Remembering what one intended to forget: The lack of directed forgetting effects in implicit memory

American Journal of Psychology

Volumn 117, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 169-190

  McKinney, Lori Clancy ^a   Woodward, Addison E ^a  

^a GOVERNORS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3042811716     PISSN: 00029556     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4149021     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Basden, B. H., Basden, D. R., & Gargano, G. (1993). Directed forgetting in implicit and explicit memory tasks: A comparison of methods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 603-616.
2. Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
3. Bjork, R. A., & Woodward, A. E. (1973). Directed forgetting of individual words in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 99, 22-27.
4. Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.
5. Davis, J. C., & Okada, R. (1971). Recognition and recall of positively forgotten items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 181-186.
6. Epstein, W. (1970). Facilitation of retrieval resulting from post-input exclusion of part of the input. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 86, 190-195.
7. Geiselman, R. E., & Panting, T. M. (1985). Personality correlates of retrieval processes in intentional and unintentional forgetting. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 685-691.
8. Hyde, T. S., & Jenkins, J. J. (1973). Recall for words as a function of semantic, graphic, and syntactic orienting tasks. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 471-480.
9. Jacoby, L. L. (1983). Remembering the data: Analyzing interactive processes in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 485-508.
10. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(5), 513-541.
11. Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C., Brown, J., & Jasechko, J. (1989). Becoming famous overnight: Limits on the ability to avoid unconscious influences of the past. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 326-338.
12. Jacoby, L. L., Lindsay, D. S., & Toth, J. P. (1992). Unconscious influences revealed: Attention, awareness, and control. American Psychologist, 47, 802-809.
13. Jongeward, R. H., Woodward, A. E., & Bjork, R. A. (1975). The relative roles of input and output mechanisms in directed forgetting. Memory & Cognition, 3, 51-57.
14. MacLeod, C. M. (1989). Directed forgetting affects both direct and indirect tests of memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 13-21.
15. MacLeod, C. M., & Kampe, K. E. (1996). Word frequency effects on recall, recognition, and word fragment completion tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 132-142.
16. Macrae, C. N., & MacLeod, M. D. (1999) On recollections lost: When practice makes imperfect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 463-473.
17. Mandler, G. (1980). Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review, 87, 252-271.
18. Marks, W., & Dulaney, C. L. (2001). Encoding processes and attentional inhibition in directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 1464-1473.
19. McKinney, L. C. (1994). Unforgettable: Do we really forget what we're told to forget? Unpublished master's thesis, Governors State University, University Park, IL.
20. McKinney, L. C., & Woodward, A. E. (1995, May). Unforgettable: Do we really forget what we're told to forget? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.
21. Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227-234.
22. Moreland, R. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1977). Is stimulus recognition a necessary condition for the occurrence of exposure effects? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 191-199.
23. Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977). Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 519-533.
24. Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Role of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226-254.
25. Paller, K. A. (1990). Recall and stem-completion priming have different electro-physiological correlates and are modified differentially by directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 1021-1032.
26. Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1981). Automatic and strategic priming in recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 204-215.
27. Roediger, H. L., Weldon, M. S., & Challis, B. H. (1989). Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In H. L. Roediger & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 3-41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
28. Tulving, E., Schacter, D., & Stark, H. (1982). Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342.
29. Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
30. Warrington, E. K., & Weiskrantz, L. (1978). Further analysis of the prior learning effect in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia, 16, 169-176.
31. Wilson, B. E., Horvath, H., Johnson, J., & Woodward, A. E. (1975). The effects of different types of processing upon recall and recognition. Paper presented at the meeting of Chicago Area Researchers in Verbal Learning and Memory, Northwestern University, Chicago.
32. Woodward, A. E. (1971). The effect on memory of instructions to forget. Albion, MI: Albion College.
33. Woodward, A. E., & Bjork, R. A. (1971). Forgetting and remembering in free recall: Intentional and unintentional. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 109-116.
34. Woodward, A. E., Jr., Bjork, R. A., & Jongeward, R. H. (1973). Recall and recognition as a function of primary rehearsal. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 608-617.
35. Woodward, A. E., Park, D. C., & Seebohm, K. (1974). Directed forgetting as a function of explicit within-list cuing and implicit postlist cuing. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 1001-1006.
36. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.