The formation of tropical cyclones

Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics

Volumn 67, Issue 1-4, 1998, Pages 37-69

  Gray, W M ^a  

^a Engineering Research Center and Hydraulics Laboratory   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3042877595     PISSN: 01777971     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF01277501     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Bartles, D. L., Maddox, R. A., 1991: Mid-level cyclonic vortices generated by mesoscale convective systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 104-118.
2. Bosart, L., Bartlo, J. A., 1991: Tropical storm formation in a baroclinic environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1979-2013.
3. Challa, M., Pfeffer, R. L., 1980: Effects of eddy fluxes of angular momentum and model hurricane development. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1603-1618.
4. Charney, J. G., Eliassen, A., 1964: On the growth of the hurricane depression. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 68-75.
5. Chen, S. S., Frank, W. M., 1993: A numerical study of the genesis of extratropical convective meso-vortices. Part I: Evolution and dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2401-2426.
6. Dvorak, V., 1975: Tropical cyclone intensity analysis and forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 420-430.
7. Emanual, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585-604
8. Erickson, S. L., Gray, W. M., 1977: Comparison of developing vs. non-developing tropical disturbances. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 274, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 80523, 81 pp.
9. Frank, W. M., 1987: Tropical cyclone formation (Chapter 3), A global view of tropical cyclones, WMO Bangkok, Thailand textbook, Printed by Dept. of Chicago, 53-90.
10. Fritsch, J. M., Maddox, R. A., 1981a: Convectively driven mesoscale weather systems aloft. Part I: Observation. J. Appl. Meteror., 20, 9-19.
11. Fritsch, J. M., Maddox, R. A., 1981b: Convectively driven mesoscale weather systems aloft. Part II: Numerical simulations. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 20-26.
12. Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669-700.
13. Gray, W. M., 1975: Tropical cyclone genesis. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 234, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 121 pp.
14. Gray, W. M., 1979: Hurricanes: their formation, structure and likely role in the tropical circulation. Supplement of Meteorology Over the Tropical Oceans. Published by RMS, James Glaisher House, Grenville Place, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG 12 1BX, D. B. Shaw, (ed)., 155-218.
15. Gray, W. M., 1988: Environmental influences on tropical cyclones. Aust. Met. Mag., 36(3), 127-139.
16. Gray, M. W., 1990: Tropical cyclone formation. Proceedings of the Second WMO International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-II), Manila, Philippeans, 27 November to 8 December, 1989.
17. Gray, W. M., Landsea, C. W., Mielkle, P. W., Jr., Berry, K. J., 1944: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 June. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 103-115.
18. Gray, W. M., Jacobson, R., Jr., 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105(9), 1171-1188.
19. Grube, P. G., Gray, W. M., 1979: Convection induced temperature temperature change in GATE. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 305, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 128 pp.
20. Hack, J. J., Schubert, W. H., 1986: On the nonlinear response of atmospheric vortices to heating by organized cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1559-1573.
21. Holland, G., 1987: Chapter 3 of A Global View of Tropical Cyclones. WMO Bangkok TC Workshop Textbook (Printer, Dept. of U. of Chicago), pp. 13-52.
22. Holland, G. J., Merrill, R. T., 1984: On the dynamics of tropical cyclone structure changes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 723-745.
23. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1989: Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 425-461.
24. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. New York, NY: Academic Press.
25. Houze, R. A., Jr., Cheng, C. P., 1977: Radar characteristics of tropical convection observed during GATE: Mean properties and trends over the summer season. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 964-980.
26. Jordan, C. L., 1958: Mean soundings of the West Indies area. J. Meteor., 15, 91-92.
27. Lee, C.-S., 1986: An observational study of tropical cloud cluster evolution and cyclogenesis in the western north Pacific. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 403, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 250 pp.
28. Lee, C.-S., 1989a: Observational analysis of tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific: I: Structural evolution of cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 46(16), 2580-2598.
29. Lee, C.-S., 1989b: Observational analysis of tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific: II: Budget analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 46(16), 2599-2616.
30. Love, G., 1985: Cross-equatorial interactions during tropical cyclone genesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1499-1509.
31. Lunney, R., Gray, W. M., 1988: Environmental and convective influences on tropical cyclone development versus non-development. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 436, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 105 pp.
32. Maddox, R. A., 1980: Mesoscale convective complexes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 16, 1374-1387.
33. Mapes, B. E., Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud clusters and superclusters over the ocean warm pool. Mon Wea. Rev., 121, 1398-1415.
34. Mapes, B. E., Houze, R. A., 1995: Diabatic divergence profiles in western Pacific mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, (July issue).
35. McBride, J. L., 1981a: Observational analysis of tropical cyclone formation, Part I: Basic description of data sets. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1117-1131.
36. McBride, J. L., 1981b: Observational analysis of tropical cyclone formation, Part III: Budget analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1152-1166.
37. McBride, J. L., 1995: Tropical cyclone formations. Chapter 3 of Global Perspectives on Tropical Cyclones. Being published by the WMO, 57 pp.
38. McBride, J. L., Zehr, R., 1981: Observational analysis of tropical cyclone formation, Part II: Comparison of non-developing versus developing systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1132-1151.
39. McBride, J. L., Gray, W. M., 1980: Mass divergence and vertical velocity in tropical weather systems, Part I: Diurnal variation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 449, 501-516.
40. Menard, R. D., Fritsch, J. M., 1989: A mesoscale convective complex-generated inertially stable warm core vortex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1237-1261.
41. Merrill, R. T., 1988a: Characteristics of the upper-tropospheric environmental flow around hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 45(11), 1665-1677.
42. Merrill, R. T., 1988b: Environmental influences on hurricane intensification. J. Atmos. Sci., 45(11), 1678-1687.
43. Middlebrooke, M. G., Gray, W. M., 1988: Investigation of tropical cyclone genesis and development using low-level aircarft flight data. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 429, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 94 pp.
44. Miller, D., Fritsch, J. M., 1991: Mesoscale convective complexes in the western Pacific region. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2978-2992.
45. Molinari, J., Vollaro, D., 1989: External influences on hurricane intensity. Part I: Outflow layer eddy angular momentum fluxes. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1093-1105.
46. Montgomery, M. T., Farrell, B. F., 1993: Tropical cyclone formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 285-310.
47. Nicholls, N., 1979: A possible method of predicting seasonal tropical cyclone activity in the Australian region. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1221-1224.
48. Nicholls, N., 1992: Recent performance of a method for forecasting Australian seasonal tropical cyclone activity. Austral. Meteor. Mag., 40, 105-110.
49. Ooyama, K. V., 1969: Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 3-40.
50. Ooyama, K., 1982: Conceputal evolution of the theory and modeling of the tropical cyclone. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 369-379.
51. Palmen, E., 1956: A review of knowledge on the formation and development of tropical cyclones. Proc. of the Tropical Cyclone Symposium, Bureau of Meteorology, Brisbane, Australia, 213-232.
52. Pfeffer, R. L., Challa, M., 1992: The role of environmental asymmetries in Atlantic hurricane formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1051-1059.
53. Riehl, H., 1948a: On the formation of typhoons. J. Met., 5, 247-264.
54. Riehl, H., 1948b: Waves in the easterlies. Misc. Report No. 17, Dept. of Met., University of Chicago, 215-229.
55. Riehl, H., 1950: On the role of the tropics in the general circulation of the atmosphere. Tellus, 2, 1-17.
56. Riehl, H., 1954: Tropical Meteorology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book. 392 pp.
57. Riehl, H., Malkus, J. S., 1958: On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone. Geophysica, 6, 503-538.
58. Rotunno, R., Emanuel, K. A., 1987: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part II: evolutionary study using a non-hydrostatic axisymmetric numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 542-561.
59. Ruprecht, E., Gray, W. M., 1976: Analysis of satellite-observed tropical cloud clusters. Part I: Wind and dynamic fields. Tellus, 28, 391-413.
60. Sadler, J., 1976: A role of the tropical upper tropospheric trough in early season typhoon development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1266-1278.
61. Sadler, J., 1978: Mid-season typhoon development and intensity changes and the tropical tropospheric trough. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1137-1152.
62. Suchubert, W. H., Hack, J., 1982: Inertial stability and tropical cyclone development. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1687-1697.
63. Shaprio, L. J., 1977: Tropical storm formation from easterly waves: a criterion for development. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1007-1021.
64. Velasco, I., Fritsch, J. M., 1987: Mesoscale convective complexes in the Americas. Geophys. Res., 92, 9591-9613.
65. Williams, K., Gray, W. M., 1973: Statistical analysis of satellite observed cloud clusters in the western Pacific. Tellus, 21, 313-336.
66. Yanai, M., 1961a: A detailed analysis of typhoon formation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 39(4), 187-214.
67. Yanai, M., 1961b: Dynamical aspects of typhoon formation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 39(4), 282-309.
68. Yanai, M., 1964: Formation of tropical cyclones. Rev. Geophys., 2, 367-414.
69. Yanai, M., 1968: Evolution of a tropical disturbance in the Caribbean Sea region. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, II, 46, 86-108.
70. Zehr, R. M., 1976: Tropical cyclone intensification. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 259, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins. CO, 80523, 91 pp.
71. Zehr, R., 1992: Tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 16, 181 pp (available from NESDIS, Washington, DC or CIRA, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO).