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Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 456-464

NPR1: The spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways

Author keywords

coi1; coronatine insensitive1; DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE1; DIR1; ERF1; ET; ethylene; ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1; induced systemic resistance; ISR; JA; jasmonic acid; nahG; NIM1; NON INDUCIBLE IMMUNITY1; NPR1; salicylate hydroxylase gene

Indexed keywords

ARABIDOPSIS PROTEIN; BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; CYCLOPENTANE DERIVATIVE; DNA BINDING PROTEIN; ETHYLENE; ETHYLENE DERIVATIVE; JASMONIC ACID; NPR1 PROTEIN, ARABIDOPSIS; SALICYLIC ACID; TGA3 PROTEIN, ARABIDOPSIS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

EID: 3042842458     PISSN: 13695266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.05.006     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (379)

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    • TGA1 and TGA4 do not bind to NPR1 in yeast two-hybrid assays. Using an in-planta transient expression assay that is mechanistically similar to the yeast two-hybrid system, the authors show that TGA1 does interact with NPR1 in Arabidopsis leaves upon SA treatment. Yeast two-hybrid assays of chimeric TGA1 proteins in which the NPR1-interacting domain of TGA2 was swapped with the corresponding domain of TGA1, revealed a 30-amino-acid segment that is important for NPR1 interaction. TGA1 and TGA4 contain two Cys residues in this region that are missing in TGAs that interact with NPR1 in vitro. The authors tested the hypothesis that the formation of disulfide bonds between the Cys residues prevents TGA1 and TGA4 from interacting with NPR1 in the yeast two-hybrid system. Indeed, site-directed mutagenesis of the Cys residues transformed TGA1 and TGA4 into proteins that are capable of interacting with NPR1 in the yeast two-hybrid system.
    • Després C., Chubak C., Rochon A., Clark R., Bethune T., Desveaux D., Fobert P.R. The Arabidopsis NPR1 disease resistance protein is a novel cofactor that confers redox regulation of DNA binding activity to the basic domain/leucine zipper transcription factor TGA1. Plant Cell. 15:2003;2181-2191 TGA1 and TGA4 do not bind to NPR1 in yeast two-hybrid assays. Using an in-planta transient expression assay that is mechanistically similar to the yeast two-hybrid system, the authors show that TGA1 does interact with NPR1 in Arabidopsis leaves upon SA treatment. Yeast two-hybrid assays of chimeric TGA1 proteins in which the NPR1-interacting domain of TGA2 was swapped with the corresponding domain of TGA1, revealed a 30-amino-acid segment that is important for NPR1 interaction. TGA1 and TGA4 contain two Cys residues in this region that are missing in TGAs that interact with NPR1 in vitro. The authors tested the hypothesis that the formation of disulfide bonds between the Cys residues prevents TGA1 and TGA4 from interacting with NPR1 in the yeast two-hybrid system. Indeed, site-directed mutagenesis of the Cys residues transformed TGA1 and TGA4 into proteins that are capable of interacting with NPR1 in the yeast two-hybrid system. Moreover, the authors showed that in planta, SA-mediated changes in redox status upon the induction of SAR reduces the Cys residues of TGA1, thereby facilitating the interaction of TGA1 with NPR1 and the subsequent enhancement of SA-responsive promoter elements.
    • (2003) Plant Cell , vol.15 , pp. 2181-2191
    • Després, C.1    Chubak, C.2    Rochon, A.3    Clark, R.4    Bethune, T.5    Desveaux, D.6    Fobert, P.R.7
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    • Generation of broad-spectrum disease resistance by overexpression of an essential regulatory gene in systemic acquired resistance
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    • NIM1 overexpression in Arabidopsis potentiates plant disease resistance and results in enhanced effectiveness of fungicides
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    • Friedrich, L.1    Lawton, K.2    Dietrich, R.3    Willits, M.4    Cade, R.5    Ryals, J.6
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    • 0038826955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inducers of plant systemic acquired resistance regulate NPR1 function through redox changes
    • The accumulation of SA in response to pathogen infection creates a shift toward more reducing conditions in the plant cell. By measuring changes in the glutathione pool, which are indicative of redox changes in plant cells, the authors show that the induction of SAR is indeed associated with a change in redox homeostasis. The immunodetection of NPR1 in protein extracts from control and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA)-induced Arabidopsis leaves revealed that, in non-induced plants, NPR1 is present in an inactive oligomeric complex that is formed through intermolecular disulfide bonds. The induction of SAR resulted in the reduction of NPR1 to an active monomeric form. Mutation of two Cys residues that are crucial for the formation of NPR1 oligomers led to constitutive monomerization and nuclear localization of NPR1, resulting in constitutive PR-1 gene expression. The cellular redox changes induced as a result of SA accumulation connect the SA signal with NPR1 activity during SAR.
    • Mou Z., Fan W.H., Dong X.N. Inducers of plant systemic acquired resistance regulate NPR1 function through redox changes. Cell. 113:2003;935-944 The accumulation of SA in response to pathogen infection creates a shift toward more reducing conditions in the plant cell. By measuring changes in the glutathione pool, which are indicative of redox changes in plant cells, the authors show that the induction of SAR is indeed associated with a change in redox homeostasis. The immunodetection of NPR1 in protein extracts from control and 2, 6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA)-induced Arabidopsis leaves revealed that, in non-induced plants, NPR1 is present in an inactive oligomeric complex that is formed through intermolecular disulfide bonds. The induction of SAR resulted in the reduction of NPR1 to an active monomeric form. Mutation of two Cys residues that are crucial for the formation of NPR1 oligomers led to constitutive monomerization and nuclear localization of NPR1, resulting in constitutive PR-1 gene expression. The cellular redox changes induced as a result of SA accumulation connect the SA signal with NPR1 activity during SAR.
    • (2003) Cell , vol.113 , pp. 935-944
    • Mou, Z.1    Fan, W.H.2    Dong, X.N.3
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    • Cross-talk between plant defence signalling pathways: Boost or burden?
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    • NPR1 modulates cross-talk between salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways through a novel function in the cytosol
    • The authors investigate the role of NPR1 in the antagonistic effect of SA on JA signaling. SA-deficient Arabidopsis plants produced significantly higher levels of JA, and showed enhanced JA-responsive gene expression after infection by P. syringae pv. tomato. This indicates that pathogen-induced SA accumulation is associated with the suppression of JA signaling in wildtype plants. Pharmacological experiments with npr1 plants revealed that the antagonistic effect of SA on JA signaling is regulated through NPR1. Using a dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible system to control the nucleocytoplasmic localization of a NPR1 fusion protein, it was shown that nuclear localization of NPR1 is not required for the suppression of JA-responsive gene expression. The results presented indicate that cytosolic NPR1 plays a crucial role in cross-communication between SA- and JA-dependent plant defense responses.
    • Spoel S.H., Koornneef A., Claessens S.M.C., Korzelius J.P., Van Pelt J.A., Mueller M.J., Buchala A.J., Métraux J.-P., Brown R., Kazan K., et al. NPR1 modulates cross-talk between salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways through a novel function in the cytosol. Plant Cell. 15:2003;760-770 The authors investigate the role of NPR1 in the antagonistic effect of SA on JA signaling. SA-deficient Arabidopsis plants produced significantly higher levels of JA, and showed enhanced JA-responsive gene expression after infection by P. syringae pv. tomato. This indicates that pathogen-induced SA accumulation is associated with the suppression of JA signaling in wildtype plants. Pharmacological experiments with npr1 plants revealed that the antagonistic effect of SA on JA signaling is regulated through NPR1. Using a dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible system to control the nucleocytoplasmic localization of a NPR1 fusion protein, it was shown that nuclear localization of NPR1 is not required for the suppression of JA-responsive gene expression. The results presented indicate that cytosolic NPR1 plays a crucial role in cross-communication between SA- and JA-dependent plant defense responses.
    • (2003) Plant Cell , vol.15 , pp. 760-770
    • Spoel, S.H.1    Koornneef, A.2    Claessens, S.M.C.3    Korzelius, J.P.4    Van Pelt, J.A.5    Mueller, M.J.6    Buchala, A.J.7    Métraux, J.-P.8    Brown, R.9    Kazan, K.10
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    • The WRKY70 transcription factor: A node of convergence for jasmonate-mediated and salicylate-mediated signals in plant defense
    • The authors identified the Arabidopsis transcription factor WRKY70 as a key factor in controlling plant defense responses to infection by Erwinia carotovora. The expression of the WRKY70 gene was induced by SA and elicitors from E. carotovora, but was repressed by JA. Overexpression of WRKY70 constitutively activated the SA-responsive PR-1 gene and suppressed several JA-responsive genes. NPR1 was found to play a regulatory role in both processes. The authors propose that the balance between SA and JA levels attained after pathogen infection determines the level of WRKY70 expression. High levels of WRKY70 lead to SA-responsive gene expression, whereas low levels of WRKY70 favor the activation of JA-related genes.
    • Li J., Brader G., Palva E.T. The WRKY70 transcription factor: a node of convergence for jasmonate-mediated and salicylate-mediated signals in plant defense. Plant Cell. 16:2004;319-331 The authors identified the Arabidopsis transcription factor WRKY70 as a key factor in controlling plant defense responses to infection by Erwinia carotovora. The expression of the WRKY70 gene was induced by SA and elicitors from E. carotovora, but was repressed by JA. Overexpression of WRKY70 constitutively activated the SA-responsive PR-1 gene and suppressed several JA-responsive genes. NPR1 was found to play a regulatory role in both processes. The authors propose that the balance between SA and JA levels attained after pathogen infection determines the level of WRKY70 expression. High levels of WRKY70 lead to SA-responsive gene expression, whereas low levels of WRKY70 favor the activation of JA-related genes.
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    • Li, J.1    Brader, G.2    Palva, E.T.3
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    • ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 integrates signals from ethylene and jasmonate pathways in plant defense
    • ERF1 is a transcription factor that acts downstream of the ET signaling pathway. It has been implicated in the regulation pathogen-responsive genes and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. The authors show that ERF1 is rapidly activated in response to both ET and JA, and that a combination of both of these hormones leads to enhanced expression of the ERF1 gene. Analysis of the ethylene insensitive2 (ein2) mutant and the JA-response mutant coronatine insensitive1 (coi1) revealed the ET and JA are simultaneously required for ERF1 gene activation. Overexpression of ERF1 in the coi1 background resulted in the constitutive expression of a set of JA-responsive genes whose activation was blocked in this mutant. Previously, similar observations were made in ERF1-overexpressing ein2 plants, indicating that ERF1 acts downstream of both ET and JA in activating the expression of genes that are co-regulated by these hormones.
    • Lorenzo O., Piqueras R., Sánchez-Serrano J.J., Solano R. ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 integrates signals from ethylene and jasmonate pathways in plant defense. Plant Cell. 15:2003;165-178 ERF1 is a transcription factor that acts downstream of the ET signaling pathway. It has been implicated in the regulation pathogen-responsive genes and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. The authors show that ERF1 is rapidly activated in response to both ET and JA, and that a combination of both of these hormones leads to enhanced expression of the ERF1 gene. Analysis of the ethylene insensitive2 (ein2) mutant and the JA-response mutant coronatine insensitive1 (coi1) revealed the ET and JA are simultaneously required for ERF1 gene activation. Overexpression of ERF1 in the coi1 background resulted in the constitutive expression of a set of JA-responsive genes whose activation was blocked in this mutant. Previously, similar observations were made in ERF1-overexpressing ein2 plants, indicating that ERF1 acts downstream of both ET and JA in activating the expression of genes that are co-regulated by these hormones. The authors propose that ERF1 is a key regulatory factor in integrating both hormone signals to control defense-related gene expression.
    • (2003) Plant Cell , vol.15 , pp. 165-178
    • Lorenzo, O.1    Piqueras, R.2    Sánchez-Serrano, J.J.3    Solano, R.4
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    • Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.