Seismicity, structure and strength of the continental lithosphere

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 223, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 427-441

  Handy, M R ^a   Brun, J P ^b  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1   (France)

Author keywords

Rheology; Seismicity; Shear zones

Indexed keywords

CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; RHEOLOGY; SEISMICITY; SHEAR ZONE;

EID: 3042854283     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.021     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Maggi A. Jackson J.A. McKenzie D. Priestley K. Earthquake focal depths, effective elastic thickness, and the strength of the continental lithosphere Geology 28 6 2000 495-498
2. Maggi A. Jackson J.A. Priestley K. Baker C. A re-assessment of focal depth distribution in southern Iran, the Tien Shan and northern India: do earthquakes really occur in the continental mantle? Geophysical Journal International 143 2000 629-661
3. Jackson J.A. Strength of the continental lithosphere: time to abandon the jelly sandwich? GSA Today 12 9 2002 4-10
4. McKenzie D. Fairhead D. Estimates of the effective elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere from Bouger and free air gravity anomalies Journal of Geophysical Research 102 1997 27523-27552
5. Watts A.B. Isostacy and Flexure of the Lithosphere 2001 Cambridge Univ. Press 458 pp.
6. Ranalli G. Murphy D.C. Rheological stratification of the lithosphere Tectonophysics 132 4 1987 281-296
7. Byerlee J. Friction of rocks Pure and Applied Geophysics 116 1978 615-626
8. Weertman J. Dislocation climb theory of steady state creep American Society of Metallurgy Transactions 61 1968 681-694
9. Brace W.F. Kohlstedt D.L. Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiments Journal of Geophysical Research 85 B11 1980 6248-6252
10. Chen W.-P. Molnar P. Focal depths of intracontinental earthquakes and their correlations with heat flow and tectonic age Seismological Research Letters 59 1983 263-272
11. Kuznir N.L. Park R.G. Continental lithosphere strength: the critical role of lower crustal deformation Dawson J.B. Carswell D.A. Hall J. Wedepohl K.H. The Nature of the Lower Continental Crust Special Publication-Geological Society vol. 24 1986 79-94
12. Paterson M.S. Relating experimental and geological rheology Dresen G. Handy M.R. Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Microstructures International Journal of Earth Sciences vol. 90, 1 2002 157-167
13. Paterson M.S. Problems in the extrapolation of laboratory rheological data Tectonophysics 133 1987 33-43
14. Schmid S.M. Pfiffner O.A. Froitzheim N. Schönborn G. Kissling E. Geophysical-geological transect and tectonic evolution of the Swiss-Italian Alps Tectonics 15 5 1996 1036-1064
15. Handy M.R. Deformation regimes and the rheological evolution of fault zones in the lithosphere: the effects of pressure, temperature, grain size, and time Tectonophysics 163 1989 119-152
16. Schmid S.M. Kissling E. The arc of the western Alps in the light of geophysical data on deep crustal structure Tectonics 19 1 2000 62-85
17. Balling N. Banda E. Europe's lithosphere-recent activity Blundell D. Freeman R. Mueller S. A Continent Revealed: The European Geotraverse 1992 111-137 Cambridge Univ. Press
18. Wittlinger G. Tapponnier P. Poupinet G. Mei J. Danian S. Herquel G. Masson F. Tomographic evidence for localized lithospheric shear along the Altyn Tagh fault Science 282 1998 74-76
19. Tapponnier P. Zhiqin X. Roger F. Meyer B. Arnaud N. Wittlinger G. Jingsui Y. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau Science 294 2003 1671-1677
20. Wortel M. Spakman W. Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region Science 290 2000 1910-1917
21. Goleby B.R. Shaw R.D. Wright C. Kennett B.L.N. Lambeck K. Geophysical evidence for "thick-skinned" crustal deformation in central Australia Nature 337 1989 325-330
22. Lambeck K. Teleseismic travel-time anomalies and deep crustal structure of northern and southern margins of the Amadeus Basin Bulletin-Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics 236 1991 409-427
23. Rey P. Seismic and tectono-metamorphic characters of the lower continental crust in Phanerozoic areas : a consequence of post tectonic extension Tectonics 12 1993 580-590
24. Bonjer K.P. Seismicity pattern and style of seismic faulting at the eastern borderfault of the southern Rhine Graben Tectonophysics 275 1997 41-69
25. Mayer G. Mai P.M. Plenefisch T. Echtler H. Lüschen E. Wehrle V. Müller B. Bonjer K.P. Prodehl C. Fuchs K. The deep crust of the Rhine Graben: reflectivity and seismicity as images of dynamic processes Tectonophysics 275 1997 15-40
26. Beslier M.-O. Girardeau J. Boillot G. Kinematics of peridotite emplacement during North Atlantic continental rifting, Galicia, NW Spain Tectonophysics 184 1990 321-343
27. Brun J.-P. Beslier M.-O. Mantle exhumation at passive margins Earth and Planetary Science Letters 142 1996 161-173
28. Malavieille J. Modélisation expérimentale des chevauchements imbriqués: application aux chaines de montagnes Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 7 1984 129-138
29. Beaumont C. Fullsack P. Hamilton J. Styles of crustal deformation in compressional orogens caused by subduction of the underlying lithosphere Tectonophysics 232 1994 119-132
30. Handy M.R. Stünitz H. Strain localization by fracturing and reaction weakening-a mechanism for initiating exhumation of subcontinental mantle beneath rifted margins De Meer S. Drury M.R. De Bresser J.H.P. Pennock G.M. Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Current Status and Future Perspectives Spec. Publ.-Geol. Soc. Lond. vol. 200 2002 387-407
31. Brun J.-P. Deformation of the continental lithosphere: insights from brittle-ductile models De Meer S. Drury M.R. De Bresser J.H.P. Pennock G.M. Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Current Status and Future Perspectives Spec. Publ.-Geol. Soc. Lond. vol. 200 2002 355-370
32. Lisle R.J. Rondeel H.E. Doorn D. Brugge J. Van de Gaag P. Estimation of viscosity contrast and finite strain from deformed elliptical inclusions Journal of Structural Geology 5 6 1983 603-609
33. Huddleston P.J. Lan L. Information from fold shapes Casey M. Dietrich D. Ford M. Watkinson A.J. The Geometry of Naturally Deformed Rocks Journal of Structural Geology vol. 15, 3-5 1993 253-264
34. Handy M.R. Zingg A. The tectonic and rheologic evolution of the Ivrea Crustal Cross Section (Southern Alps of northwestern Italy and southern Switzerland) Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 1991 236-253
35. Behrmann J.H. Crystal plasticity and superplasticity in quartzite: a natural example Tectonophysics 115 1985 101-129
36. Handy M.R. Flow laws for rocks containing two nonlinear viscous phases: a phenomenological approach Journal of Structural Geology 16 3 1994 287-301
37. Handy M.R. The energetics of steady state heterogeneous shear in mylonitic rock Materials Science - Engineering. A, Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing 175 1994 261-272
38. Kirby S.H. Rock mechanics observations pertinent to the rheology of the continental lithosphere and the localization of strain along shear zones Tectonophysics 118 1985 1-27
39. Grocott J. Watterson J. Strain profile of a boundary within a large ductile shear zone Journal of Structural Geology 2 1/2 1980 111-117
40. Otsuki K. Monzawa N. Nagase T. Fluidization and melting of fault gouge during seismic slip: identification in the Nojima fault zone and implications for focal earthquake mechanisms Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B4 2003 2192 (10.1029/2001JBB001711)
41. Maddock R.H. Grocott J. Van Nes M. Vesicles, amygdules and similar structures in fault-generated pseudotachylites Lithos 20 1987 419-432
42. Price N.J. Rates of deformation Journal of the Geological Society (London) 131 1975 553-575
43. Sibson R.H. Generation of pseudotachylite by ancient seismic faulting Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 43 1975 775-784
44. Sibson R.H. Transient discontinuities in shear zones Journal of Structural Geology 2 1980 165-171
45. Passchier C.W. Pseudotachylite and the development of ultramylonite bands in the Saint-Barthelemy Massif, French Pyrenees Journal of Structural Geology 4 1982 69-79
46. Hobbs B.E. Ord A. Teyssier C. Earthquakes in the ductile regime? Pure and Applied Geophysics 124 1/2 1986 309-336
47. McNulty B.A. Pseudotachylite generated in the semi-brittle and brittle regimes, Bench Canyon shear zone, central Sierra Nevada Journal of Structural Geology 17 11 1995 1507-1521
48. Handy M.R. Franz L. Heller F. Janott B. Zurbriggen R. Multistage accretion and exhumation of continental crust (Ivrea crustal section, Italy and Switzerland) Tectonics 18 6 1999 1154-1177
49. Obata M. Karato S. Ultramafic pseudotachylite from the Balmuccia peridotite, Ivrea-Verbano zone, northern Italy Tectonophysics 242 1995 313-328
50. Jin D. Karato S.-I. Obata M. Mechanisms of shear localization in the continental lithosphere: inference from the deformation microstructures of peridotites from the Ivrea zone, northwestern Italy Journal of Structural Geology 20 2/3 1998 195-209
51. Handy M.R. Mulch A. Rosenau M. Rosenberg C.L. The role of fault zones and melts as agents of weakening, hardening and differentiation of the continental crust-a synthesis Holdsworth R.E. Strachan R.A. Magloughlin J.F. Knipe R.J. The Nature and Tectonic Significance of Fault Zone Weakening Special Publications-Geological Society vol. 186 2001 303-330
52. Scholz C.H. Mechanics of faulting Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 17 1990 309-334
53. Kohlstedt D.L. Evans B. Mackwell S.J. Strength of the lithosphere: constraints imposed by laboratory experiments Journal of Geophysical Research 100 B9 1995 17587-17602
54. Meissner R. Strehlau J. Limits of stresses in continental crusts and their relation to the depth frequency distribution of shallow earthquakes Tectonics 1 1 1982 73-89
55. Scholz C.H. Earthquakes and friction laws Nature 391 1 1998 37-42
56. Dietrich J.H. A constitutive law for rate of earthquake production and its application to earthquake clustering Journal of Geophysical Research 99 1994 2601-2618
57. Ruina A. Slip instability and state variable friction laws Journal of Geophysical Research 88 B12 1983 10359-10370
58. Blanpied M.L. Lockner D.A. Byerlee J.D. Frictional slip of granite at hydrothermal conditions Journal of Geophysical Research 100 B7 1995 13045-13064
59. Tse S. Rice J. Crustal earthquake instability in relation to the depth variation of frictional slip properties Journal of Geophysical Research 91 1986 9452-9472
60. Hobbs B.E. Ord A. Plastic instabilities: implications for the origin of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes Journal of Geophysical Research 93 B9 1988 10521-10540
61. Green H.W.II Burnley P.C. The failure mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes Knipe R.J. Rutter E.H. Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics Special Publications-Geological Society vol. 54 1990 133-144
62. Kirby S.H. Durham W.B. Stern L.A. Mantle phase changes and deep-earthquake faulting in subducting lithosphere Science 252 1991 216-225
63. Chester F.M. A rheologic model for wet crust applied to strike-slip faults Journal of Geophysical Research 1000 B7 1995 13033-13044
64. Mavko G.M. Mechanics of motion on major faults Annual Review in Earth and Planetary Sciences 9 1981 81-111
65. Stuart W.D. Forecast model for great earthquakes at the Nankai Trough subduction zone Pure and Applied Geophysics 126 1988 619-641
66. Kato N. Hirasawa T. A numerical study on seismic coupling along subduction zones using a laboratory-derived friction law Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 102 1997 51-68
67. Li V.C. Rice J.R. Crustal deformation in great California earthquake cycles Journal of Geophysical Research 92 B11 1987 11533-11551
68. Teyssier Ch. Tikoff B. Weber J. Attachment between brittle and ductile crust at wrenching plate boundaries EGS Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 1 2002 119-144
69. Molnar P. Brace-Goetze strength profiles, the partitioning of strike-slip and thrust faulting at zones of oblique convergence, and the stress-heat flow paradox of the San Andreas Fault Evans B. Wong T.F. Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks: A Festschrift in Honor of W.F. Brace International Geophysics Series vol. 51 1992 435-460 Academic Press London
70. Schaff D.P. Bokelmann G.H.R. Beroza G.C. Waldhauser F. Ellsworth W.L. High-resolution image of Calveras Fault seismicity Journal of Geophysical Research 107 B9 2002 2186 (10.1029/2001JB0000633)
71. Rolande F. Jaupart C. The distributions of slip rate and ductile deformation in a strike slip shear zone Geophysical Journal International 148 2002 179-192
72. Lapusta N. Rice J.R. Nucleation and early seismic propagation of small and large events in a crustal earthquake model Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B4 2003 2205 (10.1029/2001JB000793)
73. Ahnert F. Functional relationships between denudation, relief, and uplift in large mid-latitude drainage basins American Journal of Science 268 1970 243-263
74. Pfiffner O.A. Lehner P. Heitzmann P. St. Mueller A. Deep structure of the Swiss Alps: Results of NRP vol. 20 1997 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, Switzerland 380 pp.
75. Wenzel F. Brun J.-P. ECORS-DEKORP working group A deep reflection seismic line across the Northern Rhine Graben Earth and Planetary Science Letters 104 1991 140-150
76. Brun J.-P. Gutscher M.A. DEKORP-ECORS team Deep crustal structure of the Rhine Graben from DEKORP-ECORS seismic reflection data: a summary Tectonophysics 208 1992 139-147
77. Boillot G. Agrinier P. Beslier M.-O. Cornen G. Froitzheim N. Gardien V. Girardeau J. Gil-Ibarguchi J.-I. Kornprobst J. Moullade M. Schärer U. Vanney J.-R. A lithospheric syn-rift shear zone at the ocean-continent transition: preliminary results of the GALINAUTE II cruise (Nautile dives on the Galicia Bank, Spain) C.R. Académie des Sciences vol. 321 IIa 1995 1171-1178
78. Davy P. Cobbold P.R. Experiments on shortening of a 4-layer continental lithosphere Tectonophysics 188 1991 1-25
79. Schmid S.M. Handy M.R. Towards a genetic classification of fault rocks: geological usage and tectonophysical implications Hsü K.J. Mackenzie J. Müller D. Controversies in Modern Geology 1991 339-361 Academic Press London