Effect of surface waves on air-sea momentum exchange: Part I: Effect of mature and growing seas

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 61, Issue 19, 2004, Pages 2321-2333

  Moon, Il Ju ^a   Hara, Tetsu ^a   Ginis, Isaac ^a   Belcher, Stephen E ^b   Tolman, Hendrick L ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^c NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY LAYERS; DRAG; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OCEANOGRAPHY; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; WATER WAVE EFFECTS; WIND STRESS;

AIR-SEA MOMENTUM EXCHANGE; GROWING SEAS; WAVE INDUCED STRESSES;

SURFACE WAVES;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; DRAG COEFFICIENT; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; MOMENTUM TRANSFER; SURFACE WAVE; WIND STRESS;

EID: 3042826650     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<2321:EOSWOA>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Anderson, R. J., 1993: A study of wind stress and heat fluxes over the open ocean by the inertial dissipation method. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2153-2161.
2. Banner, M. L., and W. L. Peirson, 1998: Tangential stress beneath wind-driven air-water interfaces. J. Fluid Mech., 364, 115-145.
3. Belcher, S. E., and J. C. R. Hunt, 1993: Turbulent shear flow over slowly moving waves. J. Fluid Mech., 251, 109-148.
4. Bourassa, M. A., D. G. Vincent, and W. L. Wood, 1999: A flux parameterization including the effects of capillary waves and sea state. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1123-1139.
5. Chalikov,D. V., and V. K. Makin, 1991: Models of the wave boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 56, 83-99.
6. Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.
7. Donelan, M. A., 1990: Air-sea interaction. The Sea, B. leMehaute and D. M. Hanes, Eds., Ocean Engineering Science, Vol. 9, Wiley and Sons, 239-292.
8. Donelan, M. A., and W. J. Pierson, 1987: Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind-generated waves with applications in scatterometry. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4971-5029.
9. Drennan, W. M., G. C. Graber, D. Hauser, and C. Quentin, 2003: On the wave age dependence of wind stress over pure wind seas. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8062, doi:10.1029/2000JC000715.
10. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes in TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3767.
11. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and J. B. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571-591.
12. Geernaert, G. L., 1988: Measurements of the angle between the wind vector and wind stress vector in the surface layer over the North Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8215-8220.
13. Grachev, A. A., C. W. Fairall, J. E. Hare, J. B. Edson, and S. D. Miller, 2003: Wind stress vector over ocean waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2408-2429.
14. Hara, T., and S. E. Belcher, 2002: Wind forcing in the equilibrium range of wind-wave spectra. J. Fluid Mech., 470, 223-245.
15. Hara, T., and S. E. Belcher, 2004: Wind profile and drag coefficient over mature ocean surface wave spectra. J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press.
16. Janssen, P. A. E. M., 1989: Wave-induced stress and the drag of air flow over sea waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 745-754.
17. Johnson, H. K., J. Hfjstrup, H. J. Vested, and S. E. Larsen, 1998: On the dependence of sea surface roughness on wind waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1702-1716.
18. Jones, I. S. F., and Y. Toba, 2001: Wind Stress over the Ocean. Cambridge University Press, 303 pp.
19. Komen, G. J., L. Cavaleri, M. Donelan, K. Hasselmann, S. Hasselmann, and P. A. E. M. Janssen, 1994: Dynamics and Modeling of Ocean Waves. Cambridge University Press, 520 pp.
20. Kudryavtsev, V. N., and V. K. Makin, 2001: The impact of air-flow separation on the drag of the sea surface. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 98, 155-171.
21. Large, W. G., and S. Pond, 1981: Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong wind. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 324-336.
22. Makin, V. K., and C. Mastenbroek, 1996: Impact of waves on air-sea exchange of sensible heat and momentum. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 79, 279-300.
23. Makin, V. K., and V. N. Kudryavtsev, 1999: Coupled sea surface-atmosphere model. 1. Wind over waves coupling. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7613-7623.
24. Makin, V. K., and V. N. Kudryavtsev, 2002: Impact of dominant waves on sea drag. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 103, 83-99.
25. Makin, V. K., V. N. Kudryavtsev, and C. Mastenbroek, 1995: Drag of the sea surface. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 73, 159-182.
26. Mason, P. J., 1988: The formation of areally-averaged roughness lengths. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 399-420.
27. Moon, I.-J., I. Ginis, T. Hara, H. Tolman, C. W. Wright, and E. J. Walsh, 2003: Numerical simulation of sea surface directional wave spectra under hurricane wind forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1680-1706.
28. Moon, I.-J., I. Ginis, and T. Hara, 2004: Effect of surface waves on air-sea momentum exchange. Part II: Behavior of drag coefficient under tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2334-2348.
29. Phillips, O. M., 1977: The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean. 2d ed. Cambridge University Press, 336 pp.
30. Phillips, O. M., 1985: Spectral and statistical properties of the equilibrium range in wind-generated gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 156, 505-531.
31. Plant, W. J., 1982: A relationship between wind stress and wave slope. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1961-1967.
32. Powell, M. D., P. J. Vickery, and T. A. Reinhold, 2003: Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones. Nature, 422, 279-283.
33. Rieder, K. F., J. A. Smith, and R. A. Weller, 1994: Observed directional characteristics of the wind, wind stress and surface waves on the open ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22 596-22 598.
34. Smith, S. D., 1980: Wind stress and heat flux over the ocean in gale force winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 709-726.
35. Smith, S. D., 1988: Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15 467-15 472.
36. Smith, S. D., and Coauthors, 1992: Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The HEXOS results. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 60, 109-142.
37. Taylor, P. K., and M. A. Yelland, 2000: On the apparent " imbalance" term in the turbulent kinetic energy budget. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 82-89.
38. Taylor, P. K., and M. A. Yelland, 2001: The dependence of sea surface roughness on the height and steepness of the waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 572-590.
39. Toba, Y., N. Iida, H. Kawamura, N. Ebuchi, and I. S. F. Jones, 1990: The wave dependence of sea-surface wind stress. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 705-721.
40. Tolman, H. L., 1998: Validation of a new global wave forecast system at NCEP. Ocean Wave Measurements and Analysis, B. L. Edge and J. M. Helmsley, Eds., ASCE, 777-786.
41. Tolman, H. L., 2002a: Validation of WAVEWATCH III version 1.15 for a global domain. NOAA/NWS/NCEP/OMB Tech. Note 213, 33 pp.
42. Tolman, H. L., 2002b: User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH-III version 2.22. NOAA/NWS/NCEP/OMB Tech. Note 222, 133 pp.
43. Tolman, H. L., and D. Chalikov, 1996: Source terms in a third-generation wind wave model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2497-2518.
44. Tolman, H. L., B. Balasubramaniyan, L. D. Burroughs, D. Chalikov, Y. Y. Chao, H. S. Chen, and V. M. Gerald, 2002: Development and implementation of wind generated ocean surface wave models at NCEP. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 311-333.
45. WAMDI Group, 1988: The WAM model-A third generation ocean wave prediction model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1775-1810.
46. Wingeart, K. M., W. C. O'Reilly, T. H. C. Herbers, P. A. Wittmann, R. E. Jenssen, and H. L. Tolman, 2001: Validation of operational global wave prediction models with spectral buoy data. Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis, B. L. Edge and J. M. Hemsley, Eds., ASCE, 590-599.
47. Yelland, M., P. K. Taylor, R. W. Pascal, J. Hutchings, and V. C. Cornell, 1998: Measurements of the open ocean drag coefficient corrected for airflow disturbance by the ship. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1511-1526.