN: 0011135X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Home Office, Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public (Cm. 965 of 1990); the substance of para. 2.19 is set out below, p. 197 See also paras. 3.7 and 3.9.
2. (1993) 14 Cr.APP.R.(S.) 479.
3. (1985) 7 Cr.App.R.(S.) 181 at 183.
4. (1994) 15 Cr.App.R.(S.) 279; in this case the offender was already subject to a suspended sentence, but in theory this should not have influenced the decision whether the new offence was "so serious" that only custody could be justified.
5. (1993) 14 Cr.App.R.(S.) 444.
6. Thynne, Wilson and Gunnell v. United Kingdom (1991) 13 E.H.R.R. 666.
7. Hussain v. United Kingdom, February 23, 1996.
8. e.g. the Nathan Report, House of Lords Select Committee on Murder and Life Imprisonment (H.L. Paper 78, 1989); the Lane Report, Committee on the Penalty for Homicide (Prison Reform Trust, 1993); Lord Windlesham, Responses to Crime (Vol. 3, 1996), Chap. 9.
9. See n.4 above
10. See n.1 above; the White Paper is not referred to in any of the appellate judgments on s.1(2)(a).
11. (1994) 15 Cr.App.R.(S.) 240; cf. Decino, The Times, May 10, 1993, and Arslan (1994) 15 Cr.App.R.(S.) 40.
12. (1994) 15 Cr.App.R.(S.) 240; cf. Decino, The Times, May 10, 1993, and Arslan (1994) 15 Cr.App.R.(S.) 40.
13. (1994) 15 Cr.App.R.(S.) 682.
14. For elaboration, see A. von Hirsch, "Extending the Harm Principle: 'Remote' Harms and Fair Imputation" in A. P. Simester and A. T. H. Smith, Harm and Culpability (1996).
15. (1993) 14 Cr.App.R.(S.) 444.
16. Compare M. Maxfield, Fear of Crime in England and Wales, Home Office Research Study No. 78 (1984), with M. Hough, Anxiety about Crime: Findings from the 1994 British Crime Survey, Home Office Research Study No. 147 (1995).
17. Compare M. Maxfield, Fear of Crime in England and Wales, Home Office Research Study No. 78 (1984), with M. Hough, Anxiety about Crime: Findings from the 1994 British Crime Survey, Home Office Research Study No. 147 (1995).
18. per Lloyd L.J., in Masagh (1990) 12 Cr.App.R.(S.) 568.
19. See, e.g. Lord Lane C.J. in Mussell (1990) 12 Cr.App.R.(S.) 607 at 612, suggesting that the trial judge's view, on the particular facts, will usually be accepted.
20. e.g. Aramah (1982) 4 Cr.App.R.(S.) 407, Aroyewumi (1995) 16 Cr.App.R.(S-) 211.
21. e.g. Aramah (1982) 4 Cr.App.R.(S.) 407, Aroyewumi (1995) 16 Cr.App.R.(S-) 211.
22. e.g. Billam (1986) 8 Cr.App.R:(S.) 48.
23. e.g. Barrick (1985) 7 Cr.App.R.(S-) 142.
24. s.3(3)(a) of the Criminal Justice Act 1991.
25. s.28(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1991.
26. (1993) 14 Cr.App.R.(S.) 479, above, n.2.
27. See Keogh (above) and McCormick (1995) 16 Cr.App.R.(S.) 134 for possible examples of such reasoning.
28. A. von Hirsch and N. Jareborg, "Gauging Criminal Harm: a Living Standard Analysis" (1991) 11 O.J.L.S. 1; see also Ashworth, Sentencing and Criminal Justice (2nd ed., 1995), pp.93-100.
29. A. von Hirsch and N. Jareborg, "Gauging Criminal Harm: a Living Standard Analysis" (1991) 11 O.J.L.S. 1; see also Ashworth, Sentencing and Criminal Justice (2nd ed., 1995), pp.93-100.
30. See n.4 above.
31. See n.11 above.
32. cf. however the decisions in Hind (1994) 15 Cr.App.R.(S.) 114 and Hutchinson, ibid., 134, discussed by Ashworth, Sentencing and Criminal Justice (2nd ed., 1995), p.311.
33. cf. however the decisions in Hind (1994) 15 Cr.App.R.(S.) 114 and Hutchinson, ibid., 134, discussed by Ashworth, Sentencing and Criminal Justice (2nd ed., 1995), p.311.
34. cf. however the decisions in Hind (1994) 15 Cr.App.R.(S.) 114 and Hutchinson, ibid., 134, discussed by Ashworth, Sentencing and Criminal Justice (2nd ed., 1995), p.311.
35. See n.1 above, and accompanying text.
36. D. A. Thomas, "Sentencing Reform: England and Wales" in C. Clarkson and R. Morgan (eds), The Politics of Sentencing Reform (1995), pp.146-147.
37. See the observations of M. Wasik and R. Taylor, Blackstone's Guide to the Criminal Justice Acts 1991-93, pp.14-24.
38. [1969] 2 Q.B. 29.
39. See the diagram and discussion at [1992] Crim.L.R. 242.
40. Home Office, Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public, para. 2.19.
41. Stewart (1987) 9 Cr.App.R.(S.) 135.
42. (1990) 12 Cr.App.R.(S.) 607.
43. Home Office, Protecting the Public (1996), discussed critically at [1996] Crim.L.R. 365.
44. This sentence refers to "offences charged as common assault", since the Charging Standards for Offences against the Person (2nd ed., 1996) now give guidance on this to police and crown prosecutors.
45. See n.11 above and accompanying text.
46. (1995) 16 Cr.App.R.(S.) 15, following Neem (1992) 14 Cr.App.R.(S.) 18.
47. (1995) 16 Cr.App.R.(S.) 553.
48. See M. Wasik and A. von Hirsch, "Section 29 Revisited: Previous Convictions in Sentencing" [1994] Crim.L.R. 409.